- Amazon Web Services

AWS Glossary

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Numbers and Symbols

100-continue: A method that enables a client to see if a server can accept a request before actually sending it. For large PUT requests, this method can save both time and bandwidth charges.

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AAD

See additional authenticated data.

access control list (ACL)

A document that defines who can access a particular bucket or object. Each bucket and object in Amazon S3 has an ACL. The document defines what each type of user can do, such as write and read permissions.

access identifiers

See credentials.

access key

The combination of an access key ID (like AKIAIOSFODNN7EXAMPLE) and a secret access key (like wJalrXUtnFEMI/K7MDENG/bPxRfiCYEXAMPLEKEY). You use access keys to sign API requests that you make to AWS.

access key ID

A unique identifier that's associated with a secret access key; the access key ID and secret access key are used together to sign programmatic AWS requests cryptographically.

access key rotation

A method to increase security by changing the AWS access key ID. This method enables you to retire an old key at your discretion.

access policy language

A language for writing documents (that is, policies) that specify who can access a particular AWS resource and under what conditions.

account

A formal relationship with AWS that is associated with (1) the owner email address and password, (2) the control of resources created under its umbrella, and (3) payment for the AWS activity related to those resources. The AWS account has permission to do anything and everything with all the AWS account resources. This is in contrast to a user, which is an entity contained within the account.

account activity

A web page showing your month-to-date AWS usage and costs. The account activity page is located at https://aws.amazon.com/account-activity/.

ACL

See access control list (ACL).

ACM

See AWS Certificate Manager (ACM).

ACM PCA

See AWS Certificate Manager Private Certificate Authority (ACM PCA).

ACM Private CA

See AWS Certificate Manager Private Certificate Authority (ACM PCA).

action

An API function. Also called operation or call. The activity the principal has permission to perform. The action is B in the statement "A has permission to do B to C where D applies." For example, Jane sends a request to Amazon SQS with Action=ReceiveMessage.

Amazon CloudWatch: The response initiated by the change in an alarm's state: for example, from OK to ALARM. The state change may be triggered by a metric reaching the alarm threshold, or by a SetAlarmState request. Each alarm can have one or more actions assigned to each state. Actions are performed once each time the alarm changes to a state that has an action assigned, such as an Amazon Simple Notification Service notification, an Auto Scaling policy execution or an Amazon EC2 instance stop/terminate action.

active trusted signers

A list showing each of the trusted signers you've specified and the IDs of the corresponding active key pairs that Amazon CloudFront is aware of. To be able to create working signed URLs, a trusted signer must appear in this list with at least one key pair ID.

additional authenticated data

Information that is checked for integrity but not encrypted, such as headers or other contextual metadata.

administrative suspension

Auto Scaling might suspend processes for Auto Scaling group that repeatedly fail to launch instances. Auto Scaling groups that most commonly experience administrative suspension have zero running instances, have been trying to launch instances for more than 24 hours, and have not succeeded in that time.

alarm

An item that watches a single metric over a specified time period, and triggers an Amazon SNS topic or an Auto Scaling policy if the value of the metric crosses a threshold value over a predetermined number of time periods.

allow

One of two possible outcomes (the other is deny) when an IAM access policy is evaluated. When a user makes a request to AWS, AWS evaluates the request based on all permissions that apply to the user and then returns either allow or deny.

Amazon API Gateway

A fully managed service that makes it easy for developers to create, publish, maintain, monitor, and secure APIs at any scale.

Amazon AppStream

A web service for streaming existing Windows applications from the cloud to any device.

Amazon Aurora

A fully managed MySQL-compatible relational database engine that combines the speed and availability of commercial databases with the simplicity and cost-effectiveness of open source databases.

Amazon Cloud Directory (Cloud Directory)

A service that provides a highly scalable directory store for your application’s multihierarchical data.

Amazon CloudFront

(CloudFront)

An AWS content delivery service that helps you improve the performance, reliability, and availability of your websites and applications.

Amazon CloudSearch

A fully managed service in the AWS cloud that makes it easy to set up, manage, and scale a search solution for your website or application.

Amazon CloudWatch

A web service that enables you to monitor and manage various metrics, and configure alarm actions based on data from those metrics.

Amazon CloudWatch Events

A web service that enables you to deliver a timely stream of system events that describe changes in AWS resources to AWS Lambda functions, streams in Amazon Kinesis Data Streams, Amazon Simple Notification Service topics, or built-in targets.

Amazon CloudWatch Logs

A web service for monitoring and troubleshooting your systems and applications from your existing system, application, and custom log files. You can send your existing log files to CloudWatch Logs and monitor these logs in near real-time.

Amazon Cognito

A web service that makes it easy to save mobile user data, such as app preferences or game state, in the AWS cloud without writing any back-end code or managing any infrastructure. Amazon Cognito offers mobile identity management and data synchronization across devices.

Amazon DynamoDB

A fully managed NoSQL database service that provides fast and predictable performance with seamless scalability.

Amazon DynamoDB Storage Backend for Titan

A storage backend for the Titan graph database implemented on top of Amazon DynamoDB. Titan is a scalable graph database optimized for storing and querying graphs.

Amazon DynamoDB Streams

An AWS service that captures a time-ordered sequence of item-level modifications in any Amazon DynamoDB table, and stores this information in a log for up to 24 hours. Applications can access this log and view the data items as they appeared before and after they were modified, in near real time.

Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS)

A service that provides block level storage volumes for use with EC2 instances.

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basic monitoring

Monitoring of AWS provided metrics derived at a 5-minute frequency.

batch

See document batch.

BGP ASN

Border Gateway Protocol Autonomous System Number. A unique identifier for a network, for use in BGP routing. Amazon EC2 supports all 2-byte ASN numbers in the range of 1 – 65335, with the exception of 7224, which is reserved.

batch prediction

Amazon Machine Learning: An operation that processes multiple input data observations at one time (asynchronously). Unlike real-time predictions, batch predictions are not available until all predictions have been processed.

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cache cluster

A logical cache distributed over multiple cache nodes. A cache cluster can be set up with a specific number of cache nodes.

cache cluster identifier

Customer-supplied identifier for the cache cluster that must be unique for that customer in an AWS Region.

cache engine version

The version of the Memcached service that is running on the cache node.

cache node

A fixed-size chunk of secure, network-attached RAM. Each cache node runs an instance of the Memcached service, and has its own DNS name and port. Multiple types of cache nodes are supported, each with varying amounts of associated memory.

cache node type

An EC2 instance type used to run the cache node.

cache parameter group

A container for cache engine parameter values that can be applied to one or more cache clusters.

cache security group

A group maintained by ElastiCache that combines ingress authorizations to cache nodes for hosts belonging to Amazon EC2 security groups specified through the console or the API or command line tools.

canned access policy

A standard access control policy that you can apply to a bucket or object. Options include: private, public-read, public-read-write, and authenticated-read.

canonicalization

The process of converting data into a standard format that a service such as Amazon S3 can recognize.

capacity

The amount of available compute size at a given time. Each Auto Scaling group is defined with a minimum and maximum compute size. A scaling activity increases or decreases the capacity within the defined minimum and maximum values.

cartesian product processor

A processor that calculates a cartesian product. Also known as a cartesian data processor.

cartesian product

A mathematical operation that returns a product from multiple sets.

CDN

See content delivery network (CDN).

certificate

A credential that some AWS products use to authenticate AWS accounts and users. Also known as an X.509 certificate . The certificate is paired with a private key.

chargeable resources

Features or services whose use incurs fees. Although some AWS products are free, others include charges. For example, in an AWS CloudFormation stack, AWS resources that have been created incur charges. The amount charged depends on the usage load. Use the Amazon Web Services Simple Monthly Calculator at http://calculator.s3.amazonaws.com/calc5.html to estimate your cost prior to creating instances, stacks, or other resources.

CIDR block

Classless Inter-Domain Routing. An internet protocol address allocation and route aggregation methodology.

See Also Classless Inter-Domain Routing in Wikipedia.

ciphertext

Information that has been encrypted, as opposed to plaintext, which is information that has not.

ClassicLink

A feature for linking an EC2-Classic instance to a VPC, allowing your EC2-Classic instance to communicate with VPC instances using private IP addresses.

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dashboard

See service health dashboard.

data consistency

A concept that describes when data is written or updated successfully and all copies of the data are updated in all AWS Regions. However, it takes time for the data to propagate to all storage locations. To support varied application requirements, Amazon DynamoDB supports both eventually consistent and strongly consistent reads.

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EBS

See Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS).

EC2

See Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2).

EC2 compute unit

(ECU)

An AWS standard for compute CPU and memory. You can use this measure to evaluate the CPU capacity of different EC2 instance types.

EC2 instance

A compute instance in the Amazon EC2 service. Other AWS services use the term EC2 instance to distinguish these instances from other types of instances they support.

ECR

See Amazon Elastic Container Registry (Amazon ECR).

ECS

See Amazon Elastic Container Service (Amazon ECS).

edge location

A site that CloudFront uses to cache copies of your content for faster delivery to users at any location.

EFS

See Amazon Elastic File System (Amazon EFS).

Elastic

A company that provides open-source solutions—including Elasticsearch, Logstash, Kibana, and Beats—that are designed to take data from any source and search, analyze, and visualize it in real time.

Amazon Elasticsearch Service (Amazon ES) is an AWS managed service for deploying, operating, and scaling Elasticsearch in the AWS Cloud.

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facet: Amazon CloudSearch: An index field that represents a category that you want to use to refine and filter search results.
facet enabled: Amazon CloudSearch: An index field option that enables facet information to be calculated for the field.
FBL: See feedback loop.
feature transformation: Amazon Machine Learning: The machine learning process of constructing more predictive input representations or “features” from the raw input variables to optimize a machine learning model’s ability to learn and generalize. Also known as data transformation or feature engineering.
federated identity management: Allows individuals to sign in to different networks or services, using the same group or personal credentials to access data across all networks. With identity federation in AWS, external identities (federated users) are granted secure access to resources in an AWS account without having to create IAM users. These external identities can come from a corporate identity store (such as LDAP or Windows Active Directory) or from a third party (such as Login with Amazon, Facebook, or Google). AWS federation also supports SAML 2.0.
federated user: See federated identity management.
federation: See federated identity management.
feedback loop: The mechanism by which a mailbox provider (for example, an internet service provider) forwards a recipient's complaint back to the sender.
field weight: The relative importance of a text field in a search index. Field weights control how much matches in particular text fields affect a document's relevance score.
filter: A criterion that you specify to limit the results when you list or describe your Amazon EC2 resources.
filter query: A way to filter search results without affecting how the results are scored and sorted. Specified with the Amazon CloudSearch fq parameter.
FIM: See federated identity management.
Firehose: See Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose.
format version: See template format version.
forums: See discussion forums.
function: See intrinsic function.
fuzzy search: A simple search query that uses approximate string matching (fuzzy matching) to correct for typographical errors and misspellings.

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geospatial search

A search query that uses locations specified as a latitude and longitude to determine matches and sort the results.

gibibyte

(GiB)

A contraction of giga binary byte, a gibibyte is 2^30 or 1,073,741,824 bytes. A gigabyte (GB) is 10^9 or 1,000,000,000 bytes. 1,024 GiB is a tebibyte.

GitHub

A web-based repository that uses Git for version control.

global secondary index

An index with a partition key and a sort key that can be different from those on the table. A global secondary index is considered global because queries on the index can span all of the data in a table, across all partitions.

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Hadoop

Software that enables distributed processing for big data by using clusters and simple programming models. For more information, see http://hadoop.apache.org.

hard bounce

A persistent email delivery failure such as "mailbox does not exist."

hardware VPN

A hardware-based IPsec VPN connection over the internet.

health check

A system call to check on the health status of each instance in an Auto Scaling group.

high-quality email

Email that recipients find valuable and want to receive. Value means different things to different recipients and can come in the form of offers, order confirmations, receipts, newsletters, etc.

highlights

Amazon CloudSearch: Excerpts returned with search results that show where the search terms appear within the text of the matching documents.

highlight enabled

Amazon CloudSearch: An index field option that enables matches within the field to be highlighted.

hit

A document that matches the criteria specified in a search request. Also referred to as a search result.

HMAC

Hash-based Message Authentication Code. A specific construction for calculating a message authentication code (MAC) involving a cryptographic hash function in combination with a secret key. You can use it to verify both the data integrity and the authenticity of a message at the same time. AWS calculates the HMAC using a standard, cryptographic hash algorithm, such as SHA-256.

hosted zone

A collection of resource record sets that Amazon Route 53 hosts. Like a traditional DNS zone file, a hosted zone represents a collection of records that are managed together under a single domain name.

HVM virtualization

Hardware Virtual Machine virtualization. Allows the guest VM to run as though it is on a native hardware platform, except that it still uses paravirtual (PV) network and storage drivers for improved performance.

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IAM: See AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM).
IAM group: See group.
IAM policy simulator: See policy simulator.
IAM role: See role.
IAM user: See user.
Identity and Access Management: See AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM).
identity provider (IdP): An IAM entity that holds metadata about external identity providers.
IdP: See identity provider (IdP) .
image: See Amazon Machine Image (AMI).
import/export station: A machine that uploads or downloads your data to or from Amazon S3.
import log: A report that contains details about how AWS Import/Export processed your data.
in-place deployment: AWS CodeDeploy: A deployment method in which the application on each instance in the deployment group is stopped, the latest application revision is installed, and the new version of the application is started and validated. You can choose to use a load balancer so each instance is deregistered during its deployment and then restored to service after the deployment is complete.
index: See search index.
index field: A name–value pair that is included in an Amazon CloudSearch domain's index. An index field can contain text or numeric data, dates, or a location.
indexing options: Configuration settings that define an Amazon CloudSearch domain's index fields, how document data is mapped to those index fields, and how the index fields can be used.
inline policy: An IAM policy that is embedded in a single IAM user, group, or role.
input data: Amazon Machine Learning: The observations that you provide to Amazon Machine Learning to train and evaluate a machine learning model and generate predictions.
instance: A copy of an Amazon Machine Image (AMI) running as a virtual server in the AWS cloud.
instance family: A general instance type grouping using either storage or CPU capacity.
instance group: A Hadoop cluster contains one master instance group that contains one master node, a core instance group containing one or more core node and an optional task node instance group, which can contain any number of task nodes.
instance profile: A container that passes IAM role information to an EC2 instance at launch.
instance store: Disk storage that is physically attached to the host computer for an EC2 instance, and therefore has the same lifespan as the instance. When the instance is terminated, you lose any data in the instance store.
instance store-backed AMI: A type of Amazon Machine Image (AMI) whose instances use an instance store volume as the root device. Compare this with instances launched from Amazon EBS-backed AMIs, which use an Amazon EBS volume as the root device.
instance type: A specification that defines the memory, CPU, storage capacity, and usage cost for an instance. Some instance types are designed for standard applications, whereas others are designed for CPU-intensive, memory-intensive applications, and so on.
internet gateway: Connects a network to the internet. You can route traffic for IP addresses outside your VPC to the internet gateway.
internet service provider: A company that provides subscribers with access to the internet. Many ISPs are also mailbox providers. Mailbox providers are sometimes referred to as ISPs, even if they only provide mailbox services.
intrinsic function: A special action in a AWS CloudFormation template that assigns values to properties not available until runtime. These functions follow the format Fn::Attribute, such as Fn::GetAtt. Arguments for intrinsic functions can be parameters, pseudo parameters, or the output of other intrinsic functions.
IP address: A numerical address (for example, 192.0.2.44) that networked devices use to communicate with one another using the Internet Protocol (IP). All EC2 instances are assigned two IP addresses at launch, which are directly mapped to each other through network address translation (NAT): a private IP address (following RFC 1918) and a public IP address. Instances launched in a VPC are assigned only a private IP address. Instances launched in your default VPC are assigned both a private IP address and a public IP address.
IP match condition: AWS WAF: An attribute that specifies the IP addresses or IP address ranges that web requests originate from. Based on the specified IP addresses, you can configure AWS WAF to allow or block web requests to AWS resources such as Amazon CloudFront distributions.
ISP: See internet service provider.
issuer: The person who writes a policy to grant permissions to a resource. The issuer (by definition) is always the resource owner. AWS does not permit Amazon SQS users to create policies for resources they don't own. If John is the resource owner, AWS authenticates John's identity when he submits the policy he's written to grant permissions for that resource.
item: A group of attributes that is uniquely identifiable among all of the other items. Items in Amazon DynamoDB are similar in many ways to rows, records, or tuples in other database systems.

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job flow

Amazon EMR: One or more steps that specify all of the functions to be performed on the data.

job ID

A five-character, alphanumeric string that uniquely identifies an AWS Import/Export storage device in your shipment. AWS issues the job ID in response to a CREATE JOB email command.

job prefix

An optional string that you can add to the beginning of an AWS Import/Export log file name to prevent collisions with objects of the same name.

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key: A credential that identifies an AWS account or user to AWS (such as the AWS secret access key).; Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3), Amazon EMR (Amazon EMR): The unique identifier for an object in a bucket. Every object in a bucket has exactly one key. Because a bucket and key together uniquely identify each object, you can think of Amazon S3 as a basic data map between the bucket + key, and the object itself. You can uniquely address every object in Amazon S3 through the combination of the web service endpoint, bucket name, and key, as in this example: http://doc.s3.amazonaws.com/2006-03-01/AmazonS3.wsdl, where doc is the name of the bucket, and 2006-03-01/AmazonS3.wsdl is the key.; AWS Import/Export: The name of an object in Amazon S3. It is a sequence of Unicode characters whose UTF-8 encoding cannot exceed 1024 bytes. If a key, for example, logPrefix + import-log-JOBID, is longer than 1024 bytes, AWS Elastic Beanstalk returns an InvalidManifestField error.; IAM: In a policy, a specific characteristic that is the basis for restricting access (such as the current time, or the IP address of the requester).; Tagging resources: A general tag label that acts like a category for more specific tag values. For example, you might have EC2 instance with the tag key of Owner and the tag value of Jan. You can tag an AWS resource with up to 10 key–value pairs. Not all AWS resources can be tagged.
key pair: A set of security credentials that you use to prove your identity electronically. A key pair consists of a private key and a public key.
key prefix: A logical grouping of the objects in a bucket. The prefix value is similar to a directory name that enables you to store similar data under the same directory in a bucket.
kibibyte: A contraction of kilo binary byte, a kibibyte is 2^10 or 1,024 bytes. A kilobyte (KB) is 10^3 or 1,000 bytes. 1,024 KiB is a mebibyte.
KMS: See AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS).

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labeled data

In machine learning, data for which you already know the target or “correct” answer.

launch configuration

A set of descriptive parameters used to create new EC2 instances in an Auto Scaling activity.

A template that an Auto Scaling group uses to launch new EC2 instances. The launch configuration contains information such as the Amazon Machine Image (AMI) ID, the instance type, key pairs, security groups, and block device mappings, among other configuration settings.

launch permission

An Amazon Machine Image (AMI) attribute that allows users to launch an AMI.

lifecycle

The lifecycle state of the EC2 instance contained in an Auto Scaling group. EC2 instances progress through several states over their lifespan; these include Pending, InService, Terminating and Terminated.

lifecycle action

An action that can be paused by Auto Scaling, such as launching or terminating an EC2 instance.

lifecycle hook

Enables you to pause Auto Scaling after it launches or terminates an EC2 instance so that you can perform a custom action while the instance is not in service.

link to VPC

The process of linking (or attaching) an EC2-Classic instance to a ClassicLink-enabled VPC.

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Mail Transfer Agent (MTA)

Software that transports email messages from one computer to another by using a client-server architecture.

mailbox provider

An organization that provides email mailbox hosting services. Mailbox providers are sometimes referred to as internet service providers, even if they only provide mailbox services.

mailbox simulator

A set of email addresses that you can use to test an Amazon SES-based email sending application without sending messages to actual recipients. Each email address represents a specific scenario (such as a bounce or complaint) and generates a typical response that is specific to the scenario.

main route table

The default route table that any new VPC subnet uses for routing. You can associate a subnet with a different route table of your choice. You can also change which route table is the main route table.

managed policy

A standalone IAM policy that you can attach to multiple users, groups, and roles in your IAM account. Managed policies can either be AWS managed policies (which are created and managed by AWS) or customer managed policies (which you create and manage in your AWS account).

manifest

When sending a create job request for an import or export operation, you describe your job in a text file called a manifest. The manifest file is a YAML-formatted file that specifies how to transfer data between your storage device and the AWS cloud.

manifest file

Amazon Machine Learning: The file used for describing batch predictions. The manifest file relates each input data file with its associated batch prediction results. It is stored in the Amazon S3 output location.

mapping

A way to add conditional parameter values to an AWS CloudFormation template. You specify mappings in the template's optional Mappings section and retrieve the desired value using the FN::FindInMap function.

marker

See pagination token.

master node

A process running on an Amazon Machine Image (AMI) that keeps track of the work its core and task nodes complete.

maximum price

The maximum price you will pay to launch one or more Spot Instances. If your maximum price exceeds the current Spot price and your restrictions are met, Amazon EC2 launches instances on your behalf.

maximum send rate

The maximum number of email messages that you can send per second using Amazon SES.

mebibyte

(MiB)

A contraction of mega binary byte, a mebibyte is 2^20 or 1,048,576 bytes. A megabyte (MB) is 10^6 or 1,000,000 bytes. 1,024 MiB is a gibibyte.

member resources

See resource.

message ID

Amazon Simple Email Service (Amazon SES): A unique identifier that is assigned to every email message that is sent.

Amazon Simple Queue Service (Amazon SQS): The identifier returned when you send a message to a queue.

metadata

Information about other data or objects. In Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3) and Amazon EMR (Amazon EMR) metadata takes the form of name–value pairs that describe the object. These include default metadata such as the date last modified and standard HTTP metadata such as Content-Type. Users can also specify custom metadata at the time they store an object. In Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) metadata includes data about an EC2 instance that the instance can retrieve to determine things about itself, such as the instance type, the IP address, and so on.

metric

An element of time-series data defined by a unique combination of exactly one namespace, exactly one metric name, and between zero and ten dimensions. Metrics and the statistics derived from them are the basis of Amazon CloudWatch.

metric name

The primary identifier of a metric, used in combination with a namespace and optional dimensions.

MFA

See multi-factor authentication (MFA).

micro instance

A type of EC2 instance that is more economical to use if you have occasional bursts of high CPU activity.

MIME

See Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME).

ML model

In machine learning (ML), a mathematical model that generates predictions by finding patterns in data. Amazon Machine Learning supports three types of ML models: binary classification, multiclass classification, and regression. Also known as a predictive model.

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namespace

An abstract container that provides context for the items (names, or technical terms, or words) it holds, and allows disambiguation of homonym items residing in different namespaces.

NAT

Network address translation. A strategy of mapping one or more IP addresses to another while data packets are in transit across a traffic routing device. This is commonly used to restrict internet communication to private instances while allowing outgoing traffic.

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object

Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3): The fundamental entity type stored in Amazon S3. Objects consist of object data and metadata. The data portion is opaque to Amazon S3.

Amazon CloudFront: Any entity that can be served either over HTTP or a version of RTMP.

observation

Amazon Machine Learning: A single instance of data that Amazon Machine Learning (Amazon ML) uses to either train a machine learning model how to predict or to generate a prediction. Each row in an Amazon ML input data file is an observation.

On-Demand Instance

An Amazon EC2 pricing option that charges you for compute capacity by the hour with no long-term commitment.

operation

An API function. Also called an action.

optimistic locking

A strategy to ensure that an item that you want to update has not been modified by others before you perform the update. For Amazon DynamoDB, optimistic locking support is provided by the AWS SDKs.

organization

AWS Organizations: An entity that you create to consolidate and manage your AWS accounts. An organization has one master account along with zero or more member accounts.

organizational unit

AWS Organizations: A container for accounts within a root of an organization. An organizational unit (OU) can contain other OUs.

origin access identity

Also called OAI. When using Amazon CloudFront to serve content with an Amazon S3 bucket as the origin, a virtual identity that you use to require users to access your content through CloudFront URLs instead of Amazon S3 URLs. Usually used with CloudFront private content.

origin server

The Amazon S3 bucket or custom origin containing the definitive original version of the content you deliver through CloudFront.

original environment

The instances in a deployment group at the start of an AWS CodeDeploy blue/green deployment.

OSB transformation

Orthogonal sparse bigram transformation. In machine learning, a transformation that aids in text string analysis and that is an alternative to the n-gram transformation. OSB transformations are generated by sliding the window of size n words over the text, and outputting every pair of words that includes the first word in the window.

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pagination

The process of responding to an API request by returning a large list of records in small separate parts. Pagination can occur in the following situations:

The client sets the maximum number of returned records to a value below the total number of records.
The service has a default maximum number of returned records that is lower than the total number of records.

When an API response is paginated, the service sends a subset of the large list of records and a pagination token that indicates that more records are available. The client includes this pagination token in a subsequent API request, and the service responds with the next subset of records. This continues until the service responds with a subset of records and no pagination token, indicating that all records have been sent.

pagination token

A marker that indicates that an API response contains a subset of a larger list of records. The client can return this marker in a subsequent API request to retrieve the next subset of records until the service responds with a subset of records and no pagination token, indicating that all records have been sent.