Economic Development and the Construction of Tourism-Based Livelihoods in an Urban Village, Yogyakart, Indonesia
Indonesian tourism policy has generally been top-down and biased towards attracting international... more Indonesian tourism policy has generally been top-down and biased towards attracting international mass tourism and encouraging large, capital intensive projects. However, this paper examines locally owned, bottom-up tourism that developed to service backpackers (budget tourists). Recent fieldwork, based upon listening to local voices, tracked the uneven but rapid growth of tourism since the 1970's and how it transformed a poor urban village.
Chapter 2. Not Such a Rough or Lonely Planet? Backpacker Tourism: An Academic Journey
Beyond Backpacker Tourism
The Relationship between the Onshore State and Offshore Territories
The Offshore Interface, 1996
Having examined taxation, secrecy and regulation in the development of OFCs, we now engage with a... more Having examined taxation, secrecy and regulation in the development of OFCs, we now engage with a fourth key factor, the role of the state, that is, the political context of the relationship between mainland state and offshore territory. Here we explore the nature of the special relationship between many offshore territories and mainland states as, arguably, such relationships are central to the development of offshore finance.
Jersey Case Study: Part 2
The Offshore Interface, 1996
In the previous chapter we examined the emergence of the Jersey OFC, analysing the five main phas... more In the previous chapter we examined the emergence of the Jersey OFC, analysing the five main phases in its development using the key factors. This second part of the case study examines the impact of the OFC on the island using a provisional impact analysis. This leads us to address the issue of whether or not Jersey was subsidised by the UK in the areas of education, health and defence. Finally we discuss whether the States of Jersey had any real alternative to encouraging offshore finance from the 1970s and the outlook for the Jersey OFC.
The Outlook for OFCs
The Offshore Interface, 1996
This final chapter considers two issues that arise from the preceding analysis: whether the Jerse... more This final chapter considers two issues that arise from the preceding analysis: whether the Jersey example is relevant for other jurisdictions wishing to host an OFC; and the outlook for OFCs. As we saw in Chapter 4, many Caribbean islands are currently OFCs of one type or another. Other jurisdictions have considered establishing an OFC as a development strategy, but will hosting an offshore centre result in effective economic development for a small territory or is it an unrealistic option? In short, do the benefits of hosting an OFC outweigh the costs, and even if a jurisdiction establishes one, is there room on the global playing field for such new players? First, we focus specifically on hosting OFC activities and return to the Jersey case and ask whether others can copy this example, questioning whether the key factors are replicable by other territories. The analysis then shifts to the question of whether other places should copy Jersey. We then discuss the impact of hosting a functional OFC.
Bio-rock and roll? Dive Tourism and Island Communities: the case of Gili Trawangan, Indonesia
Tourism in Gili Trawangan, located off Lombok, Indonesia, appears to be moving upmarket, progress... more Tourism in Gili Trawangan, located off Lombok, Indonesia, appears to be moving upmarket, progressing up the resort life cycle (Butler, 1980). The destination has changed from being a backpackers’ ‘party island’ (Hampton and Hampton, 2009) to increasingly hosting dive tourism and more upmarket tourists. This paper reports part of a longitudinal study that began with fieldwork in the 1990s (Hampton, 1998) and was updated with more recent fieldwork in late 2011. Direct fast boat access from Bali has facilitated rapidly growing tourist arrivals and the number of dive operators has increased significantly, as has the supply of accommodation, restaurants and other facilities. The island’s coral reefs and marine resources have been under pressure from rapid tourism growth, and local responses have included forming an NGO - Gili Eco Trust – to better manage the resource (Graci, 2013). However, Indonesia’s changing political economy demonstrates a complex mix of actors and influences, with divergence between adat (traditional law) and commercial pressures, and this acts in combination with layers of governance under decentralisation. The result is that island tourism, and dive tourism in particular, is operating within a challenging and fast-changing political economy which has serious implications for future sustainability of this island destination.
The Riau Islands: Setting Sail.Francis E.Hutchinson and Siwage DharmaNegara (eds) . ISEAS −Yusof Ishak Institute, Singapore, 2021, pp. xxviii + 466. ISBN 978‐9‐814‐95105‐0 (pbk)
Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography
13. Accessible Dive Tourism
Best Practice in Accessible Tourism, 2012
... A similar phenomenon is taking place where European divers of all abilities frequent, for exa... more ... A similar phenomenon is taking place where European divers of all abilities frequent, for example,Dahab on Egypt's Gulf of Aqaba, Page 212. Accessible Dive Tourism 185 and reportedly Eilat. There has also been a movement to bring accessible dive tourism to Aqaba, Jordan. ...
Local Tourism Supply Chains in Small States: Sharing Best Practice
Multistakholder Values and Dive Tourism
Recent Developments in Money Laundering Policies and Offshore Finance Centers
This paper examines the growth of money laundering in conjunction with the associated development... more This paper examines the growth of money laundering in conjunction with the associated development of offshore finance centers (OFCs) located in small places such as islands or microstates in the Caribbean and elsewhere. The paper then examines recent policy developments concerning money laundering and OFCs, such as the workings of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), and the regional Task Forces such as the Caribbean Task Force.
Economic development impacts of backpacker tourism in the periphery: a case study of Lombok, Indonesia
Papers, 1996
International tourism is often perceived by LDC government planners as an engine of economic grow... more International tourism is often perceived by LDC government planners as an engine of economic growth, but the focus is commonly mass tourism whilst ignoring backpackers. The case study of Lombok, Indonesia, indicates that the encouragement of backpacker tourism ...
The political economy of backpacker tourism: explorations of tourism actors’ embeddedness in Colombia
Current Issues in Tourism, 2020
ABSTRACT Located in a broad Political Economy approach, this paper presents a new conceptual fram... more ABSTRACT Located in a broad Political Economy approach, this paper presents a new conceptual framework, based on Ferguson (2011) and Mosedale [2011. Thinking outside the box: Alternative political economies in tourism. In J. Mosedale (Ed.), Political economy of Tourism: A Critical perspective (pp. 93–108). Routledge], to assess the reciprocal relationship between tourism development and the power relations of the main actors within the backpacker tourism sector: backpackers; businesses catering for them; and tourism policy makers. We explore how these power relations change through the actors’ social, cultural and political embeddedness. An ethnographic multi-method approach was applied to the under-researched Latin American context with fieldwork conducted in Salento, Colombia. The analysis demonstrates that power inequalities exist concerning knowledge, financial and social power that did not seem to be diminished by backpacker tourism development. We further found that social and cultural embeddedness informed the political embeddedness of the actors. Our findings have important implications for policy makers addressing power inequalities in tourism.
Microstates and offshore finance: the political economy of vulnerability
Offshore Finance Centres (OFCs) have proliferated since the 1960s and many small jurisdictions an... more Offshore Finance Centres (OFCs) have proliferated since the 1960s and many small jurisdictions and microstates around the world now host OFCs as part of the increasing globalisation of financial capital. This paper argues that microstates are becoming increasing vulnerable to forces outside of their control resulting in transit crime such as money laundering and flows of illegal flight capital.
Many islands host both tourism and offshore finance, but their coexistence has been little resear... more Many islands host both tourism and offshore finance, but their coexistence has been little researched. This paper examines their relationship via a case study of the British Channel Island of Jersey. Both sectors require labor, land, and capital-all frequently scarce in small islands. The study considers the nature of the relationship and resource competition. In light of the unusual context of small polities and the political power of external actors, it also analyzes the dynamics of tourism, offshore finance, and the state in islands. The overall impact of the relationship between tourism and offshore finance is further examined, to suggest how this affects islands' economic development.
International tourism is now the predominant industry driving growth in many small island develop... more International tourism is now the predominant industry driving growth in many small island developing states (SIDS). Governments of small islands in the Indian Ocean, Caribbean and Pacific have seemingly put most of their eggs into one development basketthe all-inclusive holiday in a luxury hotel, resort or cruise ship. While this industry generates employment, foreign direct investment, and income for island governments and the private sector, it also brings with it dependencies which are borne from the transnational ownership of these allinclusive accommodations, the risks from exogenous factors-many of which are tied to the wider security of the global system-as well as the domestic economies in the source markets in Europe and North America. We reflect upon these dependencies and risks through a case study of the Seychelles based on fieldwork research conducted in 2012. Our findings highlight that the international tourism industry in the Seychelleseven in a situation of high or growing demandcreates structurally driven precarity for tourism workers who are predominantly low paid, low-skilled, and increasingly recruited from overseas. These findings provide new evidence that contributes to the growing research into tourism in IPE. Our findings highlights the precarious condition of labour in this fast growing service sector of the world economy and in so doing also adds much needed empirical insights from the South to recent debates about an emerging precariat in contemporary capitalism.
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