Petra Jansen

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The choice of sports effects mental rotation performance in adolescents

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The choice of sports effects mental rotation performance in adolescents

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How does mindfulness relate to sustainable attitude and behavior? The role of possible mediators

Current psychology, Mar 2, 2024

The study's primary goal is to investigate the relationship between different aspects of mindfuln... more The study's primary goal is to investigate the relationship between different aspects of mindfulness which were carved out by a systematic literature review on sustainability through possible mediators. The relationship between different aspects of mindfulness (acceptance, acting with awareness, decentering, inner awareness, outer awareness, insight) and sustainable attitudes and behavior under the consideration of mediating variables (congruence of attitudes and behavior, values, well-being, connectedness to nature, disruption of routines, pro-socialness) was investigated in 337 participants. The results showed the diverse relation of mindfulness to sustainable attitude and behavior. In a mediation model, sustainable attitude and sustainable behavior were positively predicted by outer awareness and insight via connectedness to nature. Moreover, sustainable attitude and behavior were positively predicted by inner awareness, outer awareness, and insight via pro-socialness. There were no direct effects from any other aspect of mindfulness on sustainable attitude or behavior. Our study hints that connectedness to nature and pro-socialness are the relevant mediators between mindfulness (awareness and insight) and sustainable attitude and behavior. However, further intervention studies should test whether these mindfulness aspects are the most important for changing sustainable attitudes and behaviors.

format_quoteMindfulness facets significantly explained varying behavior and attitudes: 55.5% of sustainable behavior variance and notable correlations with congruence and values.format_quote

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The relationship between the aspects of connectedness and sustainable consumption

Frontiers in Psychology, Jan 15, 2024

Internal transformative qualities are essential contributing factors to sustainable behavior. Bes... more Internal transformative qualities are essential contributing factors to sustainable behavior. Besides awareness, insight, purpose, and agency, connectedness is one of those inner qualities. In this study, we investigated the relationship between connectedness to oneself (self-love), towards the environment (connectedness to nature), towards other human beings (prosocialness), and sustainable behavior towards clothes and food. One hundred thirty-nine mostly students participated. The results showed that self-love, connectedness to nature, and pro-socialness correlate. Sustainability behavior towards food was predicted by pro-socialness, the choice of diet, and environmental and ethical reasons for nutrition. Sustainable behavior towards clothes was predicted by connectedness to nature. This study hints that the factors of inner transformative qualities and the type of sustainable behavior must be investigated differently. It strengthens the multi-facet dimensions of sustainable behavior.

format_quoteConnectedness to nature significantly predicts sustainable clothing consumption (β = 0.364, p < 0.001), explaining 15.8% of variance.format_quote

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Are Character Strengths and Attitudes towards Vegetarian Food Related?

International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology

One aspect of sustainable consumption behavior is the shift to a vegetarian diet. This study inve... more One aspect of sustainable consumption behavior is the shift to a vegetarian diet. This study investigates if individual factors, like character strengths, are related to attitudes toward vegetarian food. Additionally, the study examines potential variations in character strengths between vegetarians/vegans and omnivores, as well as whether there are differences in explicit and implicit affective attitudes towards vegetarian and meat-based diets. A total of 210 participants filled out a demographic questionnaire, a scale measuring character strength, an explicit rating task, and an affective priming task that involved images of both vegetarian and meat-based food. The results showed that there was no difference in the explicit and implicit rating of meat-based food compared to vegetarian food for omnivore people. Vegetarians/vegans rated vegetarian food explicitly and implicitly more positively than meat-based food. Only the four character strengths of prudence, appreciation of beaut...

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Explicit and Implicit Affective Attitudes toward Sustainability: The Role of Mindfulness, Heartfulness, Connectedness to Nature and Prosocialness

International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology

The present study aims to investigate explicit and implicit affective attitudes toward sustainabi... more The present study aims to investigate explicit and implicit affective attitudes toward sustainability, aspects of mindfulness, and their related factors. Therefore, different areas of sustainability (e.g., mobility, nutrition, packaging) were considered. We focused mainly on the indirect effects of mindfulness on attitudes through prosocialness and connectedness to nature. Furthermore, heartfulness, as the emotional quality of mindfulness, was considered. 458 subjects answered a series of questionnaires (mindfulness, connectedness to nature, prosocial behavior, gratitude, and self-compassion questionnaire) and completed an explicit affective evaluation task, as well as an affective priming task measuring implicit attitudes. The participants explicitly evaluated sustainable concepts more positively in comparison to non-sustainable ones. There was no significant correlation between implicit and explicit affective attitudes. Furthermore, the results of structural equation modeling reve...

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Self-concept explains gender differences in mental rotation performance after stereotype activation

Frontiers in Psychology

IntroductionMental rotation is an ability that usually displays robust and large gender differenc... more IntroductionMental rotation is an ability that usually displays robust and large gender differences in favor of boys and men. When participants are told that males outperform females, it can result in worse performance for females (stereotype threat effect) and better performance for males (stereotype lift effect). Because various studies show different results for the effect of stereotype activation, the present study aimed to investigate whether adolescents’ self-concept would moderate stereotype activation effects.Methods127 adolescents (61 male, 66 female) between 10 and 18 years (M = 13.54, SD = 1.99) solved the mental rotation test and filled out a questionnaire about their perceived performance, stereotype beliefs, and self-concept.ResultsResults showed that self-concept and stereotype activation affected male and female adolescents’ actual and perceived performance differently. For males, a better self-concept was associated with better performance in adolescents with stere...

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A closer look at the relationships between aspects of connectedness and flourishing

Frontiers in Psychology, Mar 30, 2023

Everyone strives for personal happiness or well-being. Flourishing is a broader concept of well-b... more Everyone strives for personal happiness or well-being. Flourishing is a broader concept of well-being. To better understand which factors are associated to people's flourishing, we took a closer look at the relationships of flourishing with three aspects of connectedness: Connectedness with oneself (self-love), with others (pro-socialness), and with the surrounding nature (nature connectedness). Participants were 138 adults between 18 and 71 years (M = 23.21, SD = 7.90, 98 women, 40 men). Significant positive correlations were found between flourishing and self-love and between flourishing and pro-socialness. Furthermore, nature connectedness correlated positively with self-love and with pro-socialness. A regression analysis revealed that all predictors explained 57.5% of the variance of the criterion flourishing. Self-love and pro-socialness were significant predictors of flourishing while nature connectedness was not. One explanation for the large correlations between self-love and flourishing could be overlapping aspects in both questionnaires. The fact that pro-socialness is a stronger predictor than nature connectedness could be due to a more reciprocal reinforcement of prosocial behavior. If a person treats another well, s/he is more likely treated well by that person which could reflect flourishing. Such a direct reciprocal relationship does not exist with nature.

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Evaluation of the Online Sport-Specific Mindfulemotions Program in a Population of Scandinavian Elite Athletes Measuring Psychological Parameters

Scandinavian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology

Professional athletes are often affected by public pressure, choking under pressure, depression, ... more Professional athletes are often affected by public pressure, choking under pressure, depression, anxiety, stress, or burnout. Mindfulness training seems to be a valuable tool for reducing those symptoms. Due to the general interest in online applications and the constraints of the global COVID-19 pandemic, the future of mindfulness training might be digital, and the expansion of such interventions is inevitable. Therefore, we translated and digitalised the German sports-specific mindfulness program called mindfulemotions (https://mindful-motions.de/) and evaluated it with a psychological randomised controlled trial pilot study in a population of Scandinavian elite athletes making it the first English online mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) for professional athletes. 28 athletes started the involvement, and 12 athletes finished the participation. The athletes completed several self-report questionnaires, a diary at the end of the intervention and follow-up questions after one yea...

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Health-Promoting and Sustainable Behavior in University Students in Germany: A Cross-Sectional Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Health-promoting and sustainable behaviors, such as active transportation and sustainable diets, ... more Health-promoting and sustainable behaviors, such as active transportation and sustainable diets, are associated with positive effects on human health and the environment. In order to unlock the potential of university students as key actors and multipliers, it is of interest to investigate their level of knowledge about the health effects of climate change and their willingness toward and implementation of health-promoting and sustainable behaviors. In November 2021, an online survey was conducted among students at the University of Regensburg, Germany. A total of 3756 participants (response rate 18%; mean age 23 years; 69% women) provided valid data. A large proportion of medical students (48%) considered themselves well-informed about the health-related effects of climate change, while only a small proportion (22%) of students within economic/computer/data sciences and law felt informed. Most participants knew about the impact of climate change on malnutrition (78%), but considera...

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Embodied Mental Rotation – Does It Affect Postural Stability?

Journal of Motor Behavior

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Aquatic therapy in stroke rehabilitation: systematic review and meta‐analysis

Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 2020

Stroke is a devasting disease leading to a range of physical impairments and complications as wel... more Stroke is a devasting disease leading to a range of physical impairments and complications as well as psychosocial consequences and is considered to be the most common cause of complex disability. 1,2 Due to longer survival and reduced mortality after acute incidents, the number of people that suffer from stroke has almost doubled during the last three decades. 3 Thus, the problems related to this illness are of increasing socioeconomic importance. One of the top research priorities relating to life after an acute cerebrovascular incident is to investigate the impact of fitness training and exercise on stroke recovery and on prevention of a subsequent stroke. 4

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Does mindfulness help to overcome stereotype threat in mental rotation in younger and older adolescents?

Psychological Research, 2022

We investigated gender differences in mental rotation performance in younger and older adolescent... more We investigated gender differences in mental rotation performance in younger and older adolescents and effects of stereotype threat activation and a short mindfulness induction. Two hundred fifty younger adolescents from grades 5, 6, and 7 (119 boys) and 152 older adolescents from grades 10, 11, and 12 (80 boys) were divided into four groups with or without a mindfulness induction and with or without stereotype threat activation. All participants solved a mental rotation test and filled out a questionnaire about their gender stereotype beliefs and perceived abilities of masculine and feminine activities. Results illustrate that older adolescents outperformed younger adolescents, and gender differences in favor of males appeared only in the older age group. Independent of gender, the mindfulness induction had a significantly positive effect on adolescents’ mental rotation performance that was significant only in the older age group. No effect of the stereotype activation was found. F...

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Does Body Awareness Influence Visual Spatial Intelligence

International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 2015

The embodiment approach suggests that processes in the body influence cognitive performance. Due ... more The embodiment approach suggests that processes in the body influence cognitive performance. Due to this in the present study, female patients with high body awareness-elite athletes and patients with Anorexia Nervosa- as well as healthy controls performed a mental rotation task with different kinds of stimuli. Mental rotation is the ability to imagine objects from different perspectives. The results show that both experimental groups revealed a better mental rotation performance than the control group in form of faster reaction times. This result is independent of the kind of stimuli, i.e., if the mental rotation requires the transformation of the self (egocentric) or the object (object-based). We further found that BMI and IQ correlated with reaction time. Because there was no difference between the elite athletes (positive body awareness) compared to the patients with Anorexia Nervosa (negative body awareness) the results suggest that any occupation with the body relates to visua...

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Self-Compassion, Flow, and Strategies in Judokas

In the last decades, studies on sport practice have showed positive relations between self-compas... more In the last decades, studies on sport practice have showed positive relations between self-compassion and flow and sport enjoyment, satisfaction, and performance. Despite this, little research concerns the relation between self-compassion and flow in martial arts while these relations were not examined in judo. The main aim of this study was to examine the role of flow and self-compassion in judo practice. In addition, we assessed the strategies judokas experienced before and during combat and examined their relations with these psychological constructs. A total of 52 judokas (34 males) with different degrees of experience (belt) participated in the study and answered questionnaires on flow state during combat, personal self-compassion, and judo strategies. The results showed no correlation between the participants’ experience levels and their flow and self-compassion scores. However, we found a positive relation between the use of judo strategies and flow during combat. In conclusi...

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MBSR-Interventions in Teacher Education Programs: A Pilot Study among German Physical Education Students

Lehrerinnen und Lehrer arbeiten in einem stressauslosenden Arbeitsumfeld. Das Ziel der vorliegend... more Lehrerinnen und Lehrer arbeiten in einem stressauslosenden Arbeitsumfeld. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Pilotstudie ist es, mogliche stressreduzierende Effekte eines MBSR Kurses bei angehende Sportlehrerinnen und -lehrern zu untersuchen. 38 Lehramtsstudierende mit Unterrichtsfach Sport nahmen an unserer Studie teil (21 in der Experimentalgruppe und 17 in der Kontrollgruppe). Wir fuhrten einen Pre-Test (vor dem ersten MBSR Kurstermin), einen Post-Test (nach dem letzten MBSR Kurstermin) und ein Follow-Up (vier Wochen nach dem letzten MBSR Kurstermin) durch. Die Daten wurden mit funf Testverfahren erhoben: Life-Orientation-Test-Revised (LOT-R), Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) and Self-Efficacy (SWE). Die Ergebnisse zeigten nur auf der negativen PANAS Skala eine Zunahme bei der Kontrollgruppe vom Pra- zum Posttest. Daruber hinaus konnen unsere Ergebnisse als Hinweis gesehen werden, dass besonde...

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Well-being and its relationship with sports and physical activity of students during the coronavirus pandemic

German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, 2021

The main goal of this correlational study is to examine the changes in the amount and type of phy... more The main goal of this correlational study is to examine the changes in the amount and type of physical activity of students of various study programs during the coronavirus pandemic. Furthermore, the motives for these changes as well as their relationship with general well-being are investigated. Therefore, 243 students (sport science, humanities, natural sciences) answered questions concerning (a) the amount and type of their physical activity before and during the pandemic, (b) their well-being and (c) their optimism/pessimism. The main result of the study is that the type and the motives for sports and physical activity changed for the study participants during the coronavirus pandemic: Team sports and swimming decreased, while individual sports and physical activity not associated with a sports club/business and with digital media increased. In this study the difference in sports and physical activity seemed to be related to well-being, especially for the students of sport scien...

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The relationship between theory of mind and mental rotation ability in preschool-aged children

Cogent Psychology, 2019

as soon as possible after acceptance. Copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof... more

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The Effects of a Mindfulness-Based Training in an Elementary School in Germany

Mindfulness

Objectives The primary goal of this study was to investigate the influence of the Mindfulness Edu... more Objectives The primary goal of this study was to investigate the influence of the Mindfulness Education Workbook, a 6-week mindfulness-based tool, on emotion regulation, inhibition, physical self-concept, resources, and connectedness to nature. Furthermore, we explored whether a difference in number of hours of mindfulness practice would affect the outcomes. Method Ninety-one children from a public elementary school (M age = 9.74 years, SD = 0.76) participated in the study and were divided into three groups according to their respective school classes. The intervention group was divided into two groups that varied by number of hours of mindfulness practice: (a) mindfulness-plus and (b) mindfulness. In addition to biweekly training, the mindfulness-plus group also repeated a daily exercise. The passive control group received the standard school day instruction. The five concepts of emotion regulation, inhibition, physical self-concept, resources, and connectedness to nature were meas...

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Using linear mixed models to analyze learning processes within sessions improves detection of treatment effects: An exemplary study of chronometric mental rotation

Methods in Psychology

Practice effects occur for many cognitive tasks. They are observed not only between repeated test... more Practice effects occur for many cognitive tasks. They are observed not only between repeated tests, but also within sessions. They can confound the detection of treatment effects, even when compared with control groups. We present an approach to reduce the impact of within-session practice effects through inclusion and manipulation of time in linear mixed models. With an exemplary mental rotation task, we demonstrate the possibility to investigate performance within sessions. We show how controlling for practice effects can improve comparisons between treatments. Through simulations, we demonstrate the impact of within-session practice effects and the usefulness of the presented approach.

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Petra Jansen

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