Papers by Raffaele Carlo DE MARINIS
78. Lombardy
Etruscology, 2017
Évolution et variation de la composition chimique des objets en métal aux Âges du cuivre et du Bronze ancien dans l'Italie septentrionale
Memoires De La Societe Prehistorique Francaise, 2005
Bien que les objets en metal d'Italie septentrionale proviennent surtout de depots et que la ... more Bien que les objets en metal d'Italie septentrionale proviennent surtout de depots et que la chronologie de l'Âge du Bronze Ancien s'appuie sur la typologie de la ceramique des habitats fouilles scientifiquement et datees par la dendrochronologie, il est possible de fixer une chronologie des productions metalliques en s'appuyant sur la typologie, sur les analyses de la composition chimique des objets et sur quelques assemblages (Lavagnone et Fiave). Posterieurement a la metallurgie de l'Âge du Cuivre, caracterisee par du cuivre pur pour les haches et du cuivre arsenie pour les poignards et les hallebardes, il existe trois phases identiques dans la metallurgie centre-europeenne: un bronze tire de fahlerz au Bronze Ancien 1 A (Bz A 1); un alliage cuivre-etain avec des basses teneurs en etain aux Bronze Ancien I B et I C (Bz A 2a); un bronze avec une teneur de 8-9 % en moyenne d'etain au Bronze Ancien II (Bz A 2b).
IpoTESI di Preistoria, 2019
Tanto M. Primas nel 1970 quanto l’Autore nel 1988 hanno sostenuto che nell’ambito della cultura d... more Tanto M. Primas nel 1970 quanto l’Autore nel 1988 hanno sostenuto che nell’ambito della cultura di Golasecca fossero riconoscibili tre facies culturali, Como, Golasecca, il Sopraceneri compresa la Mesolcina. In base ai dati allora disponibili si poteva affermare che nelle prime due facies il rito funerario esclusivo fosse la cremazione, mentre a nord del Monte Ceneri si e passati gradualmente dalla cremazione al biritualismo e infine all’inumazione come rito funerario esclusivo. Recentemente e stata prospettata la tesi che nella facies di Golasecca fossero presenti anche tombe a inumazione. Secondo Gambari due tombe a fossa della necropoli di Pombia, la t. 12/1995 e la t. 15/1995 sarebbero da interpretare come tombe a inumazione di soggetti in eta infantile o adolescenziale. In completa assenza di resti scheletrici l’ipotesi di tombe a inumazione e stata formulata unicamente in base alle dimensioni della fossa, peraltro non eccezionali. Secondo Grassi e Mangani quattro tombe a fossa...
Charred honeycombs discovered in Iron Age Northern Italy. A new light on boat beekeeping and bee pollination in pre-modern world
Journal of Archaeological Science, 2017
Abstract In the ancient world beeswax and honey were of crucial importance not only for nutrition... more Abstract In the ancient world beeswax and honey were of crucial importance not only for nutrition, but also for a range of activities including various artisanal practices. A rich body of iconographic and literary evidence has proven very informative, but archaeological data are strongly underrepresented in studies on ancient beekeeping. A multidisciplinary excavation project of the Etruscan trade center of Forcello near Bagnolo San Vito (Mantua province), led to the discovery of charred honeycombs in a workshop dated to 510-495 BCE. Morphoscopical, palynological and chemical analyses (IR, LC-MS, GC-MS) were conducted on these honeycombs and their associated materials (bee-breads and a mixture of melted honeycombs) in order to reconstruct beekeeping practices and the local environment. Palynological data indicate that honeybees were feeding on plants from both aquatic and ruderal landscapes. The palynological record from the bee-breads suggests the practice of itinerant beekeeping along rivers, an activity described by Pliny the Elder (Natural History, XXI.43.73) a few centuries later in relation to the town of Ostiglia (Mantua province) ca. 20 km downstream the investigated site. Hence, confirming the historical source, beekeeping in Iron Age Northern Italy appears to be characterized by a remarkably high degree of specialization. In addition, the pollen content of the melted honeycombs provides evidence for an unprecedented Vitis vinifera (grapevine) honey. The pollination syndrome suggests that bees fed on nectar of pre-domesticated or early-domesticated varieties of Vitis vinifera, confirming the archaeobotanical record of pips from Iron Age Northern Italy.
This paper covers a Late La Tène tomb discovered in Treviglio (Bergamo, Lombardy) in 1980, famous... more This paper covers a Late La Tène tomb discovered in Treviglio (Bergamo, Lombardy) in 1980, famous due to its usefulness as a reference context for the relative and absolute chronology of the Late La Tène in Cisalpine Gaul, thanks to the rich grave goods both of La Tène type and of Italic tradition or provenance. Chronologically, the grave corresponds to LT D 2 phase as it is defined in northern Italy, comparable with central European LT D 1b. In this period, Treviglio and the area between Adda and Serio were part of the territory belonging to the Insubres, as evidenced by the features of the burial rite and by the large number of drachmas of the Rikos type found in the tomb. The grave goods include some plates and one cup, some thin walled ware, one "vaso a trottola" and two one handled jugs, a Lamboglia 2 amphora, one bronze pitcher, two unguentaria and a pair of bronze strigils, one razor, one knife and 16 coins. Particularly significant from a chronological point of view is the association between Nauheim, Cenisola and Schüsselfibeln. This paper takes into consideration the archaeological findings, the architectural features of the tomb's structure and, finally, the results of the analyses carried out on the recovered anthropological and faunal remains. The site is located at the southeastern side of Treviglio, a fully urbanized area 2. Another Late La Tène grave, of a much smaller size, had already been discovered in 1929 in Treviglio, Campo S. Maurizio, but it is a separate burial site, about 1300 meters SW far (Pl. 1) 3. The tomb, perfectly North-South oriented, was monumental for its size: 2.1 m long and 1.37 m wide 4. The structure was made of bricks, tiles and barrel tiles. The rectangular burial chamber had a floor made up of 18 bricks and walls made of five rows of bricks. The cover was 'alla cappuccina' (tile grave) with four tiles on the long side held by barrel tiles, the short side closed by a tile in the upright position and the top covered with four barrel tiles. The bricks are of sesquipedalian type, with a length ranging from 45.5 to 47.5 cm and a width ranging from 29.5 to 31.6 cm. The soil penetrated inside the burial chamber and filled it completely. Along the east side the roof collapsed, damaged by the roots of a tree, with the partial collapse of the roof damaging the grave goods and crushing the bronze jug (Pl. 2). The burial rite is cremation, with burnt bones scattered on the floor. Some cremated bones formed two little mounds, one close to the western and one close to the eastern wall. Anthropological analysis has identified a young adult subject, while sex determination is impossible. There were also animal bones from a young ox and a pig, found along the western wall near the strigils and the unguentaria (ointment vessels). In the Transpadana La Tène graves, meat offerings-generally pork-have been frequently found. Outside, leaning on the west wall of the chamber, there were four iron rods that had to be part of the funerary bed with bone lining. The rods, 65-66 cm long, constituted the frame of the bed legs. The upper extremities were hammered to form a large circular head (fig. 9: ad). Originally, some wooden rings should have been inserted on the rods to form the support for a decorative bone lining. Having been on the funeral pyre, all the parts made of wood, bone or other organic matter have not been preserved, except for some small bone fragments that must have been part of the lining of the fulcrum side. There are only eight preserved burnt bone fragments, but their limited dimensions do not allow the reconstruction of any decorative or figurative motives (fig. 9: 1-6). The bone-lined funeral beds spread in Italy from the 2nd century BC until the first century AD. The area with the greatest concentration of finds is central Italy. In Lombardy the discoveries were made in Brescia at the necropolis of S. Zeno street and in Cremona at the necropolis of S. Lorenzo and Marconi square. The reference study on this class of materials is C. Letta 1984, with a wide list of findings and previous bibliography. A general update framework, especially for northern Italy, is provided by C. Bianchi (2000, 2010).
Le Bronze moyen et récent en Italie du Nord, Allemagne du Sud et Suisse et corrélation des systèmes chrono-culturels
Cet article propose un etat actualise des connaissances par rapport au colloque de Haguenau de 19... more Cet article propose un etat actualise des connaissances par rapport au colloque de Haguenau de 1988. L’Italie du Nord est subdivisee en deux aires culturelles bien distinctes, dont la limite est situee au niveau de l’Oglio. Quatre horizons sont retenus pour la partie nord-occidentale : Monate-Mercurago → Viverone → Scamozzina-Monza → Canegrate ; les deux premiers sont documentes par des habitats et les deux derniers par des sepultures. Pour la partie centre-orientale, une seriation chronologique en six phases – BM 1 → BM 2A → BM 2B → BM 3 → BR 1 → BR 2 – se fonde sur les nombreuses sequences stratigraphiques d’habitats palafittiques et terramaricoles, qui est correlable avec l’importante necropole de l’Olmo a Nogara. Au nord des Alpes, le systeme chronotypologique revise de P. Reinecke est utilise : BzB recent, BzC1, BzC2, BzD1, BzD2. Ses fondements sont rappeles et il est compare a la vision historico-culturelle de F. Holste, pour insister sur les differences entre eux, car ils son...
The paper publishes two bronze hilted daggers belonging to the alpine type already defined in its... more The paper publishes two bronze hilted daggers belonging to the alpine type already defined in its characteristics by the studies of Uenze (1938), Bill (1973) and Schwenzer (2004). The Piattamala daggers are closely similar to two specimens from the Bois-de-Vaux of Lausanne for a particularity: unlike all the other alpine-type daggers, the rings inserted on the handle are all metal, alternatively pure copper or with low percentage of tin and copper with high percentage of tin.
Tutti i testi sono stati sottoposti a revisione paritaria. La responsabilità di quanto riportato ... more Tutti i testi sono stati sottoposti a revisione paritaria. La responsabilità di quanto riportato nel testo, nonché di eventuali errori e omissioni, rimane esclusivamente degli Autori.
Notizie Archeologiche Bergomensi, 29
Periodico di archeologia del Civico Museo Archeologico di Bergamo fondato da Stefania Casini Tutt... more Periodico di archeologia del Civico Museo Archeologico di Bergamo fondato da Stefania Casini Tutti i testi sono stati sottoposti a revisione paritaria. La responsabilità di quanto riportato nel testo, nonché di eventuali errori e omissioni, rimane esclusivamente degli Autori.
La stratigrafia dell'abitato del Forcello di Bagnolo S. Vito e i rapporti cronologici con le culture dell'area circumalpina
Archeologia Classica, 1991
This paper covers a Late La Tène tomb discovered in Treviglio (Bergamo, Lombardy) in 1980, famous... more This paper covers a Late La Tène tomb discovered in Treviglio (Bergamo, Lombardy) in 1980, famous due to its usefulness as a reference context for the relative and absolute chronology of the Late La Tène in Cisalpine Gaul, thanks to the rich grave goods both of La Tène type and of Italic tradition or provenance. Chronologically, the grave corresponds to LT D 2 phase as it is defined in northern Italy, comparable with central European LT D 1b. In this period, Treviglio and the area between Adda and Serio were part of the territory belonging to the Insubres, as evidenced by the features of the burial rite and by the large number of drachmas of the Rikos type found in the tomb. The grave goods include some plates and one cup, some thin-walled ware, one "vaso a trottola" and two one-handled jugs, a Lamboglia 2 amphora, one bronze pitcher, two unguentaria and a pair of bronze strigils, one razor, one knife and sixteen coins. Particularly significant from a chronological point of view is the association between Nauheim, Cenisola fibulae and Schüsselfibeln. This paper takes into consideration the archaeological findings, the architectural features of the tomb's structure and, finally, the results of the analyses carried out on the recovered anthropological and faunal remains.
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Papers by Raffaele Carlo DE MARINIS