Papers by Muhammad Hussain Butt
Molecules
Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) is an antiretroviral (ARV) drug that is used for the management and p... more Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) is an antiretroviral (ARV) drug that is used for the management and prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The clinical availability of ARV delivery systems that provide long-lasting protection against HIV transmission is lacking. There is a dire need to formulate nanocarrier systems that can help in revolutionizing the way to fight against HIV/AIDS. Here, we aimed to synthesize a polymer using chitosan and polyethylene glycol (PEG) by the PEGylation of chitosan at the hydroxyl group. After successful modification and confirmation by FTIR, XRD, and SEM, TAF-loaded PEGylated chitosan nanoparticles were prepared and analyzed for their particle size, zeta potential, morphology, crystallinity, chemical interactions, entrapment efficacy, drug loading, in vitro drug release, and release kinetic modeling. The fabricated nanoparticles were found to be in a nanosized range (219.6 nm), with ~90% entrapment efficacy, ~14% drug loading, and a spherical uni...
Journal of Materials Science Letters, 1996
The main aim of this research is to develop and test Web-based Public Participation Geographical ... more The main aim of this research is to develop and test Web-based Public Participation Geographical Information Systems (WebPPGIS) to enable public involvement and participation in municipal planning and decision making. This objective is based on the belief that by providing citizens with access to information and data in the form of maps and visualisations they can make better informed decisions and it can immerse them into the spatial decision making process. This thesis presents a prototype implementation serving for spatially related discussions which is based on the GeoVPMS (GIS-based Virtual Public Meeting Space) model introduced by (Li et al., 2007). Moreover, a prototype has been analysed, designed and implemented using UML (Unified Model Language) approach to demonstrate a Web GIS-based architecture with utilization of various open source GIS and other OSS (Open Source Software) tools. In addition, it depicts a cost effective model of n-tier (multi-tier) Web integrated applic...
Education brings positive changes in an individual according to the concerned society.In educatio... more Education brings positive changes in an individual according to the concerned society.In education Piaget's cognitive theory has a vital role.Piaget's discoveries have had an impact upon curriculum, instruction and assessment in schooling,particularly for mathematics. The aim of this study was to determine Piaget's notion of cognitive development particularly his concept of attainment of conservation.The design of the study was descriptive and cross sectional. Population of the study included all the Primary Schools in District Kohat, North-West of Pakistan.Sample comprised four schools,two each from urban and rural areas and a total 160 students including 80 each from rural and urban (Both genders) were selected through simple random sampling. Moreover the sample consisted of grades IV and V with equal proportion of both genders. Seven tasks were developed to attain the objectives of this particular study.Data was collected through performance of children and further ta...
Sclerotic bone metastasis (mnemonic)
Radiopaedia.org, 2020
Micromachines, 2021
Optical vortex (OV) beams are widely used for the generation of light fields with transverse ener... more Optical vortex (OV) beams are widely used for the generation of light fields with transverse energy flow inducing orbital motion of the nano- and microparticles in the transverse plane. Here, we present some new modifications of OV beams with autofocusing properties for shaping complex transverse energy flow distributions varying in space. The angular component of the complex amplitude of these beams is defined by the superpositions of OV beams with different topological charges. The proposed approach provides a convenient method to control the three-dimensional structure of the generated autofocusing OV beams. The control of the transverse distribution of an autofocusing beam provides a wide variety of generated fields with both rotating and periodic properties, which can be used in the field of laser manipulation and laser material processing. Thus, the obtained numerical results predict different types of motion of the trapped particles for the designed OV autofocusing beams. The...
Nanomaterials, 2020
Until recently, planar carbonaceous structures such as graphene did not show any birefringence un... more Until recently, planar carbonaceous structures such as graphene did not show any birefringence under normal incidence. In contrast, a recently reported novel orthorhombic carbonaceous structure with metal nanoparticle inclusions does show intrinsic birefringence, outperforming other natural orthorhombic crystalline materials. These flake-like structures self-assemble during a laser-induced growth process. In this article, we explore the potential of this novel material and the design freedom during production. We study in particular the dependence of the optical and geometrical properties of these hybrid carbon-metal flakes on the fabrication parameters. The influence of the laser irradiation time, concentration of the supramolecular complex in the solution, and an external electric field applied during the growth process are investigated. In all cases, the self-assembled metamaterial exhibits a strong linear birefringence in the visible spectral range, while the wavelength-dependen...
The Pakistan Development Review, 2003
The question whether real money causes real output appears to be important for many economists wo... more The question whether real money causes real output appears to be important for many economists working in the area of macroeconomics and, has been subjected to a variety of modern econometric techniques, producing conflicting results. One often applied method to investigate the empirical relationship between money and real activity is Granger causality analysis [Granger (1969)]. Using this approach, the causality question can be sharply posed as whether past values of money help to predict current values of output. This concept, however, should be clearly distinguished from any richer philosophical notion of causality [cf. Holland (1986)]. Present paper examines the relationship between money (both M1 and M2) and income (Real GDP) for 15 developing countries using a newly developed heterogeneous dynamic panel data approach.1 Sims (1972) postulated “the hypothesis that causality is unidirectional from money to income agrees with the post war U.S. data, whereas the hypothesis that cau...
Fundamenta Informaticae, 2000
The Pakistan Development Review, 2005
This paper presents empirical evidence in support of the Linder theory of international trade for... more This paper presents empirical evidence in support of the Linder theory of international trade for three of the South Asian countries, Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan. This finding implies that these countries trade more intensively with countries of other regions, which may have similar per capita income levels, as predicted by Linder in his hypothesis. The contribution of this research is threefold: first, there is new information on the Linder hypothesis by focusing on South Asian countries; second, this is one of very few analyses to capture both time-series and cross-section elements of the trade relationship by employing a panel data set; third, the empirical methodology used in this analysis corrects a major shortcoming in the existing literature by using a censored dependent variable in estimation.
THE LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, 2008
Trade is presumed to act as a catalyst to economic growth. This paper reinvestigates the export-l... more Trade is presumed to act as a catalyst to economic growth. This paper reinvestigates the export-led growth hypothesis in Pakistan by using annual time series data on exports, imports, terms of trade, and the labor force participation rate as explanatory variables and gross domestic product (GDP) as the dependent variable for the period 1971-2005. The study uses the more comprehensive and recent bounds test or autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL) proposed by Pesaran et al (2001) to examine the existence of short-run and long-run relationships between exports and economic growth, which is crucial in designing policy to enhance traderelated potential in Pakistan. The results indicate that exports, labor force, and imports have a positive effect on growth, while the terms of trade has a negative effect. The proxy for trade liberalization has a positive impact on economic growth. Finally, the chief finding of this study is that the hypothesis of export-led growth in the Pakistan e...
THE LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, 2004
For the provision of better social services, the health sector has been an important part of nati... more For the provision of better social services, the health sector has been an important part of national strategy for reducing poverty and income disparities among different income groups in Pakistan. The distribution of access to and use of health among households has been a long-standing concern among policy makers. In this study, government health expenditure is treated as a fixed factor that influences household health behaviour, conditional on such factors as household income, education, and family size. The results of the study suggest that government health expenditure is associated with higher use of both preventive and curative health services by children. The results also indicate that increased government expenditure is actually associated with lower use of health services by the children of the poor, although this negative association is generally weak. However, if increased government spending improves health care opportunities for the nonpoor more than for the poor, the t...
THE LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, 2003
Diarrheal disease poses mortality and morbidity risks to infants and young children. Based on los... more Diarrheal disease poses mortality and morbidity risks to infants and young children. Based on losses in terms of disability-adjusted life years, the World Development Report (1993) estimates that diarrheal disease is the third most burdensome illness among children in the 1 to 5 years age bracket. Using 1990 data, Murray and Lopez (1994) estimated that about 3 million children die every year due to diarrheal disease. Severity of diarrheal illness and alternative interventions are necessary inputs into the government’s decision-making. However, there is currently much uncertainty about the most appropriate policies in the context of low-income environments such as Pakistan. The debate could be described in terms of efficacy of economic/behavioural or environment/infrastructure. In this study, we explore the socioeconomic and environment determinants of diarrheal disease for children in Paksitan. The diarrheal determinants equation was estimated by logistic techniques. Diarrheal illne...
Investigation of the activation parameters of low-temperature slip in anthracene single crystals
Philosophical Magazine A, 1993
In 1990 Kojima and Okada reported their observations on the temperature dependence of the yield-s... more In 1990 Kojima and Okada reported their observations on the temperature dependence of the yield-stress and of the activation-volume in anthracene single crystals for (001) [010] and (001) [110] slip systems in the range 80 to 370 K. Their data have been examined within the framework of the kink-pair nucleation model of plastic flow, which was originally proposed by Fletham
Asia-Pacific Development Journal, 2007
The present study investigates the behaviour of household saving by employing the Johansen-Juseli... more The present study investigates the behaviour of household saving by employing the Johansen-Juselius cointegration technique and error correction model to determine the long run and short run dynamics of the system respectively using "time-series" data for Pakistan over the period 1972-2003. The study found the existence of one cointegrating vector, indicating a valid long run economic relationship among the determinants of household saving. The study established that there exists a valid long run inverse relationship between household saving and demographic variables. The results also reveal that income and growth variables have a significant positive effect on household saving. Similarly, the positive impact of real interest rates on saving indicates that the substitution effect dominates the income effect in Pakistan. The study also found that the rate of inflation affects household saving rate negatively. Furthermore, public saving 'crowds-out' private saving less proportionately in Pakistan, than in other comparable cases.
Paper 12: Carbon
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Conference Proceedings, 1965
The nature of natural and industrial carbons is described, with some recommendations for designin... more The nature of natural and industrial carbons is described, with some recommendations for designing components, in particular, methods which are available for processing final articles to size without machining. Typical applications are briefly reviewed subdivided under the following headings: mechanical applications; electrical applications; and other industrial applications (in this section the various commercial forms of carbon are also reviewed). The paper concludes with a review of several new forms of carbon which have come into the market in the last few years.
Global Business Review, 2016
This article explores the relationship between financial development and energy consumption by in... more This article explores the relationship between financial development and energy consumption by incorporating economic growth, agriculture and modern sectors in Pakistan over the period 1972–2011. The autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to cointegration, assuming structural breaks, confirms cointegration. Innovation accounting approach, used to examine the direction of causality, shows that economic growth causes energy demand. We also fine bidirectional causality between financial development and energy consumption, and between modern sector growth and energy consumption. Energy consumption Granger causes agriculture growth. The results offer valuable insights for policymakers in crafting appropriate energy policy for Pakistan.
Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE, Feb 20, 2017
Ablation is an effective treatment for atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT). The ... more Ablation is an effective treatment for atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT). The occurrence of junctional ectopic rhythm (JER), including junctional ectopic tachycardia, following AVNRT ablation has been described as an extremely rare phenomenon, but may be underestimated. We aimed to determine the incidence of JER following AVNRT ablation within our institution, as well as that reported in the literature via an extensive review. We reviewed our adult ablation institutional experience for the occurrence of JER after AVNRT ablation from 2009 to 2016. Additionally, we conducted an extensive literature search using different databases looking for AVNRT ablation case series. The individually reported complications of these studies were reviewed, with a primary endpoint defined as the occurrence of JER shortly after AVNRT ablation. The study was approved by our institutional review board. Our institutional data revealed 6/126 patients (prevalence 4.8%) developed non-preex...
Kinetics of flow stress in crystals with high intrinsic lattice friction
Philosophical Magazine, 2007
... Butt, MZ. 1992. Proceedings of the Fourth National Symposium on Frontiers in Physics , Edited... more ... Butt, MZ. 1992. Proceedings of the Fourth National Symposium on Frontiers in Physics , Edited by: Murtaza, G, Qadir, A and Baig, MA. ... Butt, MZ. 1992. Proceedings of the Fourth National Symposium on Frontiers in Physics , Edited by: Murtaza, G, Qadir, A and Baig, MA. ...
Physical Review B, 1993
r ' tension, an ations in cubic m metals f atomic vibra io are amplitu e o o the mean-square Relatio
Uploads
Papers by Muhammad Hussain Butt