Over the past three decades, the grim realities of the American criminal justice system have beco... more Over the past three decades, the grim realities of the American criminal justice system have become undeniable, as the notorious injustices of mass incarceration have produced widespread international outrage. With calls for reform growing louder and stronger, many advocates are turning to restorative justice as an alternative to the retributive philosophy that has produced increasingly punitive criminal policies. In contrast to retributive justice, restorative justice strives to be more responsive to the needs of both offenders and victims, and to restore their relationships to their communities. Yet, because restorative justice is often defined primarily by what it is not, namely, retributive justice, the term has been used to refer to a wide range of practices with a wide range of different underlying philosophies. As restorative ideologies gain popularity and momentum, however, it becomes increasingly important to distinguish various restorative practices. If the ultimate aim is...
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