ijtsrd.com International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development

Optical Character Recognition OCR has advanced significantly with deep learning, yet automatically recognizing and parsing printed Sudoku grids from low quality physical media such as newspapers and magazines remains a persistent challenge due to variable typography, perspective distortions, localized shadows, and ink degradation. This paper presents a complete, web based end to end software pipeline designed to localize, digitize, and interactively guide users through solving printed Sudoku puzzles. The proposed system features an robust five strategy cascade for image thresholding and grid localization, ensuring structural invariance against non uniform illumination and perspective skewing. by Priyam Bhattacharya | Pritam Mondal | Sreena Mondal | Prof. Dr. Rajib Kumar Das "Sudoku Grid Detection Using OCR" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-3 , June 2026, URL: https://lnkd.in/dj3MYYuy Paper URL: https://lnkd.in/d8e_vRAg

Ayurveda, India’s timeless healthcare philosophy, offers a profound approach to holistic well being on earth and beyond. A foundational pillar of this system is Swasthyarakshana maintaining the health of healthy individuals alongside addressing public wellness. Central to this preventive framework is the understanding of Ritu Sandhi the crucial seasonal transition period. This systematic review evaluates Ayurvedic classical texts regarding seasonal regimens Ritucharya , daily routines Dinacharya , nightly habits Ratricharya , and ethical conduct Sadvritta . During seasonal junctions, human immunity naturally fluctuates, creating vulnerability to acute pathologies such as viral fevers, influenza, and respiratory distress. This study highlights the necessity of managing Ritu Sandhi through proactive lifestyle and dietary modifications to mitigate seasonal illnesses. by Dr. Reshma Shivanagutti | Dr. Tameem Ansari S "Harmonizing Lifestyle with Nature: A Comprehensive Review of Ritu Sandhi and Ritucharya in Ayurvedic Preventative Medicine" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-3 , June 2026, URL: https://lnkd.in/dRVPEeGu Paper URL: https://lnkd.in/dWEPWpzm

Rapid urbanization has intensified challenges related to water wastage and indoor air pollution in Indian households. Commercial monitoring systems are expensive and designed for individual functions rather than integrated household monitoring. This paper presents the design, implementation, and 45 day field validation of an affordable smart monitoring system combining water leakage detection, tank level supervision, and indoor air quality monitoring on a single ESP32 platform. The system integrates YF S201 flow sensors, MQ 135 gas sensor, DHT22 temperature humidity sensor, and HC SR04 ultrasonic sensor with a TensorFlow Lite Micro LSTM model deployed directly on ESP32 for edge based leakage prediction. The model achieves 92.8 accuracy with 12ms inference time, operating without cloud connectivity. A four layer alert system Blynk, Telegram, SMS, Voice Call and three tier automated mitigation buzzer, fan window, valve shut off ensure comprehensive safety response. Experimental testing from 01 Apr 2026 to 15 May 2026 in a 3BHK apartment demonstrated 97.3 uptime, 96.8 leakage detection accuracy with 28s average response, 98.2 gas detection accuracy, and 450L water saved. Total prototype cost is 2,900, representing 64 reduction compared to commercial alternatives. The system operates at 1.8W average power with 100 SD card data logging success 12,960 records . This research contributes toward smart domestic infrastructure by integrating water conservation and environmental safety into a single IoT framework suitable for middle class households and AMRUT 2.0 smart city applications. by Kartik Bansal | Er. Rajbala | Hardeep Singh "Application of Artificial Intelligence and IoT in Developing Resilient, Sustainable, and Smart Urban Infrastructure Systems for Future Cities: A Case Study of Water Supply and Air Quality Monitoring" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-3 , June 2026, URL: https://lnkd.in/dj7Whdu2 Paper URL: https://lnkd.in/dvANd-XY

Software defect estimation is a critical aspect of software development that helps manage project schedules, allocating resources effectively, and ensuring software quality. Various techniques have been proposed and used to estimate software defects, including historical data analysis, expert judgment, function point analysis, software metrics, and machine learning approaches. This comprehensive research survey paper aims to review and compare these techniques in terms of their strengths, weaknesses, and applicability in different software development contexts. The findings from this analysis will assist researchers, practitioners, and decision makers in selecting appropriate defect estimation techniques for their specific software projects. Through an extensive literature review and analysis of case studies, this paper evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of each technique, highlighting their accuracy, precision, data requirements, scalability, transparency, interpretability, flexibility, and resource requirements. Furthermore, the applicability of these techniques in various software development contexts, such as small scale projects, medium scale projects, large scale projects, agile development environments, safety critical systems, open source projects, and distributed development teams, is examined. It also identifies areas for future research and improvement, paving the way for the development of more accurate and effective defect estimation methods. by Tehseen Fatma | Dr. Najeeb Ahmad Khan | Dr. Saoud Sarwar "Comparative Analysis of Software Defect Estimation Techniques" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-3 , June 2026, URL: https://lnkd.in/dPdAFtQb Paper URL: https://lnkd.in/dui-rHzp

In the rapidly evolving educational landscape of the 21st century, traditional pedagogical models are increasingly being challenged by learner centred approaches that prioritize autonomy, flexibility, and adaptability. Heutagogy, or self determined learning, emerges as a transformative educational philosophy that empowers learners to take control of their own learning journeys. Unlike pedagogy and andragogy, which are often instructor led, heutagogy places the learner at the centre, emphasizing self reflection, metacognition, and experiential engagement. This paper explores the theoretical foundations and practical applications of heutagogy in contemporary education. It examines how heutagogical practices align with the demands of a knowledge based, technology driven society, where continuous learning and adaptability are critical. Through a comprehensive literature review and case examples, the study highlights key principles of heutagogy such as learner agency, non linear learning, and capability development and how they can be integrated into modern classrooms, online learning environments, and professional development programs. Furthermore, the paper discusses the implications of heutagogy for educators, curriculum designers, and institutions, emphasizing the need for a shift from content delivery to learning facilitation. Challenges in implementing heutagogical approaches, including assessment, institutional constraints, and educator readiness, are also addressed. By fostering self directed and lifelong learning, heutagogy holds the potential to reshape educational experiences, making them more meaningful, personalized, and future ready. This conceptual exploration calls for a broader recognition of heutagogy as a viable and necessary framework for cultivating independent, reflective, and capable learners in the contemporary world. by Prof. (Dr.) B. C. Swain "Heutagogy in Contemporary Education: Fostering Self-Directed and Lifelong Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-3 , June 2026, URL: https://lnkd.in/dihBKGTX Paper URL: https://lnkd.in/dsbE-sFK

An efficient and cost effective approach for extending cloud computing is edge computing. Edge computing is a distributed computing model that processes data closer to where it is generated. Unlike traditional cloud computing, which depends on centralized data centers, edge computing brings computation and data storage nearer to the data sources. The integration of edge computing in modern systems takes advantage of Internet of things IoT devices and can potentially improve the systems’ performance, scalability, privacy, and security with applications in different domains. Domains such as Ambient Assisted Living AAL or healthcare can greatly benefit from the IoT and edge computing advancements. Edge computing is revolutionizing healthcare by enabling real time data processing closer to where it is generated, which can help improve patient care and operational efficiency. The integration of edge computing technologies in healthcare systems enables IoT wearable devices that are equipped with a diverse range of sensors to continuously monitor a wide range of signals and detect anomalies. This paper aims to explore the mechanisms, applications, benefits, and challenges of edge computing in healthcare. by Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Paul A. Adekunte | Janet O. Sadiku "Edge Computing in Healthcare" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-3 , June 2026, URL: https://lnkd.in/dyTn2DAt Paper URL: https://lnkd.in/deaiiin8

The paper discusses the result of a study which growth and development of women entrepreneurs with special reference to Rajnandgaon Block. The study was undertaken to explore the entrepreneurial activities of women and to understand their contribution to economic and social development at the local level. The data were collected from 100 women entrepreneurs engaged in different business activities through a structured questionnaire. The gathered data were subjected to descriptive and analytical examination. The findings of the study indicate that women entrepreneurs play a significant role in income generation, employment creation, and improvement of family living standards. The study concludes that women entrepreneurship serves as a powerful instrument for women empowerment and sustainable economic development. The active participation of women in entrepreneurial activities not only improves their individual economic status but also contributes to the overall progress of society. by Dr. Santosh Uke | Sahil Kumar Janghel "Growth and Development of Women Entrepreneurs: A Case Study with Special Reference to Rajnandgaon Block" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-3 , June 2026, URL: https://lnkd.in/dZiaE3Uq Paper URL: https://lnkd.in/dE-T72-E

The exponential growth of data generated by the Internet of things IoT , autonomous systems, and mobile applications has exposed the limitations of traditional, centralized cloud computing architectures. In response, edge computing has emerged as a transformative paradigm that decentralizes data processing, moving computational resources closer to the data source. Edge computing is fundamentally altering the landscape of data processing by shifting computational resources away from centralized cloud data centers to the periphery of the network. This decentralized approach addresses the inherent constraints of centralized cloud systems, particularly concerning latency, bandwidth, and security. This paper explores the concept of edge computing and provides its transformative applications in various industries. by Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Paul A. Adekunte | Janet O. Sadiku "Applications of Edge Computing" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-3 , June 2026, URL: https://lnkd.in/dSczaavr Paper URL: https://lnkd.in/d9astehe

Purpose This study explores the potential of integrating local craft traditions and indigenous food ecosystems into sustainable ecotourism models in Chhattisgarh. The research aims to examine how community based tourism can simultaneously support environmental conservation, cultural preservation, and local livelihood development. Design Methodology Approach The study adopts a qualitative conceptual approach based on secondary data analysis. Academic literature, government reports, policy documents, and tourism related studies were reviewed and analysed using thematic analysis. Findings The findings indicate that ecotourism initiatives in Chhattisgarh have contributed to biodiversity conservation and livelihood generation. However, traditional crafts and indigenous food systems remain inadequately integrated into tourism experiences. An integrated ecotourism framework comprising nature based tourism, craft based tourism, culinary tourism, and community participation is proposed. Practical Implications The study provides guidance for policymakers, tourism planners, artisans, and community organizations in developing sustainable and culturally inclusive tourism products. Originality Value The paper contributes to the literature by proposing a multidisciplinary framework linking ecological conservation, cultural heritage, indigenous food systems, and community based development. by Dr. Hamid Abdullah | Nikita Yadav "Sustainable Ecotourism Models for Integrating Local Craft and Food Ecosystems in Chhattisgarh: A Community-Based Development Perspective" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-3 , June 2026, URL: https://lnkd.in/dr4BvAUF Paper URL: https://lnkd.in/dU74dUQs

This study looks at how water based aqueous and alcohol based alcoholic extracts of Asparagus racemosus Shatavari and Cinnamomum zeylanicum Dalchini affect the weight of reproductive organs and chemicals related to fertility in male Swiss albino mice. Seven groups of mice were studied over 45 days. The results showed that giving these extracts alone or together significantly increased the weights of the testes, epididymis, seminal vesicles, and ventral prostate. Important chemicals that show reproductive health also increased. These included the protein content in the coagulating gland, sugar fructose levels in the seminal vesicles, and acid phosphatase activity in the ventral prostate. Overall, the alcohol based extracts and the combined treatments gave the best results, showing that the two plants work well together. by Prof. (Dr.) A. K. Thakur | Prachi "Comparative Impact of Asparagus Racemosus and Cinnamomum Zeylanicum Extracts on Reproductive Organ Mass and Accessory Gland Secretory Markers in Male Swiss Albino Mice" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-3 , June 2026, URL: https://lnkd.in/dBeQSbEH Paper URL: https://lnkd.in/dkjqCqGd