Papers by Dr.Sundarakumar Kusuma
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2019
Land use land cover change (LULC) is a dynamic process, which is largely influenced by anthropoge... more Land use land cover change (LULC) is a dynamic process, which is largely influenced by anthropogenic effect. In less urbanized area, human activities such as agricultural expansion, timber extraction and infrastructure development, has caused LULC transformation at alarming rate. Understanding of the potential future LULC changes is necessary for town planners and local authorities to formulate and design town planning. Besides that, the projected LULC patterns could also be incorporated into other models to further evaluate the impact of LULC changes on environment, agricultural, ecosystem, water resources and health. This study projected a future LULC scenario of Kelantan, Malaysia, using an integrated GIS CA-Markov model. The model achieved an accuracy of 78.57% when compared with the LULC map of 2008. Built-up area has increased by 111 km 2 , while forest area has decreased 1532 km 2 in the past 15 years. Results showed that the built-up area, oil palm, and rubber plantation are expected to increase to 181.69 km 2 , 2142.48 km 2 , and 3076.24 km 2 , respectively, in 2025. By contrast, forest and paddy area are projected to decrease to 8548.20 km 2 , and 693.44 km 2 respectively. Urban expansion is mainly found in the northern part of the state, while oil palm expansion in the southern part of the state. It was predicted that this pattern will continue in the next thirty years where built-up and agriculture area continued to expand at the stake of forest area. The findings provide useful information for planners in planning for future development and safeguarding the environment.
The objective of work is to carryout Structural Health Monitoring based on Non Destructive Testin... more The objective of work is to carryout Structural Health Monitoring based on Non Destructive Testing. For this we have considered a 5-storey educational building which is nothing but the R-Block of Usha Rama College of Engineering & Technology. It has an age of 8 years. There is a need for regular monitoring and maintenance of the structure for achieving increased life and service of the structure. In total there are 725 columns in R-Block. Each floor of the 5-floored structure consists of 145 columns. These are divided in to two parts, one as Part-A: 620mm x 260mm (112 no's) and the other as Part- B: 290mm x 290mm (33no's). All the columns were assessed. WTC-Model H Concrete Rebound Test Hammer is used in the present work. The range of compressive strength values measured on small columns vary from 20 to 45 N / mm2 where as the range of compressive strength values measured on large columns vary from 20 to 50 N / mm2. Average compressive strengths in Ground floor for large col...
Land Use and Land Cover Change Detection and Urban Sprawl Analysis of Vijayawada City Using Multitemporal Landsat Data
International Journal of …, 2012
Assessment and Mapping of Ground Water Quality Using Geographical Information Systems
ASSESSMENT, 2010
... 1.5 0.1515369 NITRATE(mg/l) 45 0.0050512 CALCIUM(mg/l) 75 0.0030307 MAGNESIUM(mg/ l) 30 0.007... more ... 1.5 0.1515369 NITRATE(mg/l) 45 0.0050512 CALCIUM(mg/l) 75 0.0030307 MAGNESIUM(mg/ l) 30 0.0075768 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY (µS/cm) 2000 0.0001137 Quality rating (q) is calculated using the formula, qni={[(Vactual-Videal)/(Vstandard-Videal)]*100} ...
Simulation of Runoff in Watersheds Using SCS-CN and Muskingum-Cunge Methods Using Remote Sensing and Geographical …
SIMULATION, 2010
... AP, India P.Sundara Kumar Assoc..Professor Dept of Civil Engineering KL University, Guntur Di... more ... AP, India P.Sundara Kumar Assoc..Professor Dept of Civil Engineering KL University, Guntur Dist, AP, India Dr.MJRatna Kanth Babu Asst.Professor Dept of Civil Engineering KL University, Guntur Dist, AP, India K. Sundara Kumar ...
Experimental Study on Lightweight Aggregate Concrete
ripublication.com
Lightweight concrete (LWC) has been successfully used since the ancient Roman times and it has ga... more Lightweight concrete (LWC) has been successfully used since the ancient Roman times and it has gained its popularity due to its lower density and superior thermal insulation properties. Compared with normal weight concrete (NWC), LWC can significantly reduce ...
Land use dynamics play vital role in the ecological sustainability of any region. Land use land c... more Land use dynamics play vital role in the ecological sustainability of any region. Land use land cover (LULC) images developed from satellite images are widely used for carrying out research on spatial and temporal changes of land use of any area. Prediction of future LULC image will be helpful for proper planning of urban environmental management. The main objective of this paper is to predict and analyse the present and future growth of Vijayawada city of Andhra Pradesh, India, using Landsat satellite images of 1973, 2001and 2014. A total area of 85515.75 hectares was taken as study area which has potential for expansion. After processing the imagery, LULC images are developed and used to predict the future LULC images of 2030 and 2040 using Land Change Modeller (LCM) of TerrSet software. Land cover change was predicted by a neural network and Markov chain-Cellular Automata based built-in module of TerrSet called LCM. Dynamic road network prepared from toposheets of Survey of India...
The urban air temperature is gradually rising in all cities in the world. One of the possible cau... more The urban air temperature is gradually rising in all cities in the world. One of the possible causes is the drastic reduction in the greenery area in cities. The distinguished climatic condition termed ‘Urban Heat Island’ (UHI) is developing in the rapidly urbanized cities. Vijayawada city of Andhrapradesh is experiencing rapid urbanization that has resulted in remarkable UHI. Understanding the distribution of Land Surface Temperature (LST) and its spatial variation will be helpful to decipher its mechanism and find out possible solution. This study tries to investigate and identify land use types which have the most influence to the increase of ambient temperature in Vijayawada city. For the present study Landsat ETM+ images of 2001 was obtained from USGS for the study area. Using bands 1-5 and 7 of the pre-processed images the land use / cover pattern was mapped by supervised classification with the maximum likelihood classification algorithm of ERDAS imagine 9.1 software. Five cl...
Changes in urban microclimate can have adverse effects on the city dwellers in many ways includin... more Changes in urban microclimate can have adverse effects on the city dwellers in many ways including thermal discomfort and loss of life due to heat waves, development of air pollutants, etc. Microclimate of urban area primarily depends on the land use and land cover (LULC). Conversion of greenery cover into impervious built up surfaces increase the heat retaining capacity and result in increased land surface temperature (LST) which in turn increase the local air temperature. This paper presents a new approach to the application of artificial neural network (ANN) for prediction of LST image from LULC image. Landsat TM images of the study area for 2001 and 2010 are used to develop LULC and LST images. A feed forward back propagation ANN model with Levenberg-Marquardt training algorithm has been developed to simulate and predict the LST image from LULC image data. Along with LULC, elevation, latitude and longitude data are also given as inputs to optimize the model. The data sets of 2001 are used for training and that of 2010 for testing the model. The model efficiency was found to be of 81.621%. LST image of the year 2015 was predicted from LULC image using the model.
Urban expansion has increased the exploitation of natural
resources and has changed land use and ... more Urban expansion has increased the exploitation of natural
resources and has changed land use and land cover patterns.
Land cover change is a major concern of global environment
change. The modeling of land cover change is essential to the
assessment of consequent environmental impacts. In this work
Vijayawada city is taken as case study to observe the extent of
urban sprawl in 40 years from 1973 to 2013. Landsat images
of Vijayawada city for 1973 MSS, and for 2013 OLI-TIRS
which were, rectified and registered in Universal Transverse
Mercator (UTM) of zone 44 N, are collected from USGS. The
Toposheet and city map are geo-referenced and converted into
UTM for sub setting the study area from the Landsat image.
After image pre-processing, supervised image classification
has been performed to classify the images in different land use
categories. Four land use classes have been identified: Urban
(Built-up), Light vegetation, Dense vegetation, and Open or
Barren land. Change detection analysis shows that there is an
increase in built-up area by 308.59% and light vegetation or
grass land area 53.97%. Also there is a decrease in dense
vegetation area by 24.86% and open land or barren area by
54.57%. Information on urban growth, land use and land
cover change study is very useful to local government and
urban planners for the betterment of future plans of
sustainable development of the city.
Urbanization and urban sprawl have posed serious challenges to the decision makers in the city pl... more Urbanization and urban sprawl have posed serious challenges to the decision makers in the city planning and management process involving plethora of issues like infrastructure development, traffic congestion, and lack of basic amenities. Among the major implications of urbanization, Urban Heat Island is a significant one where; surface and atmospheric temperatures are increased by anthropogenic heat discharge due to energy consumption, increased land surface coverage by artificial materials having high heat capacities and conductivities, and the associated decreases in vegetation and water pervious surfaces. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) technologies provide very efficient tools to collect and analyze the information necessary to detect changes in urban areas. This paper explains a methodology developed to analyze the urban sprawl, to estimate the land surface temperature and to correlate these two for further modeling. Satellite imagery collected from the relevant sources should be preprocessed with ERDAS imagine software. Super wised classification of the image will be done to prepare the Land Use/Land Cover map. LU/LC maps of multi-temporal satellite imagery are used to do the change detection analysis. The rate of decrease of vegetation and increase of built-up area will be estimated. Surface temperature image can be obtained by applying the mono-window algorithm considering the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and surface emissivity in to the model. Correlation studies can be helpful to predict the future trends and necessary actions can be suggested to mitigate the Urban Heat Island problem. The increase in urban built up surface area is proved to rise the land surface temperature. This can be mitigated by proper planning of the urban areas and development of greenery.
The City of Hyderabad in Andhrapradesh of India has been experiencing a rapid urban growth in the... more The City of Hyderabad in Andhrapradesh of India has been experiencing a rapid urban growth in the past two decades which has caused rapid changes in the environmental quality of the urban area. Urban Heat Island (UHI) due to high land surface temperatures is one of the major upcoming problems in developing cities. Conversion of land surface in to more impervious surfaces and reduction of vegetative cover are the major reasons for the development of UHI. Studies on urban expansion Land use/cover are helpful to estimate the trend of UHI. In this research Land use/cover maps of the city were developed from Landsat TM and ETM+ images for 1989 and 2011, spanning a period of 22 years. Land surface temperature maps were developed from thermal band of Landsat imagery. It was found that during this period, built up area in the Greater Hyderabad city is increased by 86.35%, Agriculture area and vegetation has been decreased by 24.25% and 68.65% respectively. The minimum and maximum land surface temperatures are increased by 0.9 and 1.6 0 K respectively. It is observed that increase in urban area has increased the Land surface temperature of the area.
Land-use and land-cover change, as one of the main driving forces of global environmental change,... more Land-use and land-cover change, as one of the main driving forces of global environmental change, is central to the sustainable development debate. Urban expansion has brought serious losses of agriculture land, vegetation land and water bodies. Urban sprawl is responsible for a variety of urban environmental issues like decreased air quality, increased runoff and subsequent flooding, increased local temperature, deterioration of water quality, etc. In this work we have taken Hyderabad city is taken as a case to study the urban expansion and land cover change that took place in a span of 22 years from 1989 to 2011. Remote sensing methodology is adopted to study the geographical land use changes occurred during the study period. Landsat images of TM and ETM+ of Hyderabad city area are collected from the USGS Earth Explorer web site. After image pre-processing, un-supervised and supervised image classification has been performed to classify the images in to different land use categories. Five land use classes have been identified as Urban (Built-up), Water body, Agricultural land, Barren land and Vegetation. Classification accuracy is also estimated using the field knowledge obtained from field surveys and Google earth. The obtained accuracy is between 80 to 85 percent for all the classes. Change detection analysis shows that Built-up area has been increased by 86.35%, Open land has been increased by 139.6%, Agricultural area has been decreased by 24.25% and water bodies are reduced by 53.41%. Information on urban growth, land use and land cover change study is very useful to local government and urban planners for the betterment of future plans of sustainable development of the city.
Urban development, as a major type of land cover change has a great impact on the environment. Th... more Urban development, as a major type of land cover change has a great impact on the environment. The distinguished climatic condition termed 'Urban Heat Island' (UHI) is developing in the rapidly urbanized cities. Vijayawada city of Andhrapradesh is experiencing rapid urbanization that has resulted in remarkable UHI. Understanding the distribution of Land Surface Temperature (LST) and its temporal variation will be helpful to decipher its mechanism and find out possible solution. For the present study Landsat TM image of 1990, Landsat ETM+ images of 2001 are obtained from USGS for the study area. Using bands 1-5 and 7 of the preprocessed images the land use / cover pattern was mapped by supervised classification with the maximum likelihood classification algorithm of ERDAS imagine 9.1 software. Six classes considered for the study are Built-up land, Agricultural land, Barren Land, Water bodies, and Vegetation. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) of the three images was developed. The digital number of thermal infrared band is converted in to spectral radiance using the equation supplied by the Landsat user's hand book. The effective at-sensor brightness temperature is obtained from the spectral radiance using Plank's inverse function. The surface emissivity based on NDVI classes is used to retrieve the final LST. For all the calculations at pixel level of the image, models were developed using Spatial Modeler module of ERDAS. It was observed that there has been a growth of 148% in built-up land and 25% decline in agriculture land across 11 years (1990-2001). Urban heat island phenomenon is evident from the LST images. NDVI is found to have negative correlation with LST. The LST not only varies from rural areas to the urban areas, but also increases with increase in urban area during the study period. The study reveals that appropriate strategies are necessary for the sustainable management of the urban area.
This paper evaluates an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) using the Rapid Impact Assessment M... more This paper evaluates an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) using the Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM). It analyses and presents in a structured, friendly and transparent environment the numerous parameters and alternatives of an EIA. It considers all the 4 components: Physical/Chemical, Biological/Ecological, Social/Cultural, Economic/Operational. These are then evaluated using universal criteria common to all impact consideration. Figures and tables made comparisons much easier. This RIAM was applied to the EIA of the two proposed solid waste disposal practices, viz., Land filling and Composting and Incineration. The results obtained shows that the Land filling option will have all negative impacts in the first two components where as some positive impacts in the Social/Cultural, Economic/Operational segment. The Composting and Incineration activities together have mostly positive impacts in all the three segments except in Physical/Chemical segment. The negative impacts can be minimized by adopting an effective Environmental Management Plan which includes mitigation measures for improving the eco-profile of the site area and practice of other pollution control measures.
Concrete has unlimited opportunities for innovative applications, design and construction techniq... more Concrete has unlimited opportunities for innovative applications, design and construction techniques. Its great versatility and relative economy in filling wide range of needs has made it very competitive building material. The ever rising functional requirements of the structures and the capacity to resist aggressive elements has necessitated developing new cementations materials and concrete composites to meet the higher performance and durability criteria. The environmental factors and pressure of utilizing waste materials from industry have also been the major contributory factors in new developments in the field of concrete technology. In this direction, an attempt has been made in the present investigation to evaluate the workability, compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexure strength on addition of wood waste ash (0 – 30%) along with crimped steel fibers (0-1%) in concrete. Standard cubes of 150 Х 150 Х 150 mm have been cast and tested for obtaining 28 days and 60 days compressive strength. Standard cylinders of 150mm diameter and 300 mm height were cast and tested for Split tensile strength. Standard Beams of 500mmx100mmx100mm were cast and tested for Flexural strength. Results were analyzed to derive useful conclusions regarding the strength characteristics of wood waste ash fiber reinforced concrete.
The objective of work is to carryout Structural Health Monitoring based on Non Destructive Testin... more The objective of work is to carryout Structural Health Monitoring based on Non Destructive Testing. For this we have considered a 5-storey educational building which is nothing but the R-Block of Usha Rama College of Engineering & Technology. It has an age of 8 years. There is a need for regular monitoring and maintenance of the structure for achieving increased life and service of the structure. In total there are 725 columns in R-Block. Each floor of the 5-floored structure consists of 145 columns. These are divided in to two parts, one as Part-A: 620mm x 260mm (112 no’s) and the other as Part- B: 290mm x 290mm (33no’s). All the columns were assessed. WTC-Model H Concrete Rebound Test Hammer is used in the present work. The range of compressive strength values measured on small columns vary from 20 to 45 N / mm2 where as the range of compressive strength values measured on large columns vary from 20 to 50 N / mm2. Average compressive strengths in Ground floor for large columns and small columns are 43.38 N/mm2, 33.60 N/mm2 respectively. Similar values were obtained for all the floors. The outcome of the project can be used as the basis for repair and maintenance works to be carried out for enhanced life and service of the structure.
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) egradients in the production... more International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) egradients in the production of concrete with designed strength in excess of 7500psi(>50Mpa)or where service environments, exposure or life cycle cost considerations dictate the use of High performance concrete (HPC).
Land use dynamics play vital role in the ecological sustainability of any region. Land use land c... more Land use dynamics play vital role in the ecological sustainability of any region. Land use land cover (LULC) images developed from satellite images are widely used for carrying out research on spatial and temporal changes of land use of any area. Prediction of future LULC image will be helpful for proper planning of urban environmental management. The main objective of this paper is to predict and analyse the present and future growth of Vijayawada city of Andhra Pradesh, India, using Landsat satellite images of 1973, 2001and 2014. A total area of 85515.75 hectares was taken as study area which has potential for expansion. After processing the imagery, LULC images are developed and used to predict the future LULC images of 2030 and 2040 using Land Change Modeller (LCM) of TerrSet software. Land cover change was predicted by a neural network and Markov chain-Cellular Automata based built-in module of TerrSet called LCM. Dynamic road network prepared from toposheets of Survey of India and elevation map developed from SRTM image are used as ancillary data to run the software and get the output. An accuracy of more than 80% was obtained in all stages. The outputs images were analysed and presented.
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Papers by Dr.Sundarakumar Kusuma
resources and has changed land use and land cover patterns.
Land cover change is a major concern of global environment
change. The modeling of land cover change is essential to the
assessment of consequent environmental impacts. In this work
Vijayawada city is taken as case study to observe the extent of
urban sprawl in 40 years from 1973 to 2013. Landsat images
of Vijayawada city for 1973 MSS, and for 2013 OLI-TIRS
which were, rectified and registered in Universal Transverse
Mercator (UTM) of zone 44 N, are collected from USGS. The
Toposheet and city map are geo-referenced and converted into
UTM for sub setting the study area from the Landsat image.
After image pre-processing, supervised image classification
has been performed to classify the images in different land use
categories. Four land use classes have been identified: Urban
(Built-up), Light vegetation, Dense vegetation, and Open or
Barren land. Change detection analysis shows that there is an
increase in built-up area by 308.59% and light vegetation or
grass land area 53.97%. Also there is a decrease in dense
vegetation area by 24.86% and open land or barren area by
54.57%. Information on urban growth, land use and land
cover change study is very useful to local government and
urban planners for the betterment of future plans of
sustainable development of the city.