We investigate profit-maximizing versioning plans for an information goods monopolist. The analys... more We investigate profit-maximizing versioning plans for an information goods monopolist. The analysis employs data obtained from a web-based field experiment in which potential buyers were offered information goods in varied price-quality configurations. Maximum simulated likelihood (MSL) methods are used to estimate parameters describing the distribution of utility function parameters across potential buyers of the good. The resulting estimates are used to examine the impact of versioning on seller profits and market efficiency.
economists, whose research aims to provide answers to the global labor market challenges of our t... more economists, whose research aims to provide answers to the global labor market challenges of our time. Our key objective is to build bridges between academic research, policymakers and society. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author.
This paper structurally models and estimates the employment e¤ects of a minimum wage regulation i... more This paper structurally models and estimates the employment e¤ects of a minimum wage regulation in an in ‡exible labor market with …xed employment costs. When there are …xed costs associated with employment, minimum-wage regulation not only results in a reduction in employment among low-productivity workers but also shifts the distribution of hours for the available jobs in the market, resulting in a scarcity of part-time jobs. Thus, for su¢ciently high employment costs, a minimum wage makes it less likely for "marginal" workers to enter and stay in the labor market. I estimate the model using survey data from Turkey. I …nd a signi…cant reduction in employment due to the loss of part-time jobs caused by the national minimum-wage policy in this highly in ‡exible labor market.
Using PIAT Math test score as a measure of attainment, we find that both single mothers' work and... more Using PIAT Math test score as a measure of attainment, we find that both single mothers' work and welfare use in the first five years of their children's lives have a positive effect on children's outcomes, but this effect declines with initial ability. The higher the initial ability of a child, the lower the positive impact work and welfare have. In fact, in the case of welfare the effect is negative if a child has more than median initial ability. Furthermore, we find that the work requirement reduces a single mother's use of welfare. However, the net effect of the work requirement on a child's test score depends on whether the mother's work brings in enough labor income to compensate for the loss of welfare benefits. We also look at the implications of the welfare eligibility time limit and maternal leave policies on children's outcomes.
This paper considers the role of gender in the promotion process and the impact of promotion on w... more This paper considers the role of gender in the promotion process and the impact of promotion on wages and wage growth, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79). Its focus is upon mid-career promotion and wages, thereby complementing extant studies of the NLSY79 that relate to differences between men and women at an earlier stage in their careers. The paper is further differentiated from these studies and the wider promotions literature in considering the role of unionism and the public sector. It is reported that mid-career females are more likely than males to be promoted in the private sector (and no less likely in the public sector); that wages are increasing in promotion, and the effect is generally higher for females; and that female wage growth from contemporaneous promotion is almost as high as that for males in the private sector and much higher in the public sector. These rather positive results for females represent in most cases an improvement over the early-career findings but in mid-career the mediating influence of unionism is more negative, and not just for females.
Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Oct 1, 2012
Founded in 1963 by two prominent Austrians living in exilethe sociologist Paul F. Lazarsfeld and ... more Founded in 1963 by two prominent Austrians living in exilethe sociologist Paul F. Lazarsfeld and the economist Oskar Morgensternwith the financial support from the Ford Foundation, the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education and the City of Vienna, the Institute for Advanced Studies (IHS) is the first institution for postgraduate education and research in economics and the social sciences in Austria. The Economics Series presents research done at the Department of Economics and Finance and aims to share -work in progress‖ in a timely way before formal publication. As usual, authors bear full responsibility for the content of their contributions. Das Institut für Höhere Studien (IHS) wurde im Jahr 1963 von zwei prominenten Exilösterreicherndem Soziologen Paul F. Lazarsfeld und dem Ökonomen Oskar Morgensternmit Hilfe der Ford-Stiftung, des Österreichischen Bundesministeriums für Unterricht und der Stadt Wien gegründet und ist somit die erste nachuniversitäre Lehr-und Forschungsstätte für die Sozial-und Wirtschaftswissenschaften in Österreich. Die Reihe Ökonomie bietet Einblick in die Forschungsarbeit der Abteilung für Ökonomie und Finanzwirtschaft und verfolgt das Ziel, abteilungsinterne Diskussionsbeiträge einer breiteren fachinternen Öffentlichkeit zugänglich zu machen. Die inhaltliche Verantwortung für die veröffentlichten Beiträge liegt bei den Autoren und Autorinnen.
This paper examines the extent to which children enter into occupations that are different from t... more This paper examines the extent to which children enter into occupations that are different from their father's occupation, but require similar skills, which we call task following. We consider the possibility that fathers are able to transfer task-specific human capital either through investments or genetic endowments to their children. We show that there is indeed substantial task following, beyond occupational following and that task following is associated with a wage premium of around 5% over otherwise identical workers employed in a job with the same primary task. The size of the premium is similar in magnitude to the size of the premium associated with occupational following. The wage premium is robust to controls for industry, occupation categories and occupation characteristics.
This research examines the effects of mothers' welfare and work decisions on their children's att... more This research examines the effects of mothers' welfare and work decisions on their children's attainments using a random effect instrumental variables (REIV) estimator. The estimator employs sibling comparisons in a random effect framework and an instrumental variables approach to address the unobserved heterogeneity that may influence mothers' work and welfare decisions. The identification comes from the variation in mothers' different economic incentives that arises from the AFDC benefit structures across U.S. states. We focus on children who were born to single mothers with twelve or fewer years of schooling. The shortrun child attainments under consideration are the Peabody Individual Achievement Test math and reading recognition scores from the Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort. Long-run attainments are a child's number of years of schooling by age 25 and his or her early adulthood labor income, drawn from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. The REIV estimates imply that, relative to no welfare participation, participating in welfare for one to three years provides up to a 5 percentage point gain in a child's Picture Individual Achievement Test (PIAT) scores. The negative effect of childhood welfare participation on adult earnings found by others is not significant if one accounts for mothers' work decisions. At the estimated values of the model parameters, a mother's number of years of work contributes between $3,000 and $7,000 1996 dollars to her child's labor income, but has no significant effect on the child's PIAT test scores. Finally, children's number of years of schooling are relatively unresponsive to mothers' work and welfare participation choices.
This paper structurally models and estimates the employment e¤ects of a minimum wage regulation i... more This paper structurally models and estimates the employment e¤ects of a minimum wage regulation in an in ‡exible labor market with …xed employment costs. When there are …xed costs associated with employment, minimum-wage regulation not only results in a reduction in employment among low-productivity workers but also shifts the distribution of hours for the available jobs in the market, resulting in a scarcity of part-time jobs. Thus, for su¢ciently high employment costs, a minimum wage makes it less likely for "marginal" workers to enter and stay in the labor market. I estimate the model using survey data from Turkey. I …nd a signi…cant reduction in employment due to the loss of part-time jobs caused by the national minimum-wage policy in this highly in ‡exible labor market.
economists, whose research aims to provide answers to the global labor market challenges of our t... more economists, whose research aims to provide answers to the global labor market challenges of our time. Our key objective is to build bridges between academic research, policymakers and society. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author.
Using international and intertemporal variations in minimum wages, employment protection laws, mi... more Using international and intertemporal variations in minimum wages, employment protection laws, minimum wage regulations and female work behavior within the OECD, empirical analysis provide evidence that higher minimum wages are associated with lower female labor force participation and employment. This association is more significant in countries with more stringent employment protection laws, lower female tertiary educational enrollment and higher fertility. In addition to the extensive margin analysis, it is shown that minimum wage levels are positively correlated with the ratio of part-time workers. That is, minimum wages are associated with not only lower participation and employment rates among women but also with higher marginalization of female work. This association is stronger in countries with more inflexible labor markets and less active labor market policies. Moreover, existence of a subminimum wage for youths implies further reduction of employment while increasing part-time job incidence for females, when the minimum wage increases.
This paper estimates the effect of minimum wage regulation in 16 OECD countries, 197016 OECD coun... more This paper estimates the effect of minimum wage regulation in 16 OECD countries, 197016 OECD countries, -2008. . Our treatment is motivated by seminal cross-country study using panel methods to estimate minimum wage effects among teenagers and young adults. Apart from the longer time interval examined here, a major departure of the present study is the focus on prime-age females, a group typically neglected in the component minimum wage literature. Another is our deployment of time-varying policy and institutional regressors. Yet another is our examination of unemployment and participation outcomes in addition to employment effects. We report strong evidence of adverse employment effects among adult females and lower participation, even if the unemployment effects are muted. Although we report some similar findings to Neumark and Wascher as to the role of labor market institutions and policies, we do not observe the same patterns in the institutional data; in particular, we can reject for our target group their finding of stronger disemployment effects in countries with the least regulated markets.
Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), this paper considers the role... more Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), this paper considers the role of gender in promotion and subsequent earnings development and how this evolves over a career. In its use of three career stages, the study builds on earlier work using the NLSY79 that considers gender differences in the early career years alone. The raw data suggest reasonably favorable promotion outcomes for females over a career. But the advantages seem to be confined to less-educated females. And while there are strong returns to education for males through enhanced promotion probability and attendant wage growth in later career this is not the case for females. Although this latter finding is not inconsistent with fertility choices on the part of educated females, choice is seemingly only part of the explanation.
The effects of single mothers' welfare participation and work decisions on children's outcomes ar... more The effects of single mothers' welfare participation and work decisions on children's outcomes are important. First, theories and empirical studies regarding the effects of mothers' work on children's attainments yield ambiguous findings. Second, participating in AFDC also exhibits a negative statistical relationship with the participating children's possible outcomes of all sorts in the data. We develop a dynamic structural model of a single mother's work and welfare participation decisions while their children are young. This model is used to measure the effects of mothers' decisions on children's attainments in the short run. Using NLSY79 children's PIAT Math test scores as a measure of attainment, we find that single mother's work and welfare use in the first five years of her child's life both have positive effect on her child's outcome, but this effect declines by the initial ability. The higher the potential ability of child, the lower the positive impact work and welfare have. In fact, in case of welfare the effect is negative if child has more than about median initial ability.. Furthermore, we find that work requirement reduces a single mother's use of welfare. However, the net effect of work requirement on a child's test score depends on whether mother's work brings in enough labor income to compensate for the loss of welfare benefits. We also look at the implications of welfare eligibility time limit, child bonus, and maternal leave, on child's outcome. (JEL CODES: I38, J22, J18)
In this paper, we develop a dynamic structural model of single mothers' work and welfare particip... more In this paper, we develop a dynamic structural model of single mothers' work and welfare participation decisions while their children are young. This model is used to measure the effects of mothers' decisions on short run attainments of the children of NLSY 79. Using PIAT Math test score as a measure of attainment, we find that both single mothers' work and welfare use in the first five years of their children's lives have a positive effect on children's outcomes, but this effect declines with initial ability. The higher the initial ability of a child, the lower the positive impact work and welfare have. In fact, in the case of welfare the effect is negative if a child has more than median initial ability. Furthermore, we find that the work requirement reduces a single mother's use of welfare. However, the net effect of the work requirement on a child's test score depends on whether the mother's work brings in enough labor income to compensate for the loss of welfare benefits. We also look at the implications of the welfare eligibility time limit and maternal leave policies on children's outcomes.
This paper examines the relationship between the timing of food stamp benefits and daily alcohol-... more This paper examines the relationship between the timing of food stamp benefits and daily alcohol-related fatal accidents. We exploit substantial exogenous variation in state food stamp distribution dates and enrollment numbers to estimate the relationship using binary outcome and count data frameworks. Our main result is that, in contrast to previous work on income receipt and mortality, alcohol-related accidents with fatalities are substantially lower on the date of food stamp receipt, and the result is largely driven by a same-day effect. Further, this effect is only present on weekdays. We find no effect of receipt on nonalcohol-related accidents. We hypothesize that this is possibly driven by families being more likely to eat at home on distribution days.
Founded in 1963 by two prominent Austrians living in exilethe sociologist Paul F. Lazarsfeld and ... more Founded in 1963 by two prominent Austrians living in exilethe sociologist Paul F. Lazarsfeld and the economist Oskar Morgensternwith the financial support from the Ford Foundation, the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education and the City of Vienna, the Institute for Advanced Studies (IHS) is the first institution for postgraduate education and research in economics and the social sciences in Austria. The Economics Series presents research done at the Department of Economics and Finance and aims to share -work in progress‖ in a timely way before formal publication. As usual, authors bear full responsibility for the content of their contributions. Das Institut für Höhere Studien (IHS) wurde im Jahr 1963 von zwei prominenten Exilösterreicherndem Soziologen Paul F. Lazarsfeld und dem Ökonomen Oskar Morgensternmit Hilfe der Ford-Stiftung, des Österreichischen Bundesministeriums für Unterricht und der Stadt Wien gegründet und ist somit die erste nachuniversitäre Lehr-und Forschungsstätte für die Sozial-und Wirtschaftswissenschaften in Österreich. Die Reihe Ökonomie bietet Einblick in die Forschungsarbeit der Abteilung für Ökonomie und Finanzwirtschaft und verfolgt das Ziel, abteilungsinterne Diskussionsbeiträge einer breiteren fachinternen Öffentlichkeit zugänglich zu machen. Die inhaltliche Verantwortung für die veröffentlichten Beiträge liegt bei den Autoren und Autorinnen.
Children's Attainments Related Literature Concluding Remarks Motivation • Welfare system in the U... more Children's Attainments Related Literature Concluding Remarks Motivation • Welfare system in the U.S. • Who are eligible? • What are the benefits? • 1996 reform: what changed and how? • New restrictions on eligibility of TANF program. • 5-year welfare time limit and work requirement • Implications for children's attainments through changes in mothers' behavior ? Mothers' Decisions on Children's Attainments Chyi and Ozturk Motivation Related Literature Model Econometrics Data and Results Sample Patterns Results Concluding Remarks Related Literature • Research on determinants of children's attainments are abundant: -Haveman and Wolfe (1995), Duncan and Hills (1997), Dahl and Lochner (2005) and Raquel (2007) • Lack of information on causal effects of welfare on children's attainments (Currie (1998)). • Issues: -Including children who were ineligible for welfare -OLS estimates may be biased -Multicollinearity between work and welfare decisions mostly ignored Mothers' Decisions on Children's Attainments Chyi and Ozturk Motivation Related Literature Model Econometrics Data and Results Sample Patterns Results Concluding Remarks Mothers' Decisions on Children's Attainments Chyi and Ozturk Motivation Related Literature Model Econometrics Data and Results Sample Patterns Results Concluding Remarks Mothers' Decisions on Children's Attainments Chyi and Ozturk Motivation Related Literature Model Econometrics Data and Results Sample Patterns Results Concluding Remarks Mothers' Decisions on Children's Attainments Chyi and Ozturk Motivation Related Literature Model Econometrics Data and Results Sample Patterns Results Concluding Remarks Mothers' Decisions on Children's Attainments Chyi and Ozturk Motivation Related Literature Model Econometrics Data and Results Sample Patterns Results Concluding Remarks
Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs and Opioid Prescription Outcomes for Individuals with Disabilities: Evidence from a Nationally Representative Sample
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