Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Wireless Information Networks and Systems, 2015
The contention based carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) was origina... more The contention based carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) was originally designed for single-hop networks. For CSMA/CA to be used in multi-hop distributed networks and to provide guaranteed data priority, the CSMA/CA needs to be optimised. An application is the smart grid consisting of different network domains with data of different priority levels. The IEEE802.11e standard was developed to provide differentiated data services. With the default enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) settings for QoS, an unfairness problem exists for different data classes where higher priority data can starve lower priority data and also where bandwidth is allocated unfairly. In this paper, we carry out an investigation of six design schemes for wireless backbone networks for QoS provisioning of different data priority classes. The design schemes are based on the concept of low-cost design for suitability in rural areas where cost plays a major role. The simulation results were obtained using OMNET++ and the INET framework. The performance metrics used for the analysis were end-to-end latency, packet loss percentage and Jain's fairness index. Simulation results show that hybrid network designs using distributed coordination function (DCF) and EDCA can improve QoS in terms of reliability and fairness.
Employee'S Satisfaction On Sites Of Underground Drilling Works At Baba Machineries
This research work is being done to measure the satisfaction level of various employees at Baba M... more This research work is being done to measure the satisfaction level of various employees at Baba Machineries, Wani. Today to sustain in this cut throat competitive market it is very important to retain good employees that contribute towards the attainment of organizational goal and customer satisfaction as well. Many researchers has been working continuously in this area with different organizations but this is the first time that it is being conducted in Baba Machineries, Wani. We went ahead in this research with 14 employees. Data was collected based on structured questionnaire method considering some of the important factors namely Empowerment & Work Environment, Working Relation, Salary & Future prospects, Training & work Involvement and Job Rotation. We found the employees to be satisfied on the basis of above said five factors. We also found that a few important factors that normally contribute to the employee satisfaction didn't have much influence on employee satisfaction...
An Arduino Based Building Lights Management System
Lights in Building use a significant amount of power of the overall building energy consumption. ... more Lights in Building use a significant amount of power of the overall building energy consumption. With the power loading problem faced in Botswana and many other developing countries, Building Light Management systems can help save power. The Building Lights Management System presented in this paper is based on the Arduino Board. The choice of the Arduino board from other Open source microcontrollers was done based mainly on the programming environment, libraries, choice of a ready to use microcontroller, low cost and future system enhancements. This paper presents a general design of a Low cost Building Lights Management System (BLMS) using an Arduino microcontroller. The hardware design, software designs and the arduino c++ code are presented in this paper. This basis of this design can be used to develop any BLMS arduino based system.
ICCAIS 2019-Papers titles and authors lists
2019 2nd International Conference on Computer Applications & Information Security (ICCAIS), 2019
ICCAIS 2019-Papers titles and authors lists
IMPACT OF INFRASTRUCTURE ON MANUFACTURING Impact of Infrastructure on Manufacturing Sector of Pakistan
Scheduling strategies to improve quality of service for heterogeneous data over resource constrai... more Scheduling strategies to improve quality of service for heterogeneous data over resource constrained wireless mesh networks S.M. Sheikh Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa. Dissertation: PhD (Electrical) January 2017 Cost and bandwidth plays a major role in many telemetry and Internet of Things (IoT) application network implementations. Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) based on singleradio single-channel (SRSC) networks will likely attract more deployments if the required quality of service (QoS) can be provided. Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) is more widely used in WMNs where access to the network is decentralized and each node makes its own decision on when to access the channel. CSMA/CA in WMNs faces an increase in packet loss and contention with an increase in the number of hops to reach the destination, compared to nodes that are closer to the destination, re...
1Assistant Professor, Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, Datta Meghe Institute of Engineeri... more 1Assistant Professor, Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, Datta Meghe Institute of Engineering Technology & Research, Wardha, Maharashtra, India 2,3,4,5,6Student, Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, Datta Meghe Institute of Engineering Technology & Research, Wardha, Maharashtra, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract User authentication is the most important procedures required to access secure and confidential data. Authentication of users is usually achieved through textual password schemes. Attackers through social engineering techniques can easily hack the text based password of a user. Apart from being vulnerable to social engineering attacks, text based passwords are either weak and memorable or secure and difficult to remember. Image based authentication allows user to create graphical password which has several advantages over text based passwords. G...
To provide communication network connectivity to the internet for Internet of Things (IoT) applic... more To provide communication network connectivity to the internet for Internet of Things (IoT) applications, reliable communication systems are needed. This paper presents a performance-based analysis of a Low Power Wireless Area Network (LPWAN) named LoRa. A client server model is used to conduct the measurement tests. Performance metrics that were investigated included, coverage, effect of payload size and selection of parameters settings. It was found out that a higher spreading factor and coding rates lead to better coverage using LoRa.
Evaluation of Antihyperlipidemic Activity of HMG-Co A Reductase Inhibitorand Curcumin in Combination on Diet Induced Hyperlipidemic Rats
Hyperlipidemia a well known risk factor for cardiovascular disease, especially atherosclerotic co... more Hyperlipidemia a well known risk factor for cardiovascular disease, especially atherosclerotic coronary artery disease is one of the major cause of premature death globally. Cholesterol feeding has been often used to elevate serum or tissue cholesterol levels to assess hypercholesterolemia-related metabolic disturbances in different animal models. Hyperlipidemia was induced in rats by giving high cholesterol diet for seven days in standard rat chow diet. High cholesterol fed diet rats exhibited significant increase in total serum cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein, atherogenic index and lipid per-oxidation and significant decrease in high density lipoprotein. The CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity model is extensively used to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of drugs and extracts. In this study we diagnosed the different liver function parameter like, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) ...
Improving QoS in Wireless Mesh Networks Using Heterogeneous and Hybrid Scheduling Design Approaches
Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) offer low deployment costs and the potential to be implemented in s... more Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) offer low deployment costs and the potential to be implemented in smart rural applications where cost is a major concern. These applications generate heterogeneous data with different priorities. Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) is widely used in WMNs due to the lack of a central controller for scheduling. In multi-domain networks, gateway devices are subjected to higher load levels. Since data is carried in a multi-hop fashion in WMNs, an increase in contention is observed, which results in an increase in collisions compared to single-hop networks. Enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) was developed to provide quality of service (QoS) for multimedia traffic in single-hop networks. EDCA is known to starve lower-priority data in high-load scenarios. We propose to address these performance degradation issues through a proposed queue load control priority (QLCP) scheduling strategy, as well as through hybrid design netw...
Objective: (1) To find out the result of drug to what extent it reduces the need for sedatives. (... more Objective: (1) To find out the result of drug to what extent it reduces the need for sedatives. (2) Tocompare the results with other treatment. Study Design: Prospective analytical. Setting: Tetanus ward D.H.Q.Hospital Faisalabad/ Subjects & Methods: Six patients with Tetanus were studied Inclusion Criteria: Adultmale&females suffering from Tetanus. Exclusion Criteria: Patient with known peptic ulcer disease and benignprostatic hyperplasia. Results: Six patients were given trial of Atropine infusions with continuous monitoring of pulseand blood pressure. Patients were provided conventional sedation along with Atropine infusion. The requirement ofsedative drug was significantly reduced when the dose of Atropine was gradually increased. The patients remainedmentally alert with marked reduction in muscle spasm, convulsion ,no element of anxiety or agitation. Respiratoryproblems were minimized. One female expired probably due to septic shock from induced abortion. Conclusion:Atropine su...
The Constitution of Pakistan (1973) and our various educational policies have given clear directi... more The Constitution of Pakistan (1973) and our various educational policies have given clear direction on aims of our education system, which should be based on Islamic principles. However, since independence, Pakistan is still unable to devise a system of education, the aims of which are derived from Qur'an and Sunnah as mandated by the constitution. As such a dire need is felt to understand the aims and objectives education from our ideological perspective. It has been generally agreed that Al-Ghazali's thoughts comply with the Qur'anic principles, he is well accepted by vast strata of Muslims in Pakistan and appreciated by west as well. Accordingly, this qualitative study explored educational aims and objectives from Al-Ghazali's thoughts and philosophy, using content analysis of various writings of and on Al-Ghazali. Based on this research, we can conclude that the aim of Islamic education should be associated with the aim of a person's life. Based on this fundamental assumption and guideline provided by Al-Ghazali, we can develop aims and objectives of Islamic education as directed in the
Communication plays an important role for human beings. Communication is treated as a life skill.... more Communication plays an important role for human beings. Communication is treated as a life skill. This paper helps in improving the communication with the deaf and dumb using Whistle Morse code technology. A device is developed that can translate different signs including Indian sign language to text as well as voice format. The people who are communicating with deaf and dumb may not understand their signs and expressions. Hence, an approach has been created and modified to hear the Whistle based communication. It will be very helpful to them for conveying their thoughts to others. In the proposed system, RF module is used for transmitting and receiving the information and raspberry pi as a processor, memory card is also used for blind people to identify their location. The entire framework has been executed, customized, cased and tried with great outcomes. INTRODUCTION Morse code is a method of transmitting text information as a series of on-off tones, lights, or clicks that can be...
Multi-hop Wireless Networks (MWNs) based on Single-Radio Single-Channel (SRSC) networks will like... more Multi-hop Wireless Networks (MWNs) based on Single-Radio Single-Channel (SRSC) networks will likely attract more deployments if the required Quality of Service (QoS) can be provided. Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) in MWNs faces an increase in packet loss and contention with an increase in the number of hops to reach the destination. This results in an increase in collisions and a wastage of bandwidth. The Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) treats all data the same, while the Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) method was mainly designed for delay-sensitive applications to provide multi-service differentiation. EDCA is known to provide unfairness, where higher-priority data can starve low-priority data under high loads. We have shown that Schedule-Before-Contention (SBC) packet scheduling strategies can address the limitation of EDCA, but it is still unclear which SBC strategy provides the best performance in distributed networks. Good scheduling mechanisms can reduce packet loss to the maximum, as well as avoid unnecessary delay. In this paper, we assert that the queue selection mechanism plays a critical role in the achievable Quality of Service (QoS). A comparative analysis of four SBC mechanisms is carried out and it is found that the transmission of lower-priority data helps lower packet loss, as this uses larger contention window ranges for back-off.
Design, Implementation and Testing of a Cost Function Based Scheduling Mechanism for a Water Management System
Procedia Computer Science
Abstract The IEEE 802.15.4 standard for low data rate and low power devices is currently in use b... more Abstract The IEEE 802.15.4 standard for low data rate and low power devices is currently in use by many Internet of Things (IoT) networks and control networks based on wireless sensor networks. One such application area is the water management systems for water supply and usage control. With the implementation of this standard in Contiki, no mechanism is present for control messages when other packets are being transmitted as well in the network. The gateway devices in these networks are usually exposed to more load in the network. During periods of high demand, packet dropping can occur at these nodes as well as other intermediate nodes that forward data. To address the high packet loss and congestion that takes place when the load level is high in a water telemetry management network, we propose a novel scheduling mechanism. This scheduling mechanism was implemented in the COOJA simulator using the Contiki operating system for wireless sensor nodes as an enhancement to carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA). The results show that with the application of the proposed cost function (CF) scheduling strategy, packet loss is reduced and throughput is improved in multi-hop networks over the default scheduling mechanism. This mechanism can also be implemented in other rapid growing Internet of Things (IoT) networks and can improve performance when carrying high loads.
A Model for Analyzing the Performance of Wireless Multi-Hop Networks using a Contention-based CSMA/CA Strategy
KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems
Multi-hop networks are a low-setup-cost solution for enlarging an area of network coverage throug... more Multi-hop networks are a low-setup-cost solution for enlarging an area of network coverage through multi-hop routing. Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) is frequently used in multi-hop networks. Multi-hop networks face multiple problems, such as a rise in contention for the medium, and packet loss under heavy-load, saturated conditions, which consumes more bandwidth due to re-transmissions. The number of re-transmissions carried out in a multi-hop network plays a major role in the achievable quality of service (QoS). This paper presents a statistical, analytical model for the end-to-end delay of contention-based medium access control (MAC) strategies. These strategies schedule a packet before performing the back-off contention for both differentiated heterogeneous data and homogeneous data under saturation conditions. The analytical model is an application of Markov chain theory and queuing theory. The M/M/1 model is used to derive access queue waiting times, and an absorbing Markov chain is used to determine the expected number of re-transmissions in a multi-hop scenario. This is then used to calculate the expected end-to-end delay. The prediction by the proposed model is compared to the simulation results, and shows close correlation for the different test cases with different arrival rates.
A survey of cross-layer protocols for IEEE 802.11 wireless multi-hop mesh networks
International Journal of Communication Systems, 2016
Proceedings of the 13th International Joint Conference on e-Business and Telecommunications, 2016
Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) face multiple problems. An increase in the number of hops for packe... more Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) face multiple problems. An increase in the number of hops for packets to reach the destination results in an increase in contention for the medium which also results in an increase in the collision rates. The enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) mechanism was developed to provide differentiated services to data with different priority levels in the IEEE 802.11e standard. The EDCA is a distributed, contention-based channel access mechanism of the hybrid coordination function (HCF) which results in an unfairness problem where higher priority data can starve lower priority data. We adopt the EDCA architecture for heterogeneous data in telemetry and IoT applications to address these problems of EDCA in multi-hop mesh networks. An adaptive weighted round robin (AWRR) scheduling strategy has been proposed and tested on multi-hop networks in our previous work. With the AWRR strategy, although packet loss is reduced, the end-to-end delay increases with high and medium priority data compared to EDCA in WMNs. In this paper we investigate the effect of the Transmission Opportunity (TXOP) bursting on the global performance in a WMN through setting up simulations in OMNeT++ using the INETMANET framework. Simulation results have shown that using TXOP-bursting in the priority based scheduling which follows the concept of schedule before backup helps reduce packet loss as well as reduce the end-toend delay. TXOP further optimizes the performance of AWRR.
Scheduling Strategies to Improve Reliability and Fairness for Priority Based Smart Rural Contention Based Applications Over Low-Cost Wireless Mesh Backbone Networks
Communications in Computer and Information Science, 2016
Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) are viewed as a cheap solution for telemetry networks in rural area... more Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) are viewed as a cheap solution for telemetry networks in rural areas. The main advantages of WMNs are that they allow an easy extension of existing networks to service a wider area by using multi-hop wireless communication and they provide an alternate route when a route becomes faulty. Smart Rural Areas is a new concept for the development of rural areas. It is hypothesized that the Internet of Things (IoT) can help develop rural areas by providing better services resulting in poverty reduction. The widely used carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) was originally designed for Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) consisting of single-hop transmissions. CSMA/CA experiences a rapid decrease in performance when applied to multi-hop distributed networks as an increase in collisions and contention for the medium is experienced. The IEEE 802.11e standard provides data differentiation services for data of different priority levels with enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) being used in contention based networks. With EDCA, an unfairness problem exists where high priority data can starve lower priority data. To address these problems in low-cost rural smart networks we investigate the performance of six design schemes for wireless backbone networks by assigning different roles to edge and core routers. Simulations were carried out to obtain the results using OMNeT ++ and the INET framework. Simulation results show that hybrid network designs using distributed coordination function (DCF) and EDCA can improve QoS.
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