Zusammenfassung: In internationalen Vergleichstudien hat sich gezeigt, dass es für den Vergleich ... more Zusammenfassung: In internationalen Vergleichstudien hat sich gezeigt, dass es für den Vergleich der Effizienz von Privatschulen mit staatlichen Schulen notwendig ist, zwischen finanziell unabhängigen und staatlich alimentierten Privatschulen zu unterscheiden. Denn obwohl die Leistungsunterschiede zwischen dem privaten und staatlichen Sektor überwiegend auf die Selektivität der Privatschulen zurückgeführt werden kann, zeigen sich doch über Nationen hinweg konsistent bessere Leistungen für die staatlich alimentierten Privatschulen auch dann, wenn die Selektivität berücksichtigt wird. Unter Verwendung eines noch effizienteren statistischen Verfahrens zur Kontrolle der Selektivität erweist sich dieses Befundmuster in der Analyse dreier PISA Datensätze als robust für Deutschland und die Niederlande.
Zusammenfassung: In internationalen Vergleichstudien hat sich gezeigt, dass es für den Vergleich ... more Zusammenfassung: In internationalen Vergleichstudien hat sich gezeigt, dass es für den Vergleich der Effizienz von Privatschulen mit staatlichen Schulen notwendig ist, zwischen finanziell unabhängigen und staatlich alimentierten Privatschulen zu unterscheiden. Denn obwohl die Leistungsunterschiede zwischen dem privaten und staatlichen Sektor überwiegend auf die Selektivität der Privatschulen zurückgeführt werden kann, zeigen sich doch über Nationen hinweg konsistent bessere Leistungen für die staatlich alimentierten Privatschulen auch dann, wenn die Selektivität berücksichtigt wird. Unter Verwendung eines noch effizienteren statistischen Verfahrens zur Kontrolle der Selektivität erweist sich dieses Befundmuster in der Analyse dreier PISA Datensätze als robust für Deutschland und die Niederlande.
We investigate the impact of the Romanian and Czech family policy systems on the poverty risk of ... more We investigate the impact of the Romanian and Czech family policy systems on the poverty risk of families with children. We focus on separating out the effects of policy design itself and size of benefits from the interaction between policies and population characteristics. We find that interactions between population characteristics, the wider tax benefit system and child related policies are pervasive and large. Both population characteristics and the wider tax-benefit environment can dramatically alter the antipoverty effect of a given set of policies.
We investigate the impact of the Romanian and Czech family policy systems on the poverty risk of ... more We investigate the impact of the Romanian and Czech family policy systems on the poverty risk of families with children. We focus on separating out the effects of policy design itself and size of benefits from the interaction between policies and population characteristics. We find that interactions between population characteristics, the wider tax benefit system and child related policies are pervasive and large. Both population characteristics and the wider tax-benefit environment can dramatically alter the antipoverty effect of a given set of policies.
Denominational schooling makes up an important part of European educational systems. Given its sp... more Denominational schooling makes up an important part of European educational systems. Given its specificity, denominational schooling can be expected to place a greater weight on values teaching and moral education. As such, it may be more effective in bringing about certain attitudes and opinions. It also may be more successful in creating a warm and caring atmosphere, thus helping students to better emotionally connect to the school community. This paper set out to empirically test some of these hypotheses by making use of three waves of data collected in the framework of the Program for International Student Assessment study. We compare public and publicly supported private (as a proxy to denominational) schools on two dimensions, namely the emotional integration with the rest of the school community, and the concern and feelings of responsibility towards the environment. But for Austria, Belgium and Spain, no evidence could be found that the type of the school has any impact on the reported psychological adaptation to the school. In these three countries, publicly supported private schools tend to be more successful in integrating their students. Also students in public and private dependent schools were equally environment oriented, taking into account several student and school characteristics. The lack of schooling sector differences in attaining noncognitive aims may have at least three causes. First, ecological issues could be salient enough not to necessitate any special religious or moral reinforcement in order to gain traction. Second, public schools may use religious education or ethics just as fruitfully and consequently, they are just as successful in values and norms transmission. Third, it is possible that schools play a minor role in introducing students to environmental dilemmas and concerns, this role being taken over by the family or the media.
Welfare Policy and Analysis seminar, CASE, LSE. 28 th November 2012 The economic crisis and the... more Welfare Policy and Analysis seminar, CASE, LSE. 28 th November 2012 The economic crisis and the fiscal consolidation measures have an impact on income distribution: inequality, and any driver of growth in it, matters in its own right prospects for macroeconomic recovery are affected by the composition of fiscal adjustment political acceptability Governments may not be able to control extent to which economies are hit by crisis or how this affects households; but they can control how austerity measures are distributed. Our focus is on austerity policy decisions and particularly fiscal measures which have a direct and quantifiable effect on the distribution of income.
Welfare Policy and Analysis seminar, CASE, LSE. 28 th November 2012 The economic crisis and the... more Welfare Policy and Analysis seminar, CASE, LSE. 28 th November 2012 The economic crisis and the fiscal consolidation measures have an impact on income distribution: inequality, and any driver of growth in it, matters in its own right prospects for macroeconomic recovery are affected by the composition of fiscal adjustment political acceptability Governments may not be able to control extent to which economies are hit by crisis or how this affects households; but they can control how austerity measures are distributed. Our focus is on austerity policy decisions and particularly fiscal measures which have a direct and quantifiable effect on the distribution of income.
This programme is managed by the Directorate-General for Employment, social affairs and equal opp... more This programme is managed by the Directorate-General for Employment, social affairs and equal opportunities of the European Commission. It was established to financially support the implementation of the objectives of the European Union in the employment and social affairs area, as set out in the Social Agenda, and thereby contribute to the achievement of the Lisbon Strategy goals in these fields. The seven-year Programme targets all stakeholders who can help shape the development of appropriate and effective employment and social legislation and policies, across the EU-27, EFTA-EEA and EU candidate and pre-candidate countries. providing analysis and policy advice on PROGRESS policy areas; monitoring and reporting on the implementation of EU legislation and policies in PROGRESS policy areas; promoting policy transfer, learning and support among Member States on EU objectives and priorities; and relaying the views of the stakeholders and society at large For more information see: The information contained in this publication does not necessarily reflect the position or opinion of the European Commission.
1 Social Class Dimensions in the Selection of a Private School: A Cross-National Analysis Using Pisa
One of the most hotly disputed debates in educational policy in the last twenty years has undoubt... more One of the most hotly disputed debates in educational policy in the last twenty years has undoubtedly been the one centred on parental choice. Both its promoters and its critics have gone to great length to argue their point. In the Anglo-Saxon context, school choice has been
Die ZBW räumt Ihnen als Nutzerin/Nutzer das unentgeltliche, räumlich unbeschränkte und zeitlich a... more Die ZBW räumt Ihnen als Nutzerin/Nutzer das unentgeltliche, räumlich unbeschränkte und zeitlich auf die Dauer des Schutzrechts beschränkte einfache Recht ein, das ausgewählte Werk im Rahmen der unter
This article tests the hypothesis that unstable jobs with variable hours or pay enhance the job-f... more This article tests the hypothesis that unstable jobs with variable hours or pay enhance the job-finding chances of the working-age non-employed in the UK, by using a combination of the UK Household Longitudinal Study and the Labour Force Survey data and a discrete time model. We find no evidence on the share of unstable jobs in the non-employed person’s local labour market impacts on the probability to move into employment. This result holds both for men and women and for groups with low employability such as the low educated and the long-term unemployed. It is robust to alternative ways of defining unstable jobs and to the inclusion of unobserved heterogeneity. Overall, findings cast doubt on the importance of unstable jobs for employment creation in the UK.
Do Welfare State Taxes and Transfers Reduce Gender Income Inequality? Evidence from Eight European Countries
We complement the institutional literature on gender and the welfare state by examining how taxes... more We complement the institutional literature on gender and the welfare state by examining how taxes and transfers affect the incomes of men and women. Using microsimulation and intra-household income splitting rules, we measure the differences in the level and composition of individual disposable incomes of men and women in eight EU countries covering various welfare regime types. We verify whether countries that are considered to be highly defamilised have on average lower gender gaps in income and vice-versa. We then quantify the extent to which taxes and transfers are able to close the gender gap in earnings, as well as which policy instruments contribute most to reducing the gap. We find that while taxes and benefits do play an important role in reducing gender income inequality, they cannot compensate for high gender earnings gaps. The equalizing effect of benefits is higher than that of taxes but varies significantly not only across countries but also across groups with different demographic characteristics. The only type of transfer heavily skewed towards men is old-age pensions. This is especially so in countries in the conservative cluster.
The aim of the paper is to provide a description of the latest public release of EUROMOD (version... more The aim of the paper is to provide a description of the latest public release of EUROMOD (version F5.0), a microsimulation model of taxes and benefits in the EU. After giving a brief account of the process of constructing EUROMOD, we present headline indicators for income inequality and risk of poverty using EUROMOD and discuss explanations for differences between these
This paper presents baseline results from the latest version of EUROMOD (version G2.1), the tax-b... more This paper presents baseline results from the latest version of EUROMOD (version G2.1), the tax-benefit microsimulation model for the EU. First, we briefly report the process of updating EUROMOD. We then present indicators for income inequality and risk of poverty using EUROMOD and discuss the main reasons for differences between these and EU-SILC based indicators. We further compare EUROMOD indicators across countries and over time between 2009 and 2013. Finally, we provide estimates of marginal effective tax rates (METR) for all 27 EU countries in order to explore the effect of tax and benefit systems on work incentives at the intensive margin. Throughout we highlight both the potential of EUROMOD as a tool for policy analysis and the caveats that should be borne in mind when using it and interpreting results.
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Papers by Silvia Avram