HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 1996
― Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) is a lentivirus whose serologic prevalence is worldw... more ― Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) is a lentivirus whose serologic prevalence is worldwide. Little is known about its impact on animal health status, pathogenesis and mode of transmission. Understanding BIV biology implies isolation of new viral strains and long-term studies on experimentally-infected cows and surrogate hosts such as rabbits. bovine immunodeficiency virus / cattle / review / lentivirus Résumé ― Le virus de l'immunodéficience bovine : faits et interrogations. Le virus de l'immunodéficience bovine (BIV) est un lentivirus dont la séroprévalence est mondiale. Actuellement, on connaît mal ses conséquences en matière de santé animale ainsi que son pouvoir pathogène ou ses modes de transmission. Afin de répondre aux différentes questions concernant le BIV, il est nécessaire d'isoler de nouvelles souches virales et de réaliser un suivi prolongé d'animaux infectés expérimentalement. virus de l'immunodéficience bo vine l bovin / revue générale l lentivirus .
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 1996
― Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) is a lentivirus whose serologic prevalence is worldw... more ― Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) is a lentivirus whose serologic prevalence is worldwide. Little is known about its impact on animal health status, pathogenesis and mode of transmission. Understanding BIV biology implies isolation of new viral strains and long-term studies on experimentally-infected cows and surrogate hosts such as rabbits. bovine immunodeficiency virus / cattle / review / lentivirus Résumé ― Le virus de l'immunodéficience bovine : faits et interrogations. Le virus de l'immunodéficience bovine (BIV) est un lentivirus dont la séroprévalence est mondiale. Actuellement, on connaît mal ses conséquences en matière de santé animale ainsi que son pouvoir pathogène ou ses modes de transmission. Afin de répondre aux différentes questions concernant le BIV, il est nécessaire d'isoler de nouvelles souches virales et de réaliser un suivi prolongé d'animaux infectés expérimentalement. virus de l'immunodéficience bo vine l bovin / revue générale l lentivirus .
Bovine virus diarrhoea virus vaccines and vaccination
The Bovine practitioner, May 1, 1996
There are different ways to control BVDV infection in cattle. These have been outlined under the ... more There are different ways to control BVDV infection in cattle. These have been outlined under the headings of (i) maintenance of herd immunity through the continual exposure to BVDV infection (ii) the establishment of a BVDV-free herd (iii) the role of BVDV vaccination in the control of infection. There are real ethical concerns about the maintenance of PI animals within any herd (i) and the preferred control measures are either total eradication (ii) or vaccination and careful management (iii). Total eradication gives the optimum benefits but stringent control measures are required to protect the seronegative and hence highly vulnerable population. A new vaccine has been developed (Bovidec) which has given 100% protection in experimental challenge studies of heifers in early pregnancy.
The response of bovine lymphocytes from lymph and blood to phytohaemagglutinin
Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, Nov 1, 1979
Optimal conditions for stimulation of bovine lymphocytes by Phytohaemagglutin (PHA) were establis... more Optimal conditions for stimulation of bovine lymphocytes by Phytohaemagglutin (PHA) were established in a microtitre assay. Lymphocytes from efferent duct lymph responded vigorously, with specific incorporation of 100,000 to 200,000 cpm/well, providing the conditions of cell culture are carefully controlled. Peripheral blood lymphocytes responded over a wider range of cultural conditions but optimal specific incorporation was usually only 40-100,000 cpm/well.
The response of bovine lymphocytes from lymph and blood to phytohaemagglutinin
Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, Nov 1, 1979
Optimal conditions for stimulation of bovine lymphocytes by Phytohaemagglutin (PHA) were establis... more Optimal conditions for stimulation of bovine lymphocytes by Phytohaemagglutin (PHA) were established in a microtitre assay. Lymphocytes from efferent duct lymph responded vigorously, with specific incorporation of 100,000 to 200,000 cpm/well, providing the conditions of cell culture are carefully controlled. Peripheral blood lymphocytes responded over a wider range of cultural conditions but optimal specific incorporation was usually only 40-100,000 cpm/well.
Aetiology and pathogenesis of mucosal disease: current concepts, observations and speculation
DISEASES are continually emerging. A conservative estimate is that there is one new human disease... more DISEASES are continually emerging. A conservative estimate is that there is one new human disease every eight months, with even more emerging in animals. In 2008, the UK Government's Foresight programme investigated the potential threat of new and emerging diseases. Of the eight categories of diseases that were considered to be particularly important, three were prescient of the present severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. These were novel diseases, zoonotic infections and acute respiratory diseases. The successful control of global diseases is dependent on a number of factors. The most common natural control comes from sufficient members of the population having immunity to the infection (ie, herd immunity). However, this can break down when either the pathogen mutates, as we regularly see with influenza viruses, or the host becomes immunosuppressed. Herd immunity can be enhanced by vaccination, but with newly emerging diseases there is insufficient time to develop, test, regulate and produce effective vaccines to influence the first 'wave' of an epidemic. So, as we are now with the present SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, we need to understand the pathology, epidemiology, viral shedding patterns and survival outside of the host to make informed but intuitive decisions for disease control.
DISEASES are continually emerging. A conservative estimate is that there is one new human disease... more DISEASES are continually emerging. A conservative estimate is that there is one new human disease every eight months, with even more emerging in animals. In 2008, the UK Government's Foresight programme investigated the potential threat of new and emerging diseases. Of the eight categories of diseases that were considered to be particularly important, three were prescient of the present severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. These were novel diseases, zoonotic infections and acute respiratory diseases. The successful control of global diseases is dependent on a number of factors. The most common natural control comes from sufficient members of the population having immunity to the infection (ie, herd immunity). However, this can break down when either the pathogen mutates, as we regularly see with influenza viruses, or the host becomes immunosuppressed. Herd immunity can be enhanced by vaccination, but with newly emerging diseases there is insufficient time to develop, test, regulate and produce effective vaccines to influence the first 'wave' of an epidemic. So, as we are now with the present SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, we need to understand the pathology, epidemiology, viral shedding patterns and survival outside of the host to make informed but intuitive decisions for disease control.
In the wake of on-going successful programmes for global eradication of rinderpest and the curren... more In the wake of on-going successful programmes for global eradication of rinderpest and the current effort to contain the spread of avian influenza, the progressive world-wide control of FMD must be regarded as a major contribution to the international public good. FMD is the single most animal disease constraint to international trade in animal products. Its control is relevant, on the one hand, to protecting the livestock industries of industrialised countries and, on the other, to the livelihoods and income generation of developing countries, where, as a general rule, FMD continues to be endemic. The strategy that is advocated in this paper is one that is based on progressive risk reduction of FMD in the context of progressive market access of livestock commodities from developing countries. It is suggested that FMD control should be linked to improvement in livelihoods of livestock dependent communities in the FMD endemic settings. It is expected that this in turn will lead to increasing demand for effective national veterinary services and disease surveillance. This strategy has also taken lessons from the global rinderpest eradication programme and regional FMD control programmes in Europe and South America. The strategy that is advocated for the progressive control of FMD in the endemic settings is based on a seven stage process within a horizon of about 30 years, namely: (1) Assessing and defining national FMD status; (2) instituting vaccination and movement control; (3) suppressing virus transmission to achieve absence of clinical disease; (4) achieving freedom from FMD with vaccination in accordance with the OIE standards; (5) achieving freedom from FMD without vaccination in accordance with the OIE standards; (6) extending FMD free zones; and (7) maintaining FMD Freedom. Concomitant with progressive FMD control, there needs be the encouragement of such risk reduction measures as in-country commodity processing in order to encourage regulated trade in livestock commodities without unduly increasing the risk of disease spread. Finally, the progressive control of FMD should also be seen as part of reducing the overall, world-wide threat of infectious diseases to human health and economic development.
In the wake of on-going successful programmes for global eradication of rinderpest and the curren... more In the wake of on-going successful programmes for global eradication of rinderpest and the current effort to contain the spread of avian influenza, the progressive world-wide control of FMD must be regarded as a major contribution to the international public good. FMD is the single most animal disease constraint to international trade in animal products. Its control is relevant, on the one hand, to protecting the livestock industries of industrialised countries and, on the other, to the livelihoods and income generation of developing countries, where, as a general rule, FMD continues to be endemic. The strategy that is advocated in this paper is one that is based on progressive risk reduction of FMD in the context of progressive market access of livestock commodities from developing countries. It is suggested that FMD control should be linked to improvement in livelihoods of livestock dependent communities in the FMD endemic settings. It is expected that this in turn will lead to increasing demand for effective national veterinary services and disease surveillance. This strategy has also taken lessons from the global rinderpest eradication programme and regional FMD control programmes in Europe and South America. The strategy that is advocated for the progressive control of FMD in the endemic settings is based on a seven stage process within a horizon of about 30 years, namely: (1) Assessing and defining national FMD status; (2) instituting vaccination and movement control; (3) suppressing virus transmission to achieve absence of clinical disease; (4) achieving freedom from FMD with vaccination in accordance with the OIE standards; (5) achieving freedom from FMD without vaccination in accordance with the OIE standards; (6) extending FMD free zones; and (7) maintaining FMD Freedom. Concomitant with progressive FMD control, there needs be the encouragement of such risk reduction measures as in-country commodity processing in order to encourage regulated trade in livestock commodities without unduly increasing the risk of disease spread. Finally, the progressive control of FMD should also be seen as part of reducing the overall, world-wide threat of infectious diseases to human health and economic development.
Revue Scientifique Et Technique De L Office International Des Epizooties, Mar 1, 1990
Chronic disease is defined as a progressive wasting and usually diarrhoeic condition; it is sugge... more Chronic disease is defined as a progressive wasting and usually diarrhoeic condition; it is suggested that this may develop following superinfection of persistently viraemic cattle with a "heterologous" cytopathogenic biotype.
Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, Nov 1, 2012
Chemokines play a key role in initiating the innate and subsequently adaptive immune response by ... more Chemokines play a key role in initiating the innate and subsequently adaptive immune response by recruiting immune cells to the site of an infection. Monocytes/macrophages (MØ) are part of the first line of defence against invading pathogens, and have been shown to release a variety of chemokines in response to infection. Here, we reveal the early transcriptional response of MØ to infection with cytopathogenic (cp) and non-cytopathogenic (ncp) bovine viral diarrhoea strains (BVDV). We demonstrate up-regulation of several key chemokines of the CCL and CXCL families in MØ exposed to cpBVDV, but not ncpBVDV. In contrast, infection of MØ with ncpBVDV led to down-regulation of chemokine mRNA expression compared to uninfected cells. Data suggest that ncpBVDV can shut down production of several key chemokines that play crucial roles in the immune response to infection. This study helps to further our understanding of the pathogenesis of BVDV infection, highlighting biotype-specific cellular responses.
Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, Nov 1, 2012
Chemokines play a key role in initiating the innate and subsequently adaptive immune response by ... more Chemokines play a key role in initiating the innate and subsequently adaptive immune response by recruiting immune cells to the site of an infection. Monocytes/macrophages (MØ) are part of the first line of defence against invading pathogens, and have been shown to release a variety of chemokines in response to infection. Here, we reveal the early transcriptional response of MØ to infection with cytopathogenic (cp) and non-cytopathogenic (ncp) bovine viral diarrhoea strains (BVDV). We demonstrate up-regulation of several key chemokines of the CCL and CXCL families in MØ exposed to cpBVDV, but not ncpBVDV. In contrast, infection of MØ with ncpBVDV led to down-regulation of chemokine mRNA expression compared to uninfected cells. Data suggest that ncpBVDV can shut down production of several key chemokines that play crucial roles in the immune response to infection. This study helps to further our understanding of the pathogenesis of BVDV infection, highlighting biotype-specific cellular responses.
diarrhea virus in vitro suppressed many innate immune genes that typically respond to LPS, sugges... more diarrhea virus in vitro suppressed many innate immune genes that typically respond to LPS, suggesting mechanisms that may predispose the uterus to postpartum bacterial endometritis.
diarrhea virus in vitro suppressed many innate immune genes that typically respond to LPS, sugges... more diarrhea virus in vitro suppressed many innate immune genes that typically respond to LPS, suggesting mechanisms that may predispose the uterus to postpartum bacterial endometritis.
Canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD) is a major cause of morbidity in dogs worldwide, and... more Canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD) is a major cause of morbidity in dogs worldwide, and is associated with a number of new and emerging pathogens. In a large multi-centre European study the prevalences of four key emerging CIRD pathogens; canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV), canine pneumovirus (CnPnV), influenza A, and Mycoplasma cynos (M. cynos); were estimated, and risk factors for exposure, infection and clinical disease were investigated. CIRD affected 66% (381/572) of the dogs studied, including both pet and kennelled dogs. Disease occurrence and severity were significantly reduced in dogs vaccinated against classic CIRD agents, canine distemper virus (CDV), canine adenovirus 2 (CAV-2) and canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV), but substantial proportions (65.7%; 201/306) of vaccinated dogs remained affected. CRCoV and CnPnV were highly prevalent across the different dog populations, with overall seropositivity and detection rates of 47% and 7.7% for CRCoV, and 41.7% and 23.4% for CnPnV, respectively, and their presence was associated with increased occurrence and severity of clinical disease. Antibodies to CRCoV had a protective effect against CRCoV infection and more severe clinical signs of CIRD but antibodies to CnPnV did not. Involvement of M. cynos and influenza A in CIRD was less apparent. Despite 45% of dogs being seropositive for M. cynos, only 0.9% were PCR positive for M. cynos. Only 2.7% of dogs were seropositive for Influenza A, and none were positive by PCR.
Pathogenesis of mucosal disease and molecular aspects of bovine virus diarrhoea virus
Veterinary Microbiology, Jun 1, 1990
Studies carried out over three decades, on the pathogenesis and epidemiology of bovine virus diar... more Studies carried out over three decades, on the pathogenesis and epidemiology of bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV), have provided the basis for our understanding of the aetiology of mucosal disease. Experimental reproduction of the disease has demonstrated the mechanism of sequential infection and the role of the two virus biotypes. The need for "homogeneity" between the biotypes, causing mucosal disease, has demonstrated the precision of immunotolerance. The origin of the cytopathogenic biotype remains unclear but molecular studies may provide the solution. Recent findings have revealed the absence of an 80 kDa polypeptide in the non-cytopathogenic isolates. This protein is related to the 120 kDa polypeptide that is present in both biotypes. Genomic sequences for two isolates have been reported. An extensive homology to the protein ubiquitin has been identified only within the Osloss sequence in the region flanking coding sequences for the 80 kDa and 120 kDa proteins. Advances in the development of molecular gene probes and monoclonal antibodies will provide new tools for furthering our understanding of the pathogenesis, epidemiology and interrelationships of pestiviruses that infect pigs, cattle and sheep.
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