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A. П Ivashkin

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Papers by A. П Ivashkin

Production of protons, deuterons and tritons in argon-nucleus interactions at 3.2 A GeV

Journal of High Energy Physics, 2025

A bstract Results of the BM@N experiment at the Nuclotron/NICA complex on the production of proto... more A bstract Results of the BM@N experiment at the Nuclotron/NICA complex on the production of protons, deuterons and tritons in interactions of an argon beam of 3.2 A GeV with fixed targets of C, Al, Cu, Sn and Pb are presented. Transverse mass spectra, rapidity distributions and multiplicities of protons, deuterons and tritons are measured. The results are treated within a coalescence approach and compared with predictions of theoretical models and with other measurements.

$Research paper thumbnail of Search for a critical point of strongly-interacting matter in central $$^{40}$$Ar + $$^{45}$$Sc collisions at 13 A–75 A GeV/c beam momentum$

Search for a critical point of strongly-interacting matter in central $$^{40}$$Ar + $$^{45}$$Sc collisions at 13 A–75 A GeV/c beam momentum

The European Physical Journal C, 2024

The critical point of strongly interacting matter is searched for at the CERN SPS by the NA61/SHI... more The critical point of strongly interacting matter is searched for at the CERN SPS by the NA61/SHINE experiment in central $$^{40}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mmultiscripts> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mn>40</mml:mn> </mml:mmultiscripts> </mml:math> Ar + $$^{45}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mmultiscripts> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mn>45</mml:mn> </mml:mmultiscripts> </mml:math> Sc collisions at 13 A , 19 A , 30 A , 40 A , and 75 A GeV/ c . The dependence of the second-order scaled factorial moments of proton multiplicity distributions on the number of subdivisions in transverse momentum space is measured. The intermittency analysis uses statistically independent data sets for every subdivision in transverse and cumulative-transverse momentum variables. The results obtained do not indicate the searched intermittent pattern. An upper limit on the fraction of correlated protons and the intermittency index is ob...

$Research paper thumbnail of $$K^0_S$$ meson production in inelastic p+p interactions at 31, 40 and 80 $$\text {Ge}\hspace{-1.00006pt}\text {V}\!/\!c$$ beam momentum measured by NA61$$/$$SHINE at the CERN SPS$

$$K^0_S$$ meson production in inelastic p+p interactions at 31, 40 and 80 $$\text {Ge}\hspace{-1.00006pt}\text {V}\!/\!c$$ beam momentum measured by NA61$$/$$SHINE at the CERN SPS

The European Physical Journal C, 2024

The yields of $$K^0_S$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msubsup> <... more The yields of $$K^0_S$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>K</mml:mi> <mml:mi>S</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> mesons have been measured in inelastic p+p interactions at incident projectile momenta of 31, 40 and 80 $$\text {Ge}\hspace{-1.00006pt}\text {V}\!/\!c$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>Ge</mml:mtext> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ( $$\sqrt{s_{NN}}=7.7, 8.8$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msqrt> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>NN</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:msqrt> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>7.7</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mn>8.8</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and 12.3 $$\text {Ge}\hspace{-1.00006pt}\text {V}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mt...

Measurements of higher-order cumulants of multiplicity and net-electric charge distributions in inelastic proton–proton interactions by NA61/SHINE

The European Physical Journal C, 2024

This paper presents the energy dependence of multiplicity and net-electric charge fluctuations in... more This paper presents the energy dependence of multiplicity and net-electric charge fluctuations in p+p interactions at beam momenta 20, 31, 40, 80, and 158 $$\text{ Ge }\hspace{-1.00006pt}\text{ V }\!/\!c$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mtext>Ge</mml:mtext> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . Results are corrected for the experimental biases and quantified with the use of cumulants and factorial cumulants. Cumulant ratios are an essential tool in the search for the critical point of strongly interacting matter in heavy ion collisions. Measurements performed in p+p interactions provide a vital baseline estimation in these studies. The measured signals are compared with the string hadronic models Epos1.99 and FTFP-BERT.

Search for the critical point of strongly-interacting matter in 40Ar + 45Sc collisions at 150A Ge V /c using scaled factorial moments of protons

The European Physical Journal C, Sep 29, 2023

The critical point of dense, strongly interacting matter is searched for at the CERN SPS in 40 Ar... more The critical point of dense, strongly interacting matter is searched for at the CERN SPS in 40 Ar + 45 Sc collisions at 150 A Ge V / c . The dependence of second-order scaled factorial moments of proton multiplicity distribution on the number of subdivisions of transverse momentum space is measured. The intermittency analysis is performed using both transverse momentum and cumulative transverse momentum. For the first time, statistically independent data sets are used for each subdivision number. The obtained results do not indicate any statistically significant intermittency pattern. An upper limit on the fraction of correlated proton pairs and the power of the correlation function is obtained based on a comparison with the Power-law Model developed for this purpose.

Measurement of Time Resolution of Scintillation Detectors with EQR-15 Silicon Photodetectors for the Time-of-Flight Neutron Detector of the BM@N Experiment

arXiv (Cornell University), Sep 6, 2023

To study the dependence of the equation of state of high density nuclear matter on the term chara... more To study the dependence of the equation of state of high density nuclear matter on the term characterizing the isospin (proton-neutron) asymmetry of nuclear matter, it is necessary to measure azimuthal flow of neutrons as well as azimuthal flow of charged particles from a dense nuclear matter in the nuclear-nuclear collisions. For this purpose INR RAS is developing a new high-granular neutron detector which will be used in the BM@N experiment at the extracted beam of the Nuclotron accelerator at JINR (Dubna). This detector will identify neutrons and measure their energies in the heavy-ion collisions up to 4 GeV per nucleon. This article presents the results of measurements of the time resolution and light yields of samples of scintillation detectors with sizes 40×40×25 mm 3 that will be used in a neutron detector based on the currently available fast plastic scintillator manufactured by JINR using an EQR15 11-6060D-S photodetector for light readout. For comparison, the results of measurements for a detector of the same size with a fast scintillator EJ-230 and with the same type of photodetector are given. The measurements were made on cosmic muons as well as on the electron synchrotron "Pakhra" of the Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences located in Troitsk, Moscow.

The BM@N spectrometer at the NICA accelerator complex

Nuclear instruments and methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment/Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment, Jun 1, 2024

$Research paper thumbnail of Measurements of $$\pi ^\pm $$, $$K^\pm $$, p and $$\bar{p}$$ spectra in $$^{40}\hbox {Ar+}^{45}\hbox {Sc}$$ collisions at 13A to 150A $$\text{ Ge }\hspace{-1.00006pt}\text{ V }\!/\!c$$$

Measurements of $$\pi ^\pm $$, $$K^\pm $$, p and $$\bar{p}$$ spectra in $$^{40}\hbox {Ar+}^{45}\hbox {Sc}$$ collisions at 13A to 150A $$\text{ Ge }\hspace{-1.00006pt}\text{ V }\!/\!c$$

European physical journal. C, Particles and fields, Apr 22, 2024

The NA61/SHINE experiment at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron studies the onset of deconfinement... more The NA61/SHINE experiment at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron studies the onset of deconfinement in strongly interacting matter through a beam energy scan of particle production in collisions of nuclei of varied sizes. This paper presents results on inclusive double-differential spectra, transverse momentum and rapidity distributions and mean multiplicities of $$\pi ^\pm $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>π</mml:mi> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> </mml:msup> </mml:math> , $$K^\pm $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>K</mml:mi> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> </mml:msup> </mml:math> , p and $$\bar{p}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mover> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>¯</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mover> </mml:math> produced in $$^{40}\hbox {Ar+}^{45}\hbox {Sc}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow/> <mml:...

arXiv (Cornell University), 2013

The INFN and the ICARUS collaboration originally developed the technology of the LAr-TPC. Located... more The INFN and the ICARUS collaboration originally developed the technology of the LAr-TPC. Located the underground LNGS Hall-B, the ICARUS T600 detector has been performed over three years with remarkable detection efficiency featuring a smooth operation, high live time, and high reliability. About 3000 CNGS neutrino events have been collected and are being actively analyzed. ICARUS will now be moved to CERN for an extensive R&D program. The T600 detector will be overhauled and complemented with a similar T150 detector. These improvements are performed in collaboration with the LBNE experiment, of which several INFN Institutions are now members. As a novelty, a SC magnetic field of about 1 T will be introduced. During 2016 it is proposed to move the experiment to FNAL where short base line neutrino beams are available, complementing the approved MicroBooNe experiment which will start operation in 2014. The ICARUS detectors at FNAL will be an important addition since, in absence of anomalies, the signals of several detectors at different distances from the target should be a copy of each other for all experimental signatures. Due to the reduced mass, in MicroBooNE the anti-neutrino signal is too weak for a sensitive comparison. Hence, a definitive clarification of the LSND anomaly requires the exploration of the anti-neutrino signal provided by the much larger T600. The magnetic field will allow separating the anti-neutrino signal from the neutrino-induced background. It is proposed to expose the T600 at the Booster NuBeam at ~700 m from target; the T150 will be located at ~150 m. The T600 will also receive >10^4 nu_e events/year from the off-axis NUMI beam peaked around 1 GeV and exploitable to prepare for the LBNE experiment. The ICARUS teams are also interested in extending the participation to other short baseline neutrino activities collaborating with existing FNAL groups.

$K_S^0$ meson production in inelastic p+p interactions at 31, 40 and 80 GeV/c beam momentum measured by NA61/SHINE at the CERN SPS

The NA61/SHINE Collaboration Measurements of K 0 S meson production via its π + π -decay mode in ... more The NA61/SHINE Collaboration Measurements of K 0 S meson production via its π + π -decay mode in inelastic p+p interactions at incident projectile momenta of 31, 40 and 80 GeV/c ( √ s NN = 7.7, 8.8 and 12.3 GeV, respectively) are presented. The data were recorded by the NA61/SHINE spectrometer at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron. Double-differential distributions were obtained in transverse momentum and rapidity. The mean multiplicities of K 0 S mesons were determined to be (5.95 ± 0.19(stat) ± 0.22(sys)) × 10 -2 at 31 GeV/c, (7.61 ± 0.13(stat) ± 0.31(sys)) × 10 -2 at 40 GeV/c and (11.58 ± 0.12(stat) ± 0.37(sys)) × 10 -2 at 80 GeV/c. The results on K 0 S production are compared with model calculations (EPOS1.99, SMASH 2.0 and PHSD) as well as with published data from other experiments.

$Research paper thumbnail of Search for a critical point of strongly-interacting matter in central $^{40}$Ar +$^{45}$Sc collisions at 13$A$-75$A$ GeV/$c$ beam momentum$

Search for a critical point of strongly-interacting matter in central $^{40}$Ar +$^{45}$Sc collisions at 13$A$-75$A$ GeV/$c$ beam momentum

The critical point of strongly interacting matter is searched for at the CERN SPS by the NA61/SHI... more The critical point of strongly interacting matter is searched for at the CERN SPS by the NA61/SHINE experiment in central 40 Ar + 45 Sc collisions at 13A, 19A, 30A, 40A, and 75A GeV/c. The dependence of the second-order scaled factorial moments of proton multiplicity distributions on the number of subdivisions in transverse momentum space is measured. The intermittency analysis uses statistically independent data sets for every subdivision in transverse and cumulative-transverse momentum variables. The results obtained do not indicate the searched intermittent pattern. An upper limit on the fraction of correlated protons and the intermittency index is obtained based on a comparison with the Power-law Model.

The BM@N spectrometer at the NICA accelerator complex

arXiv (Cornell University), Dec 28, 2023

Excess of charged over neutral $K$ meson production in high-energy collisions of atomic nuclei

Strong interactions preserve an approximate isospin symmetry between up (u) and down (d) quarks, ... more Strong interactions preserve an approximate isospin symmetry between up (u) and down (d) quarks, part of the more general flavor symmetry. In the case of K meson production, if this isospin symmetry were exact, it would result in equal numbers of charged (K + and K -) and neutral (K 0 and K 0 ) mesons produced in collisions of isospin-symmetric atomic nuclei. Here, we report results on the relative abundance of charged over neutral K meson production in argon and scandium nuclei collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 11.9 GeV per nucleon pair. We find that the production of K + and K -mesons at mid-rapidity is (18.4 ± 6.1)% higher than that of the neutral K mesons. Although with large uncertainties, earlier data on nucleusnucleus collisions in the collision center-of-mass energy range 2.6 < √ s NN < 200 GeV are consistent with the present result. Using well-established models for hadron production, we demonstrate that known isospin-symmetry breaking effects and the initial nuclei containing more neutrons than protons lead only to a small (few percent) deviation of the charged-toneutral kaon ratio from unity at high energies. Thus, they cannot explain the measurements. The significance of the flavor-symmetry violation beyond the known effects is 4.7σ when the compilation of world data with uncertainties quoted by the experiments is used. New systematic, high-precision measurements and theoretical efforts are needed to establish the origin of the observed large isospin-symmetry breaking.

$Research paper thumbnail of Two-pion femtoscopic correlations in Be+Be collisions at $$\sqrt{s_{\text {NN}}} = 16.84$$ GeV measured by the NA61/SHINE at CERN$

Two-pion femtoscopic correlations in Be+Be collisions at $$\sqrt{s_{\text {NN}}} = 16.84$$ GeV measured by the NA61/SHINE at CERN

The European Physical Journal C, Oct 10, 2023

This paper reports measurements of two-pion femtoscopic correlations in Be+Be collisions at a bea... more This paper reports measurements of two-pion femtoscopic correlations in Be+Be collisions at a beam momentum of 150 $$A\,\hbox {GeV}\!/\!c$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mtext>GeV</mml:mtext> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> (energy available in the center-of-mass system for nucleon pair $$\sqrt{s_{\text {NN}}} = 16.84$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msqrt> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>NN</mml:mtext> </mml:msub> </mml:msqrt> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>16.84</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> GeV) by the NA61/SHINE experiment at the CERN SPS accelerator. The obtained momentum space correlation functions can be well described by a Lévy distributed source model. The transverse mass dependence of the Lévy source parameters is presented, and their possible theoretical interpretations are discussed. T...

$Research paper thumbnail of Measurements of $\pi^\pm$, $K^\pm$, $p$ and $\bar{p}$ spectra in $^{40}$Ar+$^{45}$Sc collisions at 13$A$ to 150$A$ GeV/$c$$

Measurements of $\pi^\pm$, $K^\pm$, $p$ and $\bar{p}$ spectra in $^{40}$Ar+$^{45}$Sc collisions at 13$A$ to 150$A$ GeV/$c$

OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information), Aug 30, 2023

The NA61/SHINE experiment at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron studies the onset of deconfinement... more The NA61/SHINE experiment at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron studies the onset of deconfinement in strongly interacting matter through a beam energy scan of particle production in collisions of nuclei of varied sizes. This paper presents results on inclusive double-differential spectra, transverse momentum and rapidity distributions and mean multiplicities of $\pi^\pm$, $K^\pm$, $p$ and $\bar{p}$ produced in $^{40}$Ar+$^{45}$Sc collisions at beam momenta of 13$A$, 19$A$, 30$A$, 40$A$, 75$A$ and 150$A$ GeV/$c$. The analysis uses the 10% most central collisions, where the observed forward energy defines centrality. The energy dependence of the $K^\pm$/$\pi^\pm$ ratios as well as of inverse slope parameters of the $K^\pm$ transverse mass distributions are placed in between those found in inelastic $p$+$p$ and central Pb+Pb collisions. The results obtained here establish a system-size dependence of hadron production properties that so far cannot be explained either within statistical ...

Development of High Granular Neutron Time-of-Flight Detector for the BM@N experiment

arXiv (Cornell University), Sep 17, 2023

The HGND (High Granular Neutron Detector) is developed for the BM@N (Baryonic Matter at Nuclotron... more The HGND (High Granular Neutron Detector) is developed for the BM@N (Baryonic Matter at Nuclotron) experiment on the extracted beam of the Nuclotron at JINR, Dubna. The HGND will be used to measure the azimuthal flow of neutrons produced with energies ranging from 300 to 4000 MeV in heavy-ion collisions at beam energies of 2-4 AGeV. The azimuthal flow of charged particles will be measured using the BM@N magnet spectrometer. The data on the azimuthal flow of neutrons will shed light on the study of the high-density Equation of State (EoS) of isospin-symmetric nuclear matter, which is crucial for studying astrophysical phenomena such as neutron stars and their mergers. The HGND has a highly granular structure with approximately 2000 plastic scintillation detectors (cells), each measuring 4×4×2.5 cm 3 . These detectors are arranged in 16 layers, with 121 detectors in each layer, and are subdivided by copper absorber plates with a thickness of 3 cm. The light from each cell is detected with SiPM (Silicon Photomultiplier) with an active area of 6×6 mm 2 . Developed multi-channel TDC board based on the Kintex FPGA chip with a bin width of 100 ps will be used to perform precise timestamp and amplitude measurement using Time-over-Threshold (ToT) method. Good spatial resolution due to the high granularity together with a cell's time resolution of 100-150 ps ensures neutron reconstruction with good energy resolution. The design of the detector as well as the results from test measurements and simulations have been presented.

Dielectron Production in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi><mml:mprescripts /><mml:none /><mml:mn>12</mml:mn></mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mm...

Physical Review Letters, Feb 1, 2007

The invariant-mass spectrum of e + e -pairs produced in 12 C+ 12 C collisions at an incident ener... more The invariant-mass spectrum of e + e -pairs produced in 12 C+ 12 C collisions at an incident energy of 2 GeV per nucleon has been measured for the first time. The measured pair production probabilities span over five orders of magnitude from the π 0 -Dalitz to the ρ/ω invariant-mass region. Dalitz decays of π 0 and η account for all the yield up to 0.15 GeV/c 2 , but for only about 50% above this mass. A comparison with model calculations shows that the excess pair yield is likely due to baryon-resonance and vector-meson decays. Transport calculations based on vacuum spectral functions fail, however, to describe the entire mass region.

Directed, Elliptic, and Higher Order Flow Harmonics of Protons, Deuterons, and Tritons in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Au</mml:mi><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mi>Au</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>Collisions at<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w...

Physical Review Letters, Dec 31, 2020

Flow coefficients vn of the orders n = 1 -6 are measured with the High-Acceptance DiElectron Spec... more Flow coefficients vn of the orders n = 1 -6 are measured with the High-Acceptance DiElectron Spectrometer (HADES) at GSI for protons, deuterons and tritons as a function of centrality, transverse momentum and rapidity in Au+Au collisions at √ s NN = 2.4 GeV. Combining the information from the flow coefficients of all orders allows to construct for the first time, at collision energies of a

A Proposal for a Three Detector Short-Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Program in the Fermilab Booster Neutrino Beam

arXiv (Cornell University), Mar 4, 2015

This proposal outlines exactly such a program. The SBN program brings together three LAr-TPC dete... more This proposal outlines exactly such a program. The SBN program brings together three LAr-TPC detectors built and operated by leading teams of scientists and engineers from Europe and the U.S. The ICARUS-T600 detector is the first successful large-scale LAr-TPC to be exposed to a neutrino beam and to this point the largest LAr-TPC for neutrino physics. The MicroBooNE detector is the largest LAr-TPC built in the U.S. and will have been operational for several years at the start of the three detector program. The new near detector, LAr1-ND, is being developed by an international team with experience from ArgoNeuT, MicroBooNE, and LBNE prototypes. The combination of these three detectors and associated collaborations represents a tremendous R&D opportunity toward the future LBN program. At the January 2014 meeting of the Fermilab PAC, presentations were made by two collaborations to significantly enhance the physics capabilities of the Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB) with additional LAr-TPC detectors. Both proposals were targeted at providing definitive measurements of the LSND and MiniBooNE anomalies. The ICARUS collaboration proposed [1] a two detector experiment incorporating the existing T600 LAr-TPC located 700 m from the BNB as a far detector and a new T150 LAr-TPC located 150±50 m from the target as a near detector. The primary physics goal of the ICARUS proposal was the search for light sterile neutrinos. The idea to utilize multiple LAr-TPC detectors for a comprehensive test of neutrino anomalies was first put forth by the ICARUS collaboration at CERN as early as 2009 and later extended to include the addition of magnetized spectrometer detectors by the NESSIE collaboration. The required the construction of a new neutrino beam (CENF) from the 100 GeV proton SPS in the CERN north area, which has not since been realized. Also at the January 2014 Fermilab PAC meeting, the LAr1-ND collaboration proposed to install a new LAr-TPC based on LBNE-type technology 100 m from the BNB target in an existing enclosure that was constructed for the SciBooNE experiment. The proposed LAr1-ND detector, in concert with the MicroBooNE experiment, would address the MiniBooNE neutrino mode anomaly and enable improved searches for oscillations. LAr1-ND was seen as the next step in a phased short-baseline neutrino program at Fermilab. The full LAr1 detector, a 1 kton LAr-TPC previously presented in an LOI in 2012 [8], could then, together with LAr1-ND, definitively address the question of neutrino oscillations in the ∆m 2 ≈ 1 eV 2 region. LAr1 was not encouraged by P5, however, due to the high cost of a new detector of this scale. Following the recommendation of the PAC, the MicroBooNE, LAr1-ND, and ICARUS collaborations were asked by the Fermilab Director to propose a combined Short-Baseline Neutrino (SBN) program to address the short-baseline anomalies and search for sterile neutrinos. The SBN Task Force was created to steer the activities of the collaborations required to create this proposal including a conceptual design for the program components. The task force was charged jointly by the directorates of CERN, Fermilab, and INFN. The task force consists of five members, one representing each of the three collaborations (LAr1-ND, MicroBooNE, ICARUS), one representing CERN, and the Fermilab SBN Program Coordinator. This proposal is the result of this joint effort over a period of about nine months. The proposal is organized into six parts that are briefly summarized below. Part 1 describes the primary physics case for the SBN program: the search for sterile neutrinos and exploration of the LSND and MiniBooNE anomalies. This chapter describes the physics motivations including the current landscape of oscillation anomalies at the ∆m 2 ∼ 1 eV 2 scale. The physics sensitivity for ν µ disappearance and ν e appearance are evaluated for the proposed three detector configuration. The extensive evaluation of systematics includes the impact of neutrino interaction uncertainties and differences in the neutrino flux at the different detectors. The primary backgrounds to the ν e signal have been carefully considered in the sensitivities: • Intrinsic ν e content of the beam, • Neutral current γ production, • ν µ charged current γ production, • Neutrino interactions in material surrounding the detectors, • Cosmogenic photons. Using data sets of 6.6 × 10 20 protons on target (P.O.T.) in the LAr1-ND and T600 detectors plus 13.2 × 10 20 P.O.T. in the MicroBooNE detector, we conservatively estimate that a search for ν µ → ν e appearance can be performed covering with ∼5σ sensitivity the LSND allowed (99% C.L.) region. This level of sensitivity is achieved using relatively simple event selection criteria that have undergone only a preliminary optimization. A more detailed analysis will likely yield even better results. However, achieving this level of sensitivity will require careful control over cosmogenic backgrounds. The external muon tagging/veto systems proposed in Parts 2 & 3 of this proposal will be essential in ensuring an efficient independent method of identifying tracks in the TPCs associated with cosmogenic muons. Further, requiring precision timing of the already planned light detection systems will play an important role in rejecting cosmogenic photons. Since the measurement is statistically limited, an increase in the number of ν interactions provided by more protons on target and/or greater efficiency of the target/horn system will be highly desirable. Part 5 of this proposal outlines a possible reconfiguration of the BNB with a two horn system. Part 2 describes the conceptual design of the SBN near detector (LAr1-ND) which will be located 110 m from the BNB target. The detector design draws extensively on the design of the LBNF far detector including cryostat technology, TPC design, and electronics. Also described are the synergies between LAr1-ND and the LBNF development. Potential benefits include expanded experience in construction of membrane cryostats, development of standardized cryogenic system modules, wire plane assembly techniques, testing of next generation cold electronics, and the development of scintillation light collection systems for LAr-TPCs. A system of scintillators external to the cryostat are proposed to provide a system for identifying tracks from cosmic rays. The near detector has been approved by Fermilab as a test experiment (T-1053). Part 3 describes the SBN far detector (ICARUS-T600), presently the largest physics oriented operational LAr-TPC detector [9], and its very successful performance during operations in the Gran Sasso laboratory (LNGS) on the CNGS beam. The T600 will be located 600 m from the BNB target. In preparation for a thorough refurbishing, the T600 was transported from LNGS to CERN at the end of 2014. The light detection system will be improved with many additional photo-multipliers to provide better timing resolution and spatial segmentation of the light signals. These improvements are essential to handling the much higher flux of cosmic rays through the detector with operation near the surface on the BNB. Like the near detector, counters surrounding the sensitive LAr-TPC volume are proposed to provide a system for identifying tracks from cosmic rays. These cosmic tagger systems provide a clear opportunity for shared development within the SBN program. Part 4 describes the conceptual design of infrastructure needed for the LAr1-ND and T600 detectors. This includes construction of two new detector enclosures on the beamline at 110 m and 600 m from the BNB target for the near and far detectors, respectively. Each of the detectors will be located on axis with the BNB. The design of the new detector cryostats and cryogenic systems are also described. The new cryogenics infrastructure is being developed by a joint team of engineers at CERN, Fermilab, and INFN taking advantage of opportunities for common solutions for the two detectors. While a completely new LAr filtration and circulation system is needed for the near detector, the LAr systems used at LNGS for the T600 will be reused. A possible model for a common DAQ software platform for the detectors is described. Similarly, a model is described for common reconstruction and analysis tool development based on the presently working algorithms from the ICARUS-T600 experience and the LArSoft platform currently in use by ArgoNeuT, MicroBooNE, and the LBNE 35 ton prototype. Part 5 describes potential improvements to the Booster Neutrino Beamline. A modest reconfiguration of the beamline leading up to target and horn could provide sufficient space to convert the beamline from a single horn to a two horn system. An optimization based on a fast simulation demonstrates that the ν µ rate can be approximately doubled relative to the existing MiniBooNE horn. A more detailed study is required to take this pre-conceptual design to a conceptual design that could be used to estimate cost and schedule to create a two horn configuration. Such an improvement would be an extremely valuable addition to the program providing headroom on the statistical power of the measurements. We propose that a detailed study of the cost and schedule for conversion to a two horn system be initiated immediately. This should include the cost of new horns, new or refurbished power supplies capable of 20 Hz operation, and necessary work for reconfiguration of the incoming beamline and of the collimator. Part 6 describes the organization of the SBN program and the schedule for completion of SBN Physics Program I-7 Detector Distance from BNB Target LAr Total Mass LAr Active Mass LAr1-ND 110 m 220 t 112 t MicroBooNE 470 m 170 t 89 t ICARUS-T600

Forward Detectors of the BM@N Facility and Response Study at a Carbon Ion Beam in the SRC Experiment

Instruments and Experimental Techniques, Apr 1, 2023