Papers by IJAP Iranian Journal of Applied Physics
Iranian Journal of Applied Physics, 2026
This research adopts a novel approach to theoretically investigate the design of a two-dimensiona... more This research adopts a novel approach to theoretically investigate the design of a two-dimensional plasmonic photonic crystal composed of 5×9 arrays of square plasma blocks with an inhomogeneous electron density distribution. The inhomogeneity is implemented by introducing a spatially-dependent plasma density, expressed as n = n cr f(r), relative to a critical density. The inhomogeneous component of the distribution is governed by f(r), which corresponds to one of four conventional spatial distribution functions. In contrast to previous studies that assumed a homogeneous plasma density distribution, this study explicitly employs an inhomogeneous density profile. This alters the resulting electromagnetic scattering behavior and optical response, leading to the formation of the photonic band gap structure. The transmittance spectra were simulated using the Finite Element Method and analyzed for each distribution type. Furthermore, a defect mode within the photonic band gap was engineered by introducing a defect layer in the fifth column of the array. The results indicate that the electron density distribution simultaneously significantly influences the spectral characteristics and the formation of defect modes. This approach can provide a viable pathway for practical applications involving tunable photonic band gaps based on twodimensional plasmonic photonic crystal structures.
Iranian Journal of Applied Physics, 2026
The objective of this research is to systematically investigate the effect of targeted doping wit... more The objective of this research is to systematically investigate the effect of targeted doping with the transition metals cobalt (Co) and copper (Cu) on the thermo-mechanical stability of the zeolitic imidazolate framework ZIF-9 using ReaxFF reactive force field-based Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations. Simulations were performed across a wide temperature range of 300-600 K and a pressure range of 1-100 bar. The results reveal that pristine ZIF-9 undergoes a critical dynamic-structural transition at approximately 450 K, characterized by a shift in zinc diffusion mechanism from localized to cooperative motion, a twofold increase in diffusion activation energy from 42 to 85 kJ/mol, and a 36% reduction in Young's modulus. Doping with 5 at. % cobalt significantly enhanced stability. In ZIF-9: Co, CoN bonds were stronger and more uniform, the thermal expansion anisotropy (Δa/Δc) decreased from 3.1 to 2.6, and the diffusion activation energy increased to 85 kJ/mol. Furthermore, the rate of Young's modulus reduction with temperature improved from 36% to 27%. In contrast, copper doping exhibited more moderate effects. These findings demonstrate that engineering metal centers through targeted doping is an effective strategy for designing more stable ZIF frameworks for high-temperature applications such as catalysis and gas separation.
Iranian Journal of Applied Physics, 2026
In inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC) devices, an electrostatic potential well accelerates ... more In inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC) devices, an electrostatic potential well accelerates ions toward the center of a vacuum chamber, and the grid geometry plays a decisive role in field uniformity and particle trajectories. In this study, the electric potential and field distributions generated by two concentric spherical grids in an IR-IECF system were computed using the finite element method in COMSOL Multiphysics. The cathode was biased at-80 kV, the anode was grounded, and the cathode and anode diameters were set to 13.5 cm and 41 cm, respectively. A mesh-independence study showed that increasing the degrees of freedom from 1,125,284 to 1,804,737 results in a maximum potential difference of 813 V (about 1%), which decreases to approximately 130 V (less than 1%) after adaptive refinement. Field maps revealed the formation of low-field regions and field-reversal patterns inside the cathode, such that in some areas the field magnitude is close to zero within the range of 0 to 0.1 kV/cm. Particle tracing was then performed over a time interval of 500 ns. For the proton, a period of 2.34×10-7 s and a maximum velocity of 2.87×10 6 m/s were obtained, while for the deuteron the period and maximum velocity were 3.36×10-7 s and 2.05×10 6 m/s, respectively. The results indicate that the wire-grid geometry can alter particle dynamics by introducing field nonuniformities. These findings can be used to optimize grid geometry to reduce low-field regions and improve ion focusing in IECF devices.
Iranian Journal of Applied Physics, 2026
In this study, the effect of plasma pressure on the crystalline structure, optical characteristic... more In this study, the effect of plasma pressure on the crystalline structure, optical characteristics, and surface morphology of amorphous hydrogenated carbon films containing iron nanoparticles (FeNPs@a-C:H) was investigated. The films were deposited on quartz substrates using radio frequency plasmaenhanced chemical vapor deposition (RF-PECVD) at different working pressures of 2.5, 3.0, 3.35, and 3.5 N/m². X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the presence of crystalline phases α-Fe, Fe₃O₄, and smaller amounts of Fe₂O₃ and revealed that with increasing pressure, the crystallite size decreased while the amorphous fraction increased. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy exhibited a distinct absorption peak in the range of 430-470 nm, attributed to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of embedded Fe nanoparticles. A red shift in the LSPR peak position with increasing pressure indicated particle growth and modification of the surrounding carbon matrix. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images showed that both the surface roughness and fractal dimension increased with higher pressure, reflecting a transition from smooth to clustered surface morphology. Overall, the results demonstrate that controlling plasma pressure in the RF-PECVD process is a key factor for tailoring the structural, optical, and morphological properties of FeNPs@a-C:H thin films.
Iranian Journal of Applied Physics, 2026
Radiotherapy is one of the effective methods in cancer treatment that uses ionizing radiation to ... more Radiotherapy is one of the effective methods in cancer treatment that uses ionizing radiation to destroy cancer cells, but due to the nature of the radiation used, it has potential risks for healthy tissues and personnel. Therefore, shielding and improving shielding materials are essential to reduce unwanted radiation doses and protect medical personnel and patients. Given the complexities of radiation distribution and its interactions with various materials, research on new compounds to optimize this process is of great importance. In this study, bismuth oxide (Bi₂O₃) and tungsten were selected due to their high density and atomic number, commercial availability, and better chemical stability. By adding them to ordinary concrete at weight percentages of 2%, 5%, and 10%, the shielding characteristics of the resulting compounds against high-energy gamma radiation of 10 MeV, 6 MeV, and 1.25 MeV were investigated using Monte Carlo simulation by the Gate v9.2 code after validation. According to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) reference, which was used in this study for initial validation, ordinary concrete is a kind of concrete with a density of 2.3 g/cm 3 and atomic density and the weight fraction of its constituent elements are specified. The results show that by adding bismuth oxide and tungsten to ordinary concrete, the linear attenuation coefficient of the resulting concrete at all three energies increases by up to 20% compared to ordinary concrete, and the thickness of the half-value layer (HVL) decreases.
Iranian Journal of Applied Physics, 2026
Quantum entanglement, as one of the most fundamental features of quantum theory, is the primary s... more Quantum entanglement, as one of the most fundamental features of quantum theory, is the primary source of nonclassical correlations between subsystems and plays a crucial role in quantum energy and information transport phenomena. Investigating the thermal behavior of entanglement in simple systems, such as two-qubit models, provides an effective framework for analyzing the fundamental mechanisms governing quantum heat conduction. In this study, a two-qubit system with anisotropic interactions of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DM) and KSEA types was examined under an external magnetic field. To characterize the quantum correlations, two complementary measures are employed: negativity as an indicator of entanglement, and local quantum Fisher information (LQFI) as a measure of quantum correlations beyond entanglement. Numerical analysis reveals that the anisotropic structure of spin-spin interactions play a decisive role in the stability of entanglement at various temperatures. In particular, the presence of both DM and KSEA components can enhance the preservation of quantum correlations in the low-temperature regime, whereas the external magnetic field tends to suppress them. These findings provide new insights into the role of quantum correlations in the thermal processes of small-scale systems.
Iranian Journal of Applied Physics, 2026
Designing absorbers in the terahertz (THz) range is crucial due to the lack of naturally absorbin... more Designing absorbers in the terahertz (THz) range is crucial due to the lack of naturally absorbing materials in this range. We present a metal-dielectricmetal metasurface absorber where the top metallic layer of the proposed absorber is composed of Cantor and H fractal geometries. The first three orders of the Cantor fractal in the unit cell are modified by adding segments to their ends, turning them into H fractals. Numerical analyses of the combined fractals performed by the finite-element method show that the combined properties related to Cantor and H fractals increase the absorption bandwidth. At normal incidence, the calculated absorption exceeds 68% from 9.76 to 16.67 THz. Moreover, the designed absorber maintains its performance over a broad range of incidence angles. The average absorption in the frequency bandwidth of 4-18 THz is higher than 70% for the incidence angles up to 80°. We also investigate the effect of geometrical parameters on the performance of the designed absorber.
Iranian Journal of Applied Physics, 2026
Neutron spectroscopy is important in various fields such as nuclear research, reactor physics, an... more Neutron spectroscopy is important in various fields such as nuclear research, reactor physics, and selection of appropriate neutron dosimetry instruments. One common method in this area is the Bonner sphere spectrometer system. In this system, the detector response function and, consequently, the detector sensitivity are highly influenced by the detector's position within the Bonner sphere. This study investigates the effect of detector position on the response functions and sensitivity of the detector. For this purpose, the response function of a BF3 detector located at the center of Bonner spheres with diameters of 1.5, 2.4, 5, 6.5, 8, 10, and 12 inches was simulated and validated using Monte Carlo method for 26 different neutron energies (from 0.001 eV to 20 MeV); then, the detector was displaced by 1.5 cm toward the source (position 1) and 1.5 cm away from the source (position 2) relative to its initial position (central position). The response functions were obtained and compared in each case. The results showed that in this energy range, displacement of the detector toward the source resulted in an increase in the response function to a maximum of 30.8% and a minimum of 12.8%, while displacement of the detector away from the source led to a decrease in the response function to a maximum of 27.6% and a minimum of 0.01%.
Iranian Journal of Applied Physics, 2026
Today, proton therapy is considered one of the most effective and advance methods in radiotherapy... more Today, proton therapy is considered one of the most effective and advance methods in radiotherapy. In this method, the highest dose delivered to the tissue is at the end of the proton range, which is a unique feature that causes the most damage to the target tissue and the least damage to the adjacent tissues. The aim of this study is to provide an appropriate energy range and evaluate the dose received by the primary and secondary particles in the proton therapy simulation of a brain tumor using the Monte Carlo method. By obtaining an appropriate energy range of 102 to 120 MeV for the incident proton beams, and creating a spread Bragg peak (SOBP) to cover the target area, the MIRD phantom with a 2 cm radius brain tumor made of soft tissue was irradiated. The results obtained indicate the highest deposit energy for the tumor and brain regions with absorbed doses of 4.4940×10-11 (Gy) and 8.2584×10-12 (Gy) respectively, and for secondary particles (NDE) equal to 3.5917×10-13 (Sv) and 1.3258×10-13 (Sv). Other notable results obtained include the absence of proton absorbed dose for the thyroid and a neutron equivalent dose of 1.3889×10-15 (Sv).
Research Paper: Study of Thermal Entanglement and Teleportation in Spin-star Networks in Heisenberg XXX Model
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), Sep 1, 2021
In this paper, thermal entanglement in four and five-qubit spin-star networks evolved by an XXX H... more In this paper, thermal entanglement in four and five-qubit spin-star networks evolved by an XXX Hamiltonian model is studied. We examine the effect of temperature, magnetic field and coupling constant on the concurrence. We will show that the entanglement is decreased by increasing the temperature and the number of qubits. Also, we investigate quantum teleportation via a couple of spin-star networks in a thermal state. The average of fidelity as a function of temperature, magnetic field, and coupling constant is analyzed, too. It will be observed that as the temperature increases, the fidelity first decreases and then tends to a constant value. Moreover, with the increase of the external magnetic field, the average fidelity first increases and then gradually decreases, and in a certain amount of magnetic field, the average fidelity becomes zero. In addition, as the number of qubits increases, fidelity decreases with temperature. The results indicate that mean fidelity increases with increasing coupling constant.
Received:2020.01.30 Revised:2020.08.06 Accepted:2021.02.13 Abstract The entanglement of the heliu... more Received:2020.01.30 Revised:2020.08.06 Accepted:2021.02.13 Abstract The entanglement of the helium and helium-like atoms has been studied. The calculations are performed considering the radial wave function as a linear combination of exponential functions and making use of Von Neumann entropy, Linear entropy, and reduced density matrix. The coefficients and powers of the wave function were calculated using the variational method and the energy and entanglement are obtained considering the optimized wave function. The results show that the entanglement tends to increase with increasing energy. The results also show that with increasing atomic number (in helium-like atoms), the electron-electron interaction becomes weaker and as a result, the entanglement decreases.
In this paper, the standing magnetohydrodynamic slow waves in the magnetic flux tubes are investi... more In this paper, the standing magnetohydrodynamic slow waves in the magnetic flux tubes are investigated under coronal conditions. The temperature and equilibrium plasma density of the tube is assumed to be homogeneous and constant and the compressive viscosity is considered as the damping mechanism. Also, the plasma flow is considered in the flux tube. Assuming that the damping rate to be much smaller than the oscillation frequency of the waves, the perturbation method is used to solve the problem. The oscillation frequency and the eigenfunctions are found from the first-order perturbation while the damping rate is determined from the second-order perturbation. To increase the flow speed makes the oscillation frequency decreases and the damping rate increases. Also, increasing each of the flow speed and background temperature of the tube, decreases the ratio of the damping time to the oscillation period. But this ratio increases due to the increasing the length of the tube. The resul...
Iranian Journal of Applied Physics, 2026
This paper presents the results of microchip design and microscopic imaging of fine structures us... more This paper presents the results of microchip design and microscopic imaging of fine structures using Total Internal Reflection Microscopy (TIRM) and Surface Plasmon Resonance Microscopy (SPRM). These imaging techniques, classified as dark-field microscopy methods, are based on collecting scattered light originating from evanescent waves generated during total internal reflection or from the scattering of surface plasmon waves by microparticles or nanostructures. For resonant excitation of surface plasmons, a gratingcoupling approach was employed using optical components fabricated from commercial Blu-ray discs. The diffraction grating structures, made of polycarbonate, were obtained by removing the excess layers from the Blu-ray optical discs. Subsequently, a metallic layer composed of a rare-metal alloy (Ag-Cu) was deposited onto these grating substrates via sputtering. In this work, we designed a microfluidic chip capable of holding droplets containing microparticles or nanoparticles and successfully imaged these particles using both TIRM and SPRM. The resulting images under different experimental conditions were systematically compared and analyzed.
Iranian Journal of Applied Physics, 2026
Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) have recently attracted significant attention in pharmaceu... more Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) have recently attracted significant attention in pharmaceutical and food sciences due to their low cost, low toxicity, biodegradability, and simple preparation. In this study, the solubility behavior of the poorly water-soluble and hydrophobic drug atorvastatin was investigated in a choline chloride/glycerol NADES using a combined experimental and computational approach, and the results were compared with those obtained in water. Experimental measurements based on UV-Vis spectroscopy revealed that the solubility of atorvastatin in the choline chloride/glycerol NADES is approximately 20,000 times higher than in water. To elucidate the molecular origin of this remarkable enhancement, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed. The computational results indicate that weak hydrogen bonding between atorvastatin and water promotes drug self-aggregation, whereas in the NADES environment, strong hydrogen bonding combined with hydrophobic and dipole-dipole interactions significantly reduces aggregation and improves drug dispersion. These findings demonstrate the strong potential of NADES as green solvents for improving the solubility of hydrophobic drugs.
Iranian Journal of Applied Physics, 2026
In this study, the effect of uniform strain on the tunneling of Dirac fermions in monolayer graph... more In this study, the effect of uniform strain on the tunneling of Dirac fermions in monolayer graphene in the presence of electrostatic potential barriers was investigated. For the calculations, an effective Dirac Hamiltonian including a mass term was employed, and single and double rectangular barriers were modeled under the following assumptions: strain was applied uniformly along both the zigzag and armchair directions; single and double potential barriers were considered; and fermions were assumed to impinge on the obstacles with arbitrary energies and angles. The transmission probability for massive and massless fermions was then calculated using the continuity conditions of the wave function. The results showed that for massless fermions, under normal incidence, perfect transmission corresponding to the Klein tunneling effect was preserved, independent of the barrier height. In the presence of a mass term, an energy region emerged where the transmission probability was significantly reduced. Moreover, the application of strain induced notable quantitative changes, including velocity anisotropy. In general, applying strain along the zigzag direction increases the electron transmission probability compared to the armchair configuration.
Iranian Journal of Applied Physics, 2026
This study examines the influence of environmental factors on bubble dynamics, particularly in ma... more This study examines the influence of environmental factors on bubble dynamics, particularly in marine environments. Utilizing the Keller-Miksis mathematical model and numerical simulations, we demonstrate that variations in temperature, surface tension, initial bubble radius, and medium viscosity can significantly affect bubble stability. Stability assessments were conducted at 373 Kelvin, 2 MPa pressure, and 1 MHz frequency, revealing that increasing temperature and decreasing surface tension led to greater bubble instability. Stable bubbles were only observed for surface tensions above 0.2 N/m. The results indicate that applying heat in regions where liquid viscosity exceeds 0.4 N•s/m² enhances bubble stability compared to preheating conditions. Thus, heating high-viscosity liquids improves the spherical stability of microbubbles. Additionally, thermal effects on radial bubble oscillations demonstrate greater stability in larger bubbles. At elevated temperatures, reduced surface tension, and increased fluid molecular kinetic energy diminish bubble stability. Variations in bubble parameters, such as growth or dissolution rates, can serve as indicators of thermal changes in marine sedimentary layers. These findings contribute to a better understanding of physical processes in marine environments and may facilitate the development of novel methods for studying marine sediment properties 1
Iranian Journal of Applied Physics, 2026
The control and analysis of polarization dynamics in optical fibers in the presence of birefringe... more The control and analysis of polarization dynamics in optical fibers in the presence of birefringence are important, particularly for sensitive applications such as quantum communications and optical sensors. This paper investigates the polarization evolution in a single-mode optical fiber with a rotating birefringence axis, where the orientation of the principal axes changes sinusoidally along the fiber length. Using the Jones matrix approach and numerical solution of the governing differential equations by the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method, the evolution of the polarization vector was simulated for various input states (linear, circular, and elliptical). The results indicate that the rotation of the birefringence axis induces distinct oscillations in the circular polarization component, the pattern of which is independent of the input polarization state. However, the behavior of the azimuth angle is highly dependent on the initial conditions and differs in the circular polarization state from the other two polarization states. Furthermore, analysis of the degree of polarization reveals that increased birefringence strength leads to a significant degradation in polarization purity. This study demonstrates that by properly engineering the parameters of the birefringence axis rotation, polarization 1
Iranian Journal of Applied Physics, 2026
The plasma focus device is a pulsed source of soft X-ray (SXR), hard X-ray (HXR), ion beam, elect... more The plasma focus device is a pulsed source of soft X-ray (SXR), hard X-ray (HXR), ion beam, electron beam, and neutrons. In order to detect SXR, HXR, and neutrons, plastic scintillator detectors with different crystals are used. In this study, the spectra of the emitted radiation from the IR-MPF-100 dense plasma focus device were recorded by two plastic scintillator detectors with NE102 and stilbene crystals and compared. The time delay of the two detectors in recording the SXR, HXR, and neutron signals was measured and compared. Considering the SXR emission in the pinch phase and the HXR and neutron emission in the pinch decay phase, the lifetime of the formed pinch plasma can be predicted by time analysis of the signals. By measuring the time interval between the neutron peak and the HXR peak, the energy of the emitted neutrons can be calculated. Due to the nonlinear operation of the plasma focus device and the change in pinch intensity from one shot to another, in some shots SXR peak is not observed, and in other shots neutron peak is not observed, but HXR is observed in all discharges with a large amplitude. The comparison between the two crystals shows that the NE102 detector has a more stable state than stilbene, and in most discharges, SXR, HXR, and neutron peaks are observed, while in the stilbene detector and in some discharges, SXR and neutron pulses are not observed.
Iranian Journal of Applied Physics, 2026
We have proposed and numerically analyzed a highly sensitive microchannelincorporated D-shaped Ph... more We have proposed and numerically analyzed a highly sensitive microchannelincorporated D-shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF)-based Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) sensor for the detection of low Refractive Index (RI). The Tantalum (Ta) is deposited on the polished surface of the PCF to induce the SPR effect. The Ta layer and the analyte sample are placed outside the fiber structure, resulting in a simple and practical mechanism for sensing the changes in RI of the surrounding medium. Numerical results show that the proposed sensor has a very high Wavelength Sensitivity (WS), 36000 nm/RIU, and resolution, 2.778 ×10-6 RIU for the RI range of 1.29 to 1.38. A maximum Figure of Merit (FOM) of 363.64 RIU-1 was also achieved with the designed sensor. These desirable characteristics make the proposed sensor a promising candidate for accurate RI detection in many applications, including biological sensing, leak monitoring, organic chemical sensing, and other low RI analytes.
Iranian Journal of Applied Physics, 2026
The calculations were carried out based on fundamental principles and density functional theory (... more The calculations were carried out based on fundamental principles and density functional theory (DFT), using the improved linearized augmented planewave method with full potential (FPLAPW), to investigate the structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of NaKX₂ compounds (X = C, N, and O). In the first step, the structural properties, including the equilibrium lattice parameters, bulk modulus, and the derivative of the bulk modulus, were calculated for the full Heusler NaKX₂ compounds (X = C, N, and O) for both AlCu₂Mn and CuHg₂Ti structures. Additionally, the band structures and density of states were studied. It is predicted that the NaKC₂ compound in both AlCu₂Mn and CuHg₂Ti structures is a non-magnetic metal. The NaKN₂ compound in the AlCu₂Mn structure is a half-metallic ferromagnet, while in the CuHg₂Ti structure, it is a ferromagnetic metal. The NaKO₂ compound in both AlCu₂Mn and CuHg₂Ti structures is a half-metallic ferromagnet. The origin of the majority band gaps for the different compounds, as studied from the band structures and density of states, is discussed and analyzed. The total magnetic moment of the NaKN₂ compound in the AlCu₂Mn structure is equal to the integer value of 4μB. Furthermore, the NaKO₂ compound in both the AlCu₂Mn and CuHg₂Ti structures has a total magnetic moment of 2 μB, which is in agreement with the classical Slater-Pauling law, Mtot = (12-Ztot) μB. In 1
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Papers by IJAP Iranian Journal of Applied Physics