Consciousness-overview

Zygmunt Ryznar [email protected] CONSCIOUSNESS (short selective overview of theories and hypotheses) 1 Abstract This paper, based on many sources (psychology, physiology, neuroscience, analytic philosophy of mind), reviews theories and hypotheses on the quiddity of consciousness. Consciousness could be interpreted generally as an awareness, more scientifically as a degree of coherence of the mind, but the internal "engine" how it arises is a riddle or mystery and has been interpreted in many controversial ways. Hope to solve hard problems arises because at present consciousness phenomena are transformed frequently from metaphysical level into an empirical research. Introduction "Consciousness is the essence of mind" (Bertrand Russel) Consciousness seems to be a subjective personal image of the world. This is a self-evident fundamental human feature related mostly to neural networks and is intuitively understood as "such" (“something that it is like”) with no explanations but still should be inspected scientifically in terms of internal mechanisms and processes. It belongs to qualia category because the hard problem is to recognize all physical processes that give rise to subjective experience . Thompson E. pointed out [1] that "Consciousness was supposed to be the subject matter of psychology, yet cognitive science has had virtually nothing to say about it until recent years.(...) Consciousness is not an interior state of the mind or brain that stands in a linear causal relation to sensory input and motor output. It is a form or structure of comportment, a perceptual and motor attunement to the world. In our human case, this attunement is primarily to an environment of meaningful symbols and the intentional actions of others." Mocombe P.C. gave deeper explanations and claimed [2] that "Consciousness is an emergent fifth force of nature, a field of consciousness composed of a quantum material substance/energy, psychion, the phenomenal property, qualia or informational content, of which is recycled/replicated/entangled/superimposed throughout the multiverse and becomes embodied via the microtubules of neurons of brains and aggregate matter of multiple worlds to constitute mind". General definition of consciousness of Sejnowski T.J. says [3] that it is the state of being awake and aware of one's surroundings, the awareness or perception of something, and the mind's awareness of itself and the world. Conscious activity is visible in many human processes: sense of self, time perception, mental unity, volition (control of actions), perception of reality, body image, emotions. Loewenstein W. stated [4] that prominent feature of consciousness is awareness of time (sensing of time itself, passing of time) being "a constant streaming, as if there was an arrow inside us pointing from the past to the future ". He added that neurophysiology, and all the neurosciences combined, can tell us nothing in regard of conciousness and new changes came with quantum molecular intercellularcommunication demons. 1 The author declares no financial support for the research, authorship, or publication of this article. 1 Interesting hypothesis of ‘transgenerational consciousness inheritance’ is the formative causation [6] saying that behaviour and even memory is influenced through morphogentic fields coming into action through morphic resonance with fields that have existed previously. This allows for the repetition previous characteristics and could be treated as a complementary supplement to Darwin's theory of evolution. Someones pointed out that explanation of it could be found in a quantum physics. 1. Consciousness - psychological view Psychological term ‘consciousness’ equivocates [50] between two concepts: ‘access-consciousness’ (information processing) and ‘phenomenal consciousness’. Phenomenally conscious states are the object of some sort of higher-order representation. At the first sight consciousness is visible as sensing (believing, liking, hating, expecting,..) and thinking (judgement, reasoning, recognizing, compating, decision-taking …); going deeper further explanation is required. The contribution [49] to the interdisciplinary discourse on this subject is the so-called neural credition model that integrates contextual information from the environment with a subject’s internal valuation of that information . This model is interrelated with other functions, such as learning, thinking, remembering, perceiving, and more. According to one theory [52] consciousness evolved as a memory system: acts as a part of memory to help tie events together into coherent serial narrative flow. We perceive events unconsciously and then late consciously remember them. First definition of consciousness: "the perception of what passes in a man's own mind" is attributed to Locke's "Essay Concerning Human Understanding" published in 1690. The states what we experience [7] from a first-person perspective like to feel redness, happiness, or a thought compose much of the phenomenal side of consciousness. Consciousness [1] is not an interior state of the mind or brain but a perceptual and motor attunement to the world. In psychology it may be defined simply as an individual awareness of existence. It could be widely interpreted in terms of scale: personal, social and even cosmic. Social consciousness is a result of sharing the resonant mood of a situation and the mood of a time. [8]:"There is no escaping it. Our moods are either uplifting or downcasting or neutral, indifferent, flat. No matter how they are, we are cast into them one way or the other." The shape and feel of human consciousness is heavily social. Individual social being acts in environment of collective education, human interaction and communication. Transcendental Consciousness (mentioned in [37]) postulated by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi is related to social consciousness in term of coherence not only inside individual person but also in the society as well. Collective consciousness historically is related to so called "collective unconscious" coined by Carl Jung who distinguished it from the personal unconscious of Freudian psychoanalysis. This term includes human exceptionalism, patriarchal hegemony, short-terminism, delusions of grandeur, illusions of unending growth, and the idolatry of technology.[9] 2 Cosmic consciousness is collection of consciousnesses of human-beings and remains intact after the dissolution of the individuals. According to this hypothesis the personal consciousness seems to be, at least partially, an extract from it. Pioneers of this concept were James (1902), Chardin & Teilhard (1923noosphere2). Personal consciousness is an individual awareness of mental identity, unique thoughts, memories, feelings, sensations, and environments. The awareness of memories, attuned to the present moment in the here and now, means the control of behaviours and tells how responsive is a person. Shortly, consciousness is an awareness of self and the world around, is subjective and unique to each person. Study on consciousness helps to understand where our feelings come from and how we can work with them to create more abundant and joyful lives (Wolf F.[10]). S.Freud [11] divided human consciousness into three levels of awareness: the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. Each of these levels corresponds to and overlaps with ideas of the id, ego, and superego. • Conscious was defined as a part of the mind that contains all the thoughts, sensations, emotions, and experiences you're aware of in the present moment. When you're conscious of something, you can think about it logically and talk about what you're experiencing. • Preconscious was indicated as all the memories you have that you can access easily. You aren't aware of them in the present moment, but you can call up those memories whenever you choose to do so. • Unconscious was place where emotions, ideas created conflicts, anxiety, pain, fears, immoral and sexual urges, violent motives, irrational wishes, selfish needs, and shameful experiences. The unconscious Freud considered to be part of our phylogenetic heritage. Consciousness includes sense of self, time perception, mental functions, volition ( control of actions), perception of reality, body image, emotions and other sensations. Consciousness can be fixed at following states: ordinary wakeful consciousness, hypervigilance, lethargy, sleep, dreaming, hypnotic state, drug-induced states, meditative state, dissociative states, hidden state (during coma) or lack of consciousness (brain death), partial epileptic seizures, death. Dreams are altered states of consciousness. One of them is the lower-level consciousness (called primary) in which the brain constructs a virtual world but the dreamer is deprived of the ability to control and influence the ongoing experience. Lucid dreaming as a hybrid state of consciousness (primary and secondary) and the dreamer is aware of the fact that he is dreaming while the dream continues. 2. Consciousness - philosophical view Some scientists [7,12] define consciousness as an introspective cognitive illusion that may not exist. Another view [13] does not see consciousness as the state of a brain and claims that brain only transmits the contents "picked up" from the surrounding space. Philosophers sometimes view conscious mental states as having qualitative properties called “qualia”. Generally, they used the term 'consciousness' as knowledge, intentionality, introspection and phenomenal experience. • 2 In the scholastic-Aristotelian theory, consciousness may be related to a soul as an immaterial substantial form of soul-body union. a sphere of reflection, of conscious invention, of conscious souls. 3 • Kant argued that conscious experience must be the product of the synthesizing work of the mind. • Descartes concluded in mind-body dualism that mind and body are distinct, could be separated and the union of mind and body results in one complete substance or being through itself. The dualism generally holds that the conscious mind or a conscious mental state is non-physical in some sense, whereas the latter holds that the mind is the brain, or is caused by neural activity. Mind and body are the metaphysical parts (incomplete substances in this respect) that constitute one, whole human being, which is a complete substance in its own right. • Dennett's [16] Multiple Drafts model specifies consciousness as that what is for the given to be "taken" and is not to be found in the part of the system but in the actions of the whole. • Mysterianism of McGinn [17] claims that we are cognitively closed as to how the brain produces conscious awareness. He concedes that some brain property produces conscious experience, but we cannot understand how this is so or even now what that brain property is. “Mysterians” believe that hard problem of consciousness can never be solved because of human cognitive limitations and the explanatory gap that can never be filled because consciousness cannot be explained by the physical sciences. • Analytic philosophy of mind says that consciousness as a cooperative phenomenon of the whole brain or mind is a degree of coherence of the mind. • Teilhard de Chardin's concept of the noosphere [56] is the concept of a planetary global brain and planetary consciousness. A self-awareness can be effectively explained as a result of the interaction of three processes: feeling of qualia, activity of neural circuits realizing the self-image (recall from memory in the form of imagery), the formation of the brain's electromagnetic field. This allows to consider whether it is possible to find analogical elements and processes on a planetary scale. • Self-representational theory of consciousness (called “Neo-Brentanian theory”) [18] claimes that conscious mental states are reflexive or self-directed and that conscious mental states represent themselves, just not a distinct or separate state. For example, when one has a conscious desire for a cold glass of water, this conscious desire represents both the glass of water and itself. • A one version of representational theory holds that the meta-psychological state in question should be understood as intrinsic to (or part of) an overall complex conscious state. This stands in contrast to the standard view that the HO (Higher Order) state is extrinsic to its target mental state. These various hybrid representational theories can be found in the literature. • A relativistic theory of consciousness [14] says that we get different consciousness measurements depending on whether the observer occupies or is external to the cognitive system - " from its own first-person cognitive frame of reference, the observer will observe phenomenal consciousness, but any other observer in a third-person cognitive frame of reference will observe only the physical substrates that underlie qualia and eidetic structures. • Ergodic theory of consciousness [15] stated, that the properties of "integration" and "differentiation" are necessary for the emergence of consciousness and a conscious state is numerous invariant sets of nonlinear and chaotic clusters of neurons called agglomerations. 4 3. Consciousness - physiological & neuroscientific view * Cavanna A. [5] claimed that consciousness is a function of the content of the brain, not the mechanism of the brain and explained it “because the attention mechanism of the brain and the sense of self, embedded in the “I,” combine to create human consciousness”. * Integrated Information Theory (IIT) states that consciousness is the result of highly integrated information in the brain [19] and arises from the neural architecture and interconnectedness of brain networks. The physical and data processing properties of neural networks—particularly, the rear regions of the brain3—by themselves can generate consciousness and the global brain broadcasting is not necessary. This hypothesis is against the global neuronal workspace theory (GNWT), which likens networks of neurons in the front of the brain to a clipboard where sensory signals, thoughts, and memories combine before being broadcast across the brain. * HOT - Higher-order theories [20]: thoughts become conscious when basic perceptions (“lower-order” representations) become re-represented as higher-order representations at higher levels of the brain, specifically in the prefrontal cortex. [55]:Higher-order consciousness distinguished in humans by an explicit sense of self and the ability to construct past and future scenes. * Gennaro [21] pointed out that there is a very close connection between consciousness and selfconsciousness and, more specifically, between the structure of all conscious states and self-consciousness partly based on the higher-order thought theory of consciousness. He stated that conscious mental states should be understood as global brain states which are combinations of passively received perceptual input and presupposed higher-order conceptual activity directed at that input. Contemporary theories of consciousness are aimed at explaining what makes a conscious mental state. State becomes conscious partly due to the implicit self-awareness. Gennaro and Van Gulick have suggested that conscious states can be understood materialistically as the first-order state of the larger complex brain state. Van Gulick [22] explored the alternative that the HO state is part of an overall global conscious state and calls such states “HOGS” (Higher-Order Global States). * GNWT - Global workspace theories [20]: perceptions, thoughts, emotions, etc. become conscious when they gain access to a “workspace” in the brain which is not localized but rather distributed across the frontal and parietal regions of the cortex. The brain integrates information from multiple sources into a single data “sketch” on a “global workspace.” * According to the resonance theory of consciousness [23] it acts using a specific mechanism of electrical synchrony and shared resonance of gamma, beta and theta waves that leads micro-conscious entities to combine into macro-conscious entities and allows different parts of the brain to achieve a phase transition in the speed and bandwidth of information flows between the constituent parts. * View on the role of vawes and their locations [24,25] - related to the resonanse theory - has been worked out by researchers screening the brain in disorders of consciousness. Results show the important role of subcortical areas in driving cortical activity associated with consciousness, particularly alpha waves role (associated with consciousness and cognition) and delta waves (mostly associated with unconsciousness) spreading across the brain. The distribution of theta waves power in the central areas of the brain is tied with reaching consciousness and could be associated to activity generated by consciousness supporting networks or to neurons functioning in isolation. Some brain injuries may underlie hidden consciousness, in which brain-injured patients are unable to respond to simple commands, making them appear unconscious despite having some level of awareness, because deficits in brain regions responsible for integrating motor commands with motor output preventing patients from acting on verbal mode. 3 the posterior cortex, called "sensory" cortex, includes all the cerebral cortex (includes the occipital, parietal, and temporal cortices) without the frontal. 5 * NCC - Neural Correlates of Consciousness theory [26] considers consciousness as a mental state created when large numbers of neurons fire in synchrony with one another and this property is dependent on set of neuronal events associated with conscious visual perception. Consciousness is viewed as a statedependent property of some undefined complex, adaptive, and highly interconnected biological system. * NCC another aproach [Flohr 1995] says that conscious mental activity interferes with the functioning of NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) synapses between neurons and (Damasio 1999) includes emotive somatosensory haemostatic processes in the frontal lobe. * Edelman (1989), Tononi (2000) claimed that mental processes are reentrant cortical feedback loops in the neural circuitry throughout the brain. * Dehaene and Changeux (1986) developed a neuronal model for access to consciousness based on a brain-wide recruitment of networks of neurons with long-range axons, referred to as the global neuronal workspace. [27]It is associated with Baars's Global workspace theory for consciousness. * TRN- Thalamic reticular networking model of consciousness [53] suggests consciousness as a mental state embodied through synchronization of thalamocortical networks and functional cluster. * Electromagnetic theories of consciousness proposed that consciousness can be understood as an electromagnetic phenomenon that occurs when a brain produces an electromagnetic field with specific characteristics [28,29]. Some electromagnetic theories are related to quantum mind theories of consciousness [30]. * The eight-circuit model of consciousness [54] 1 - unfriendly strength, sanguine humor - unfriendly weakness, melancholic humor 2 - language, handling the environment, invention, calculation, prediction, building a mental "map" of the universe and physical dexterity 3 - human symbol systems (Laryngeal-Manual Symbolic Circuit,Semantic Time-Binding Circuit) 4 - socio-sexual circuit 5 - neurosomatic- rapture circuit (neurological-somatic feedbacks, feeling high and blissful,..) 6 - neuro-electric, metaprogramming circuit 7 - neurogenetic,morphogenetic circuit 8 - quantum consciousness, non-local awareness. * An ergodic theory of consciousness [31] The collection of neurons are partitioned into clusters linked by the forward and backward circuitry in a probabilistic manner. The map is nonlinear and chaotic, to possess numerous invariant sets of clusters, which are referred to as agglomerations representing conscious states. * Supramodular Interaction Theory (SIT) [32] specifies which kinds of information is required by conscious processing to integrate high-level systems in the brain that are vying for skeletomotor control. 6 4. Consciousness - quantum & other approaches “cellular quantum dynamics becomes integral to the binding of consciousness into a coherent whole “ (King Ch.) Roots of a quantum philosophy could be find in the ancient world ("Soul of the World" Plato) and more recently in Carl Gustav Jung’s theory of "collective unconscious". Advanced development4 of quantum mechanics in the mid-1920s opened many ways for new research, mainly thanks to discovery the nature subatomic quantum molecular particles having characteristics of both particles and waves. Quantum field theory as the basis for an explanation of consciousness was applied in the 1960's by theoretical physicist Hiroomi Umezawa and results of it was called later QBD (Quantum Brain Dynamics). Quantum processes seem to be the part of biocomputation that processes various types of “data” ( noisy analog dispersed over the body ) and is not based on strictly defined algorithms. [33] Research [34] stated, that quantum mechanical phenomena such as quantum entanglement and superposition, may play an important role in brain's functions. Freeman W. [35] proposed the neurobiological and quantum model with self-organizing pathways accompanied by quantum transitions in brain. In Wolf A.F. [36] consciousness “collapses” the quantum wave function by restricting the knowledge of the location of molecules acting within a neuron’s membrane and is the process of wave transformation through setting tolerances for observing either energies or locations of protein gate molecules embedded in the neural membranes. The differences between long- and short-term memory can be explained by different sets of tolerances. Mocombe P.C. [2] submits hypothesis that a quantum nature of consciousness is recognized by a field of consciousness composed of a quantum material substance/energy psychion. His statement was that consciousness is an emergent fifth force of nature. Krasnoholovets V. [37] research describes the inner structure of quantum communication and named it an information field: "Physical space is constituted as a fractal mathematical lattice of primary topological balls, named the tessellattice, from which particles emerge as fractally deformed cells. When such a particle is moving, it interacts with surrounding cells of the tessellattice, which results in the creation of a number of spatial excitations around the particle named inertons. In quantum mechanical formalism, a particle and its surrounding inerton cloud are expressed as the wave -function.". * The Relational Block World (RBW) model of Stuckey [42,43] defines fundamental ‘consciousness symmetries’ as relational with quantum nonlocality feature. A nonlocality is a specific feature that cannot be associated with neural network although the topology of them is changeable but would be known at a given moment (this is an embedded plasticity when many changes of synaptic wiring between neurons in response to inputs and new experience). * Orchestrated objective reduction (Orch-OR) model of Penrose R. and Hameroff S.[38,39,40,44] They proposed quantum model of consciousness called "Orchestrated Objective Reduction" (Orch OR) that recognizes gravitational collapse of the wave function as an occasion of awareness. The quantum approach explains that consciousness has a quantum origin, is non local and creates our perceived reality from vibrating entities that can have multiple versions based on the observer's perception. Orch 4 Niels Bohr, Erwin Schrödinger, Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, Paul Dirac and others 7 OR model is based on the hypothesis that consciousness in the brain originates from quantum processes inside neurons, rather than from connections between neurons. 5 The explanation of quantum feature is that the neuron (as a cell of brain) contains microtubules, which transport substances to different parts of the cell. So, this hypothesis associates consciousness with molecular structures called microtubules rather than with neurons and postulates that consciousness originates at the quantum level inside neurons. Consciousness is represented by biologically ‘orchestrated’ coherent quantum processes in collections of microtubules within brain neurons, that these quantum processes correlate with, and regulate, neuronal synaptic and membrane activity. Gravitational collapse of the wave function is an occasion of awareness. Microtubules are structured in a fractal pattern which would enable quantum processes to occur [41]. This could explain the mysterious complexity of human consciousness. Hameroff claims that a new paradigm is needed to view the brain as a scale-invariant hierarchy extending both upward from the level of neurons to larger and larger neuronal networks, but also downward, inward, to deeper, faster quantum and classical processes in cytoskeletal microtubules inside neurons. * TRN a thalamic reticular networking model of consciousness [45] The consciousness as a "mental state embodied through thalamic reticulum nucleus by modulated synchronization of thalamocortical networks. Min suggested TRN as ideally suited for controlling the entire cerebral network. * Hierarchically Mechanistic Mind (HMM) model (Badcock [46]) The brain is composed of distinct components that perform different functions and exchange information in a hierarchical integrated fashion. Smaller ones- more specialized and working at short distance in a dense neural region, larger - encapsulated into long distance elements for combined functionality (such as thoughts, feelings) acting in a kind of hierarchy that creates dependencies between structures. * Transactional approach in symbiotic cosmology [47] "Because the “holistic” nature of conscious awareness is an extension of the global unstable excitatory dynamics of individual eucaryote cells to brain dynamics, a key aspect of subjective consciousness may be that it becomes sensitive to the wave-particle properties of quantum transactions with the natural environment in the process of cellular quantum sentience, involving sensitivity to quantum modes, including photons, phonons and molecular orbital effects constituting cellular vision, audition and olfaction. Expanded into brain processes, this cellular quantum dynamics then becomes integral to the binding of consciousness into a coherent whole." *The spin-mediated consciousness theory [48] Quantum spin called “mind-pixel” is a linchpin between mind and the brain. The unity of mind is achieved by quantum entanglement of these mind-pixels that as nuclear spins have relatively long quantum coherence time. The subjectivity is sourced from “qubits” through the internal motion associated with the quantum spin. Conclusion There are many hypothesis and methods to capture the essence of one phenomena - consciousness. Explorers dug deeper and deeper but still found …..6 5. The quantum mind hypothesis says that local physical laws and interactions from classical mechanics or connections between neurons alone cannot explain consciousness. 6 Reader is asked to finish this statement. 8 References 1. Thompson E. Mind in Life: Biology, Phenomenology, and the Sciences of Mind, Harvard UP 2007, s. 329. 2. 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