The use of discipline within the school setting dates back as long as schools have been in existe... more The use of discipline within the school setting dates back as long as schools have been in existence (Brown & Payne, 1988). There is a wide array of discipline that is enforced from the use of corporal punishment to more modern practices of suspension and expulsion (Middleton, 2008; Noltemeyer et al., 2012). The use of such disciplinary practices has resulted in unintended consequences directly correlated to race, disability status and income; with an overrepresentation of students of color, students receiving special education services and low-income students receiving higher levels of discipline than their peers (Skiba et al, 2011). Patterns of disproportionality are well documented and begin to emerge as early as preschool and are likely to continue throughout high school, with lasting impacts both academically and economically (U.S. Department of Education, 2016). There is a wide breadth of research outlining the extensive nature of the overuse of exclusionary discipline, such a...
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