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Semi-Automatic Grass Cutter Machine
2019
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Abstract
Article history: Received 7 March 2019 Received in revised form 5 May 2019 Accepted 21 May 2019 Available online 10 June 2019 Grass cutter machines have become very prevalent currently. Most of the times, grass cutter machines are used for soft grass cutting. In a time where technology is integrating with environmental sentience, consumers are considering for ways to provide to the relief of their own carbon footprints. Pollution is man-made and can be seen in our own daily lives, more precisely in our own homes. Herein, we recommend a model of the automatic grass cutting machine powered through battery. Automatic grass cutting machine is a machine which is going to accomplish the grass cutting operation on its own. This model reduces both environment and noise pollution. As world is moving towards automation, conventional systems are transformed into automated systems. So, having an automated grass cutter is need of the hour. In this project a conventional push grass cutter is modi...
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Journal of Multidisciplinary Approaches in Science 6, Issue 1 (2019) 35-44
Journal of Multidisciplinary Approaches
in Science (JMAS)
Journal homepage: https://jmas.biz/index.php
ISSN: 2652-144X
Semi-Automatic Grass Cutter Machine
Open
Access
Muhammad Haris*,1, Nabeel Tabassum2, Hammad ud din Babar3, Bilal Hassan4, Shahbaz Khan5 ,
Zarak Khan6 & Abdoulhdi Amhmad Borhana Omran7
1,2,3,4,5,6
7
Department of Mechanical Engineering ,HITEC Universty , Cantt,Taxila,rawalpindi,Punjab,47080,Pakistan.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN,43000 Kajang, Selangor,
Malaysia
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Grass cutter machines have become very prevalent currently. Most of the times, grass
cutter machines are used for soft grass cutting. In a time where technology is
integrating with environmental sentience, consumers are considering for ways to
provide to the relief of their own carbon footprints. Pollution is man-made and can
be seen in our own daily lives, more precisely in our own homes. Herein, we
recommend a model of the automatic grass cutting machine powered through
battery. Automatic grass cutting machine is a machine which is going to accomplish
the grass cutting operation on its own. This model reduces both environment and
noise pollution. As world is moving towards automation, conventional systems are
transformed into automated systems. So, having an automated grass cutter is need
of the hour. In this project a conventional push grass cutter is modified into SemiAutomatic, RC controlled, battery powered, video surveillance grass cutter. Microcontroller is used to interface ultra-sonic sensors and Remote control with cutter
motor and vehicle motors. If an obstacle is detected that is any living or non-living
thing micro controller stops all motors and cutter moves backward so that operator
can guide it away from obstacle.
Received 7 March 2019
Received in revised form 5 May 2019
Accepted 21 May 2019
Available online 10 June 2019
Keywords:
Grass cutter machines , Video
Surveillance, RC control, conventional
grass cutter
Copyright © 2019 JMAS - All rights reserved
1. Introduction
In 18th century the concept of grass cutter was just a mechanical machine which was manually
operated. With the invention of engines, petrol engines were used to power cutters [1]. Now a days
there are many types of grass cutters with various feature’s like solar powered, Petrol engine RC
operated but they do not provide the ease to its user [2]. User has to go outside regardless of the
weather condition or has to remain insight in order to move it properly. Semi-Automatic provide this
ease to its user, he/she can remain in his room and through video surveillance and help of long range
Rc [3]. It consists of DC motors, micro controller [4], Relays, 12v DC battery, obstacle sensor, camera.
The cutter motor has 3000rpm and the vehicle motors have 180rpm in order to attain 3-5miles/hr.
speed[5].
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (Zarak Khan)
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Journal of Multidisciplinary Approaches in Science
Volume 6, Issue 1 (2019) 35-44
Cutter is provided a high rotational speed to provide enough momentum to grass so that it stores in
its back chamber. Semi-Automatic grass cutter is a feasible product for home lawns and sports
grounds. It has a user-friendly interface to minimize the work load [6]. It is a very handy product
which can be operated from a long range approximately 600m. It comes with variable cutting height
options, depending upon the size of grass or terrain in which cutter is operated its cutting height can
be changed to ensure smooth cutting and save the cutter from any damage. After cutting waste grass
can be removed from the chamber by simple unhooking the chamber from its position manually.
Storage facility ensures that lawn does not require any cleaning.
In current time earth is facing severe environmental issues causing severe weather conditions
due to excessive burning of fossil fuels and are depleting with passage of time, so it was necessary to
develop a product which is environment friendly and ensures the safety its user by saving him from
extreme weather conditions [7].
Figure. 1. Project Picture
2. Methodology
Semi-automatic grass cutter is a RC control device used to cut the grass at variable heights using
rechargeable batteries [8]. Two 12V DC batteries are used along with two vehicle motors for
forward movement of the cutter as well as for steering and a high-speed high torque DC motor for
cutter. Figure 2 shows the methodology block diagram of the cutter.
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Journal of Multidisciplinary Approaches in Science
Volume 6, Issue 1 (2019) 35-44
Figure. 2. Blocked diagram of semi-automatic grass cutter
Following are the components that are being used in this product:
¥ RC controller 6-channel
¥ Relays
¥ Aurdino mega
¥ Camera
¥ Ultrasonic sensors
¥ Batteries
¥ DC motors
The above-mentioned blocked diagram working is described as the signal from the RC remote goes
into the microcontroller that interprets it and pass it further to the relays that drives the motors [9].
If an obstacle is detected the signal goes into the microcontroller and pass it to the relays to stop the
motors. The main aspect of Semi-Automatic, RC controlled, battery powered, video surveillance grass
cutter is to ensure the safety [10]. The batteries are used to power the Aurdino as well as the motors
the camera gives us a video feedback to control the cutter [11]. Programming for this project is done
on Aurdino.
3. Calculations and Results
The main content of calculations on which our project basically relies are given below:
•
•
•
•
•
Total Resistance
o Air Resistance
o Rolling Resistance
o Gradient Resistance
Tractive Effort
Torque Required
Power Required
Motor Selection
3.1 AIR RESISTANCE:
Formula for calculating Air resistance is given below:
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Journal of Multidisciplinary Approaches in Science
Volume 6, Issue 1 (2019) 35-44
!"#$%& '( ) * +
3.2 DENSITY:
As semi-automatic grass cutter is used to move in open air in grassy areas so the only resistance that
comes in its way is the air so for this, we use the density of air to calculate the Air resistance.
$ , -./01234.56057823074 1.202kg/9:
3.3 COEFFECIENT OF AIR RESISTANCE:
It is the constant value and it cannot be change for air. The value for coefficient resistance is given
below [12]:
%& ,0.458
3.4 FRONTAL AREA:
As semi-automatic grass cutter is basically related to car dynamic to move forward or backward so
to tackle air resistance frontal area will be calculate by the following formula. [13]
F.A = B*H*.8
Base of cutter body=289mm
Height of cutter body=214.51mm
After measuring values, the frontal area that we calculate is given
below:
F. A=.289*.21451*.8
F. A=0.0499*
3.5 RELATIVE VELOCITY:
This is the average wind speed in Taxila while having a cloudy
condition, so basically it will be use as velocity of wind while
calculating Relative velocity. Formula for relative velocity is
given below:
#);<&= > )?@A& +*
As our aim is that cutter body moves with velocity of
3-5mile/hr. or 1.3412-2.2352m/s.
For a safe limit we will take the higher value so we take velocity which is given below
);<&= ,2.2352m/s
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Journal of Multidisciplinary Approaches in Science
Volume 6, Issue 1 (2019) 35-44
As at this velocity body will face most Air Resistance from head wind. On a windy day in Taxila
V=8km/hr. = 2.22m/s
After measuring the velocity of body and the velocity of wind we find the relative velocity that
is given below:
V=#BCBD"B > BCBB+*
V=19.84m/s
So, at the end we combine all these resistances to find the air resistance which is given below:
'C E , !"#$%& '( ) * +
A. R=.5(1.202*0.458*19.84*.049)
A.R =0.26759 N
3.6 ROLLING RESISTANCE:
The formula to find a rolling resistance is given below [14]
R. R=FG mg
Here,
HFG H is the rolling friction which is a constant value.
“m” is the mass of the body.
“g” is the gravitational acceleration.
FG between Grass and flattened Grip Tyre of bicycle
FG =0.007
We choose tyre of bicycle because the tyre that we use in our project is same as used in small
bicycles.
Mass of the body is given below:
Mass=15kg
Gravitational Acceleration is given below which is a constant value.
g=9.80665N/ 9*
Rolling Resistance that we calculate from here is given below
R. R=FG mg
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Journal of Multidisciplinary Approaches in Science
Volume 6, Issue 1 (2019) 35-44
R. R=0.007*15*9.80665
R. R=1.029N
3.7 GRADIENT RESISTANCE:
Max. Gradient which is expected from a car to climb is of slope 1 of 5 i.e. 20%.
Formula for gradient resistance is given below:
IJ
G. R= K
L" M NCO!P""
"
G. R=29.41995N
3.8 TOTAL RESISTANCE:
v Total Resistance= Air Resistance + Rolling Resistance + Gradient Resistance
v Total Resistance=0.26759+29.41995+1.029
v Total Resistance=30.695N
3.9 TRACTIVE EFFORT:
It is the amount of force a wheel can apply to a surface before it slips.
F =QR mg
Here,
QR , ST2UU.S.2350TU05/7S5.T3
As semi-automatic grass cutter will move on a grassy
surface so co-efficient of traction for grass is:
QR =0.5
Tractive effort for one driving wheel is given below:
F= (0.5*15*9.80665)/4
Here, divide by four is just because body consists of four tyres.
¥
For one driving wheel
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Journal of Multidisciplinary Approaches in Science
Volume 6, Issue 1 (2019) 35-44
F=18.387N
¥
For 2 driving wheels
F=18.387*2
F=36.774N
v T.E>T. R so 36.774N will be sufficient for to drive the cutter.
3.10 TORQUE:
Now, to move a 15 kg semi-automatic grass cutter we need a torque that will be able to move
a body. Formula for calculating torque is given below.
Torque=F*r
“F” is the tractive effort.
“r” is the radius of tyre.
Radius of tyre is given below
r=85mm or 0.085m
Torque that we find is given below:
T=36.774*0.0850
Torque=3.1256 Nm
3.11 POWER REQUIRED RANGE:
By taking the minimum velocity that is:
V=1.3412m/s
We calculate the power required which is given below:
Power=F*V
“F” is the tractive effort
“V” is the velocity
Power=36.774*1.3412
Power=49.29384watts
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Journal of Multidisciplinary Approaches in Science
Volume 6, Issue 1 (2019) 35-44
By taking the maximum velocity that is:
V=2.2352m/s
We calculate the power required which is given below:
Power=F*V
Power=36.774.2*2.2352
Power=82.1972watts
So, the power required range is from
49.29384watts-82.1972watts
3.12 SELECTION OF MOTORS:
Our Aim is to the semi-automatic grass cutter at the speed of
3-5 miles/hr. or 1.3412-2.2352m/s
Motor available in the market has following attributes:
MOTOR A:
MOTOR B
N=180 rpm
N=120Rrpm
Power=120watt
Power=60watt
Voltage = 12V
Voltage =12V
Amp=7amp
Amp=2.5amp
Radius of tyre is given below
r=.085m
r=.085m
Velocity achieve by this motor is given below:
V=(r*2πN)V60
V=1.602216m/s
V=1.068m/s
Torque achieve by this motor is given below:
Torque=
Torque=
[*YMXY
*ZA
=6.366Nm
WMXY
*ZA
XYMXY
Torque= *ZA =4.77N
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Journal of Multidisciplinary Approaches in Science
Volume 6, Issue 1 (2019) 35-44
Objective fulfilled.
Objective failed (due to speed is less)
4. ANALYSIS
Stress Analysis shows that strain produced as a result are with in safety limits of material of the body.
C.G was found to know whether addition of mass had any effect on distribution of mass which would
further affect the dynamics of cutter. Total weld mass, Surface Area and Volume and their respective
moment of inertia were also found.[15]
5. Conclusions
Semi-Automatic grass cutter is a modern-day tool which eases life of its user by saving his time, saving
him from extreme weather conditions and providing an interface which is easy to use. The project
has opened a gateway for variants like semi-Automatic multiple Crop cutter. which will bring
revolution in agriculture field.As prices of fuel are rising and world is moving towards renewable
43
Journal of Multidisciplinary Approaches in Science
Volume 6, Issue 1 (2019) 35-44
energy a cutter which is semi-automatic and after further improvements whose energy sources
(batteries) would be charged from solar energy will be need of the hour .
Acknowledgement
This research was funded by HITEC University Taxila Cantt, Punjab, Pakistan
References
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[2] C. Chen, "An Automated Inspection System," in ASEE Annual Conference, St Louis, 2000.
[3] Technical Solutions, J. Hammond and R. Rafael’s, “Build the Lawn Ranger”, Radio Electronics, June 1990, pp. 31-49.
[4] Dejan, "How to control Dc motor with arduino shield," [Online]. Available: http://www.instructables.com.
[5] Everett. G, "Improvement in Lawn-Mowers," International Journal of Scientific research in Science and Technology,28
january,1879.
[6] Aaqib Gulzar Khan, Adeel-ul-Haq Qurishi, “Commercial Grass Cutting cum Collecting Machine “Volume 10, Issue 1
,Nov. Dec. 2013
[7] Sivarao, T J S Anand, Hambali, Minhat, Faizul, “Review of Automated Machines towards Devising A New Approach in
Developing Semi-Automated Grass Cutter”, International Journal of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering IJMMEIJENS, 2010.
[8] DELANNE, Y. (1994). The influence of pavement unevenness and macrotexture on fuel consumption. American Society
for Testing and Materials, 1225: 240-247.
[9] Diggs, Steven. "Corded Vs. Cordless Electric Lawn Mowers." ehow. N.p., n.d. Web. ,29 Feb 2012.
[10] Chong Chen, An Automated Inspection System, ASEE Annual Conference, June 18-21, 2000, St. Louis.
[11] Smith-Strickland, "Arduino Alternatives," 14 FEB 2014. [Online]. Available: http://www.popularmechanics.com.
[12] Bert and Jaybee, "RC transmitter range test results," 29 Aug 2009. [Online]. Available: http://www.rcgroups.com.
[13] BROWN, S. (2012). “Bicycle frame geometry.” Hyperlink: [http://sheldonbrown.com/index.html]. Retrieved on 2
March 2012.
[14] S. forster, "The Evolution of a lawn mower," 28 April 2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.prezi.com.
[15] BERTUCCI, W.; ROGIER, S. & REISER II, R.F. (2013). Evaluation of aerodynamic and rolling resistances in mountainbike field conditions. Journal of Sports Sciences, (DOI 10.1080/02640414.2013.792945), 31(14): 1606-1613.
44
References (15)
- "Mower History." The Old Lawnmower Club Collection, Preservation and Display of Old Lawn Mowers. N.p., n.d. Web., 29 Feb 2012.
- C. Chen, "An Automated Inspection System," in ASEE Annual Conference, St Louis, 2000.
- Technical Solutions, J. Hammond and R. Rafael's, "Build the Lawn Ranger", Radio Electronics, June 1990, pp. 31-49.
- Dejan, "How to control Dc motor with arduino shield," [Online]. Available: http://www.instructables.com.
- Everett. G, "Improvement in Lawn-Mowers," International Journal of Scientific research in Science and Technology,28 january,1879.
- Aaqib Gulzar Khan, Adeel-ul-Haq Qurishi, "Commercial Grass Cutting cum Collecting Machine "Volume 10, Issue 1 ,Nov. - Dec. 2013
- Sivarao, T J S Anand, Hambali, Minhat, Faizul, "Review of Automated Machines towards Devising A New Approach in Developing Semi-Automated Grass Cutter", International Journal of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering IJMME- IJENS, 2010.
- DELANNE, Y. (1994). The influence of pavement unevenness and macrotexture on fuel consumption. American Society for Testing and Materials, 1225: 240-247.
- Diggs, Steven. "Corded Vs. Cordless Electric Lawn Mowers." ehow. N.p., n.d. Web. ,29 Feb 2012.
- Chong Chen, An Automated Inspection System, ASEE Annual Conference, June 18-21, 2000, St. Louis.
- Smith-Strickland, "Arduino Alternatives," 14 FEB 2014. [Online]. Available: http://www.popularmechanics.com.
- Bert and Jaybee, "RC transmitter range test results," 29 Aug 2009. [Online]. Available: http://www.rcgroups.com.
- BROWN, S. (2012). "Bicycle frame geometry." Hyperlink: [http://sheldonbrown.com/index.html]. Retrieved on 2 March 2012.
- S. forster, "The Evolution of a lawn mower," 28 April 2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.prezi.com.
- BERTUCCI, W.; ROGIER, S. & REISER II, R.F. (2013). Evaluation of aerodynamic and rolling resistances in mountain- bike field conditions. Journal of Sports Sciences, (DOI 10.1080/02640414.2013.792945), 31(14): 1606-1613.