Papers by Nikolaos Zahariadis
Resisting in times of crisis
Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks, Oct 28, 2016
In his Third Olynthiac, the Athenian orator Demosthenes implores his fellow Athenians to follow h... more In his Third Olynthiac, the Athenian orator Demosthenes implores his fellow Athenians to follow his advice and immediately send (enough) troops to help the Olynthians in their fight against King Philip II of Macedon. Demosthenes was well aware that democratic collective action required persuasion, decision-making, and implementation. So he used both reason and emotional appeal to link individual aims to collective objectives and steer policy decisions in the direction of war. While his speeches are still considered to be masterpieces of oratory and political realism, the orator eventually failed to achieve his purpose, not because his fellow Athenians were not moved by his fiery rhetoric but because they did not share his conviction that Philip was their biggest problem and immediate priority. And even when they sent troops, they ended up doing too little, too late. Establishing priorities is clearly as important as deciding what to do about them. Fast-forward twenty-three centuries, and in his problem orientation and the policy sciences Harold Lasswell (1951) somewhat similarly calls for democratic collective action to use reason (not emotion) and science to solve man's greatest problems. He, too, understood the importance of careful observation and reason in pursuit of collective objectives. While Lasswell was more successful in his pursuit than Demosthenes, he still had to answer the same question: what are man's greatest problems? His response involved two components. First, man's greatest problems are the most important, fundamental, but not necessarily most urgent issues of the day (1951, 8). In other words, the policy sciences encouraged a steady stream of solutions to non-urgent social problems. Second, solutions and problems were causally linked through ordered values. The goal of policymaking was to produce the type of affairs we find most desirable: prosperity rather than poverty, peace rather than war, and so on. Beyond that, Lasswell still faced what may be termed as the Demosthenian predicament. While he was deeply aware of the importance of politics in policymaking, he still assumed there would be some form of collective consensus on important priorities. But if there is no consensus on today's priorities that urgently need to be addressed for their immediate consequences, how
Staying at home or going out? Leadership response to the COVID‐19 crisis in Greece and Sweden
Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, Jan 2, 2021
In this article, we investigate the leadership response to the COVID‐19 pandemic crisis in Greece... more In this article, we investigate the leadership response to the COVID‐19 pandemic crisis in Greece and Sweden based on the strategic leadership framework put forth by Boin, 't Hart, Stern and Sundelius. We seek to understand the contextual (institutional, administrative and political) factors explaining the differences in stringency of measures and centralization of response in Greece and Sweden, respectively. What trade‐offs did public leaders implement between effectiveness and efficiency to successfully manage the crisis? We find that reliance on expertise plays out differently in centralized and decentralized structure, while a salient lesson drawn for practitioners is that there is more than one path to successful crisis leadership response contingent on institutional capacity, bureaucratic autonomy and political system. The article concludes with implications for leadership response during crises and practical lessons for crisis managers.
Multiple Streams in Foreign Policy
Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics, Aug 22, 2017
The Multiple Streams Approach (MSA) builds on the organizational process tradition by (1) unpacki... more The Multiple Streams Approach (MSA) builds on the organizational process tradition by (1) unpacking the organizational process “paradigm,” (2) maintaining emphasis on “governmental action as organizational output,” and (3) stressing the importance of ambiguity and temporal sorting as essential blocks of policy making. Operating at the systemic level, it is an actor-centered approach. It conceptualizes foreign policy choice as being made at the system—government—level and is the result of coupling three streams by policy entrepreneurs—policies, problems, and politics—during open policy windows. It differs from traditional models of foreign policy making by stressing process over outcome and stands between the rational and cognitive schools of foreign policy making. The empirical literature finds the MSA is a good candidate to bridge the divide between domestic and foreign policy, shedding light on debates of small versus large state foreign policy behavior by utilizing both qualitative and quantitative techniques.
Macedonia
Journal of Modern Greek Studies, 1994
National Subsidies in the Global Economy
Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks, 2008
Page 177. Chapter 8 National Subsidies in the Global Economy There can't be one set of rules... more Page 177. Chapter 8 National Subsidies in the Global Economy There can't be one set of rules when your team plays away and a different set of rules when they play at home. Alan Johnson, UK Trade and Industry Minister ...
Centralization and Lockdown
Routledge eBooks, Feb 8, 2022
European Union policymaking
The Multiple Streams Framework
Routledge eBooks, Jun 4, 2019
Policy Streams
Springer eBooks, 2023
Ambiguity in Public Policy
Springer eBooks, 2023
Greek Refugee Crisis, The
Springer eBooks, 2022
Building better theoretical frameworks of the European Union’s policy process
Routledge eBooks, Jul 5, 2017
Contending Perspectives in International Political Economy
Introduction. 1. The Classics. The Economic Approach: Adam Smith, "The Wealth of Nations.&qu... more Introduction. 1. The Classics. The Economic Approach: Adam Smith, "The Wealth of Nations." Lenin, "Imperialism: The Highest State of Capitalism." The Political Approach: Alexander Hamilton, "Report on Manufactures." 2. Multinational Corporations. The Economic Approach: Epstein, Grotty, Kelly, "Winners and Losers in the Global Economic Game." The Political Approach: Robert Gilpin, "U.S. Power and the Multinational Corporation." 3. Trade. The Economic Approach: Coughlin, Chrystal, Wood, "Protectionist Trade Policies: A Survey of Theory, Evidence and Rationale." Paul Krugman, "Competitiveness: A Dangerous Obsession." Bruno S. Frey, "The Public Choice View of International Political Economy." The Political Approach: Stephen D. Krasner, "State Power and the Structure of International Trade." Gowa and Mansfield, "Power Politics and International Trade." Nikolaos Zahariadis, "Why State Subsidies? Evidence from European Community Countries, 1981-86." 4. Monetary Relations. The Economic Approach: Milton Friedman, "The Case for Flexible Exchange Rates." The Political Approach: Goodman and Pauly, "The Obsolescence of Capital Controls? Economic Management in an Age of Global Markets." 5. Security, Development and the State. The Economic Approach: Raymond Vernon, "The Promise of Privatisation." Alison Butler, "Environmental Protection and Free Trade: Are They Mutually Exclusive?" The Political Approach: Michael T. Klare, "Redefining Security: The New Global Schisms." Janet Welsh Brown, "Population, Consumption and the Path to Sustainability." 6. Democracy and the Free Market. The Economic Approach: Kenichi Ohmae, "The End of the Nation State." The Political Approach: Haggard and Kaufman, "The Challenges of Consolidation."
Theorizing reactive policy entrepreneurship: A case study of Swedish local emergency management
Policy Studies Journal, Jul 27, 2023
Perspectives on Subsidies and Trade Protection
A good way to understand subsidization efforts is to survey the explanations advanced by other an... more A good way to understand subsidization efforts is to survey the explanations advanced by other analysts. Such review exposes deficiencies in current thinking about trade protection and helps place the contributions made by the present study in a broader context. I review two approaches to trade protection: society-centered and state-centered perspectives. While each illuminates different aspects of the subsidization puzzle, both suffer from serious analytical gaps. I then explore the merit of yet another theoretical attempt that takes elements of the two approaches and blends them in a theoretically concise and meaningful way. I flesh out this synthetic model and identify its limitations, which I overcome in subsequent chapters. Although the overwhelming majority of studies on protection refer to instruments such as tariffs or quotas, the logic applies to protection in the form of subsidies as well.
Draft! Comments welcome PROTECTION FOR RENT: NATIONAL SUBSIDIES AND EUROPE'S ECONOMY
Why is there still so much protectionism in light of political rhetoric extolling the virtues of ... more Why is there still so much protectionism in light of political rhetoric extolling the virtues of free trade, favorable economic theory and evidence, and legal pressure to dismantle protectionist measures? The answer rests on four factors and their interactions: globalization, asset specificity, political power, and institutional access. I test the argument using data from 14 EU member states during the period 1992-2004. The findings clarify the variable impact of globalization on demands for protection, the impact of institutions on rent-seeking and rent-supplying behavior, and the conditions affecting domestic coalition formation. Politicians face an uncomfortable dilemma. Globalization and democracy appear to be on a collision course: the more globalization undermines democratic politics, the more democratic politics will strive to tame globalization.
The Routledge Handbook of European Public Policy
Routledge eBooks, Nov 15, 2017
International Review of Public Policy
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, governments around the world imposed a wide variety of Non-... more In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, governments around the world imposed a wide variety of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs) in the form of restrictions of various aspects of social life, hoping to curb the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, measures such as restrictions on public gatherings, the closure of schools, or the mandatory use of masks, raised several concerns in terms of both their necessity and effectiveness. The Observatory of Government Restrictive Measures for the COVID-19 pandemic (GovRM-COVID19), which began in November 2020 within the Center for Research on Democracy and Law of the University of Macedonia (Greece), has developed a database tracking all legislative measures imposing restrictions across different countries. The use of legislation as the main source of information with a daily frequency, as well as consideration of sub-federal entities in non-unitary (federal, devolved, etc.) states, provide one of the most accurate accounts of such restrictions. The end result provides researchers with accurate data on how various governments around the world have restricted individual rights and freedoms as a result of, and during, the COVID-19 pandemic, offering an opportunity for comparative research across different countries and policy strategies.
International Review of Public Policy
How do policy entrepreneurs affect policy change in environments of institutional instability? Th... more How do policy entrepreneurs affect policy change in environments of institutional instability? The literature has predominantly explored policy entrepreneur strategizing in contexts with established institutional settings. In this paper, we argue that under conditions of institutional fluidity and a weak and politicized public administration, venue creation is the more frequently encountered and the more likely successful strategy. We define venue creation as the entrepreneurial strategy of setting-up institutional arrangements of finite duration, predominantly in the form of committees, delegated exclusively with designing reforms. We test our hypothesis in the Greek health policy sector. We explore two policy instances: the unsuccessful attempt at a public health reform in 1992 and the successful introduction of radical policy change for public health in 2003. We employ a process tracing approach spanning thirty years, processing primary data (elite interviews and documents) applying the Multiple Streams Framework (MSF). We find that under conditions of institutional fluidity and administrative weakness, policy entrepreneurs failed in their pursuit of change using venue shopping in 1992 but succeeded through venue creation in 2003, confirming our hypothesis. We conclude with insights for contingent policy entrepreneurship success, the MSF and patterns of policymaking in Greece.
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Papers by Nikolaos Zahariadis