Two Romans Inscriptions from Jibou, Sălaj County.

INSTITUTE OF ARCHEOLOGY AND ART HISTORY OF ROMANIAN ACADEMY CLUJ-NAPOCA Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology N o. 1 2–3/2025 CONTENTS Salih SOSLU STUDIES A GROUP OF GOLD EARRINGS FROM BURDUR MUSEUM AND ARCHAEOMETRY ANALYSIS (TÜRKIYE) 184 ANCIENT HISTORY Fevziye EKER, Kasım EKER Serkan DEMIREL HORSES IN HITTITE SOCIETY: STATUS, SYMBOLISM AND UTILITY 3 A GROUP OF BOTTLES FROM THE LATE ANTIQUE GLASS COLLECTION OF TOKAT MUSEUM 200 Stanislav GRIGORIEV THRACIANS IN THE EAST. CULTURAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE LATE BRONZE AGE OF KAZAKHSTAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIAL AND REPORTS 13 Erdal KAYA LEGIONARY GARRISON AND AUXILIARY FORTS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN ARMENIA MINOR* Radu OTA, Ilie LASCU ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN CANABAE/MUNICIPIUM SEPTIMIUM APULENSE-SOUTHERN SECTOR 206 39 ARCHAEOLOGICAL MAPPING Mihaela IACOB, Daniela Florina LUNGU, Flavia Maria BARBU, Constantin Viorel MARIAN MUNICIPIUM NOVIODUNUM (IN MOESIA INFERIOR) DURING THE PRINCIPATE PERIOD: ARCHAEOLOGICAL PRESENTATION USING COMPUTER SOLUTIONS, EPIGRAPHIC AND NUMISMATIC DOCUMENTATION Ana ODOCHICIUC, Alin MIHU-PINTILIE, Lucrețiu MIHAILESCU-BÎRLIBA 55 MAPPING HINTERLAND RESOURCES IN THE RURAL LANDSCAPE OF GREEK POLEIS ISTROS AND TOMIS DURING THE ROMAN PERIOD 225 ARCHAEOMETRY ARCHAEOLOGY Ioan Alexandru BĂRBAT, Corina Anca SIMION, Tiberiu Bogdan SAVA, Oana GÂZA, Cristian MĂNĂILESCU, Maria Valentina ILIE Cristian Ioan POPA CUGIR III BRONZE HOARD. AND SOME ADDITIONS REGARDING THE BRONZE HOARDS FROM CUGIR 72 Zhuldyzay KISHKENBAYEVA, Sergey YARYGIN, Sergazy SAKENOV IMAGES IN THE SAKA ANIMAL STYLE OF TAUSAMALY (EASTERN ZHETYSU REGION, KAZAKHSTAN) 101 DISCOVERING A NEW EARLY STARČEVO-CRIȘ SITE IN SOUTHWESTERN TRANSYLVANIA AT FOLT-SUB VII (HUNEDOARA COUNTY, ROMANIA) AND A PROCEDURE FOR DATING EARLY NEOLITHIC SHARD SAMPLES 243 EPIGRAPHY AND PAPYROLOGY Jerónimo SÁNCHEZ-VELASCO, Leticia TOBALINA-PULIDO THE LATE ROMAN MAUSOLEUM OF SÁDABA (ZARAGOZA, SPAIN). NEW SCIENTIFIC INTERPRETATIONS OF THE MONUMENT 118 ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIAL A NEW FRAGMENT OF A MILITARY DIPLOMA FOR THE EQUITES SINGULARES AUGUSTI 256 Ioan PISO, Sorin COCIȘ, Vlad-Andrei LĂZĂRESCU, Sergiu-Traian SOCACIU Roxana CIRȚ POST-FIRING INTERVENTIONS ON LA TÈNE POTTERY FROM THE EASTERN CARPATHIAN BASIN: MENDING PRACTICES 129 TWO ROMAN INSCRIPTIONS FROM JIBOU, SĂLAJ COUNTY 259 NUMISMATICS Alexandru BERZOVAN, Bogdan PETRU, NICULICĂ, Constantin APARASCHIVEI Cristian GĂZDAC, Claudiu PURDEA REVISITING OLDER DISCOVERIES. THE LATE IRON AGE FINDS FROM BOSANCI AND VORNICENII MICI (SUCEAVA COUNTY) 144 Hasan Ertuğ ERGÜRER, Deniz Berk TOKBUDAK A NEW ROMAN IMPERIAL PORTRAIT FROM SYEDRA Peter ROTHENHÖFER, Florian MATEI-POPESCU NUMISMATICS AND FORENSICS: OPERATION DACIAN GOLD. THE HOARD GRĂDIŞTEA DE MUNTE – ‘TIMIŞOARA AIRPORT’ 266 KASIM OYARÇİN, YAVUZ YEĞİN 155 AN EVALUATION OF THE OLBA NYMPHAEUM AND COINS Aleksandr SYMONENKO THE TERRA SIGILLATA TABLE AMPHORAE AMONG NORTH PONTIC BARBARIANS OF ROMAN AGE 162 Dávid PETRUȚ, Sorin COCIȘ DOMESTIC LIGHTING IN ROMAN NAPOCA (II). LAMPS DISCOVERED ON VARIOUS SITES IN AND AROUND THE ROMAN CITY (CLUJ-NAPOCA, ROMANIA) 170 294 REVIEWS Dan DEAC Isis, Sarapis And The Waves Of The Black Sea. V. Atanassova, L. Bricault (eds.), Egyptian Cults on the Black Sea Coast / Египетските култове по крайбрежието на Черно море, Institute of Balkan Studies with Center of Thracology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences / École française d’Athènes Sofia, ISBN 978-619-7179-45-3; ISBN 978-2-86958-630-7, “Paradigma” Publishing House, 2024, 194 p. 304 ISSN 2360 266x ISSN–L 2360 266x Design & layout: Francisc Baja Editura Mega | www.edituramega.ro e-mail: [email protected] TWO ROMAN INSCRIPTIONS FROM JIBOU, SĂLAJ COUNTY Ioan PISO Babeș-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca, Romania [email protected] Sorin COCIȘ Institute of Archaeology and History of Art Cluj-Napoca, Romania [email protected] Abstract: In 2025, restoration works on the Reformed Church of Jibou revealed two Roman inscriptions embedded within its southern buttresses. The church itself, first mentioned in 1460 and later passing to the Reformed community, has undergone numerous renovations, which likely facilitated the reuse of ancient materials. The two inscriptions are believed to have originated from Porolissum, a major Roman center near Jibou. The first, carved on limestone, is a fragmentary votive and construction text that follows established dedicatory formulas, suggesting the restoration of a sanctuary under the Severan dynasty. The second, a marble fragment, points to a taurobolic altar dedicated to Magna Mater, an extraordinary find given the rarity of marble in Dacia. Both pieces highlight the circulation and reuse of Roman monuments in later medieval contexts. Their integration into the church masonry predates antiquarian collecting, testifying to practical, rather than scholarly, reuse. Keywords: Roman Dacia, epigraphy, Porolissum, Roman religion, Dacia Porolissensis. THE CHURCH IN JIBOU The two inscriptions were (Fig. 1/a-b) uncovered in 2025, embedded in the outer wall of the Reformed Church at Jibou, Sălaj County.1 The church is composed of a western tower, a rectangular nave articulated by buttresses, and a chancel terminating in a polygonal apse, likewise flanked by buttresses, to which a southern portico was later added. The earliest indirect reference to the building dates from 1460. It came into the possession of the Reformed community in the 1550s. The edifice was twice devastated, in 1658 and 1705, before undergoing a massive restoration in 1749 under the patronage of István Wesselényi and his wife, Polixénia Daniel. Subsequent major campaigns of renovation took place in 1772, 1879, 1887, and 1892.2 During the restoration works performed in 2025, the exterior plaster of the church’s southern façade was removed. This intervention revealed, in situ within the masonry of two buttresses, three fragmentary epigraphic monuments, two of which date to the Roman period and constitute the focus of the present study (Fig. 1/c-d). The precise chronology of the integration of these epigraphic monuments into the buttress masonry cannot be established, but it is most likely that they were reused during one of the renovation campaigns noted above, probably in the second half of the 15th century.3 The two The church stands in the town center, at 1 Decembrie 1918 Street, no. 15, just south of the road junction with Libertății Street and 1 Mai Street. We would like to thank our colleagues Dan Culic (DJC Sălaj) and Emődi Tamás (SC Restitutor Pro SRL) for drawing our attention to these finds. 2 POP/COCIȘ 2019, 284. 3 We warmly thank our colleague Dr. Ciprian Firea (Institute of Archaeology and History of 1 No. 12–3/2025 Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology 259 Vlad-Andrei LĂZĂRESCU Institute of Archaeology and History of Art Cluj-Napoca, Romania [email protected] Sergiu-Traian SOCACIU Institute of Archaeology and History of Art Cluj-Napoca, Romania [email protected] St u dies inscriptions may have been transported from one of the two Roman sites near Jibou, namely Tihău or Porolissum. As will be shown below, the complex nature of the two Roman texts, decisively favors Porolissum as their source. It should also be noted that this important military and civilian center had been known since the 18th century,4 serving as a quarry for building material. Moreover, the Wesselényi-Teleki family of Jibou owned properties in this area, from which they assembled an important archaeological collection.5 However, the manner in which the two epigraphic fragments were worked and set into the church masonry, as well as the fact that they were subsequently covered with plaster, suggests that these interventions occurred before the antiquarian phase of archaeological collecting. INSCRIPTION NO. 1 (Fig. 2/a) Votive and construction inscription, limestone; parallelepiped-shaped block, lower left corner cut. Preserves faint traces of line 1, left halves of lines 2–3, and a single letter trace from what is considered the final line. The epigraphic field was framed by borders, which were flattened for reuse as a building block. This intervention is evident for the left border and also very likely for the lower border. Dimensions: 30 × 51 cm. Writing: well executed letters, approximately 4.5 cm high; line 2: hedera between letters O and E; curious dividing mark between I and C. It is certain that the first letters of lines 2 and 3 are V and N, aligned on the same vertical axis to the right of the former border. Equally certain is that in line 3, E is followed by an I and not a T; to be compared with the T in line 2. The fragment belongs to a broad category of votive and construction inscriptions, which record that a sanctuary, long fallen into ruin, consumed by fire or destroyed by the violence of enemies (vetustate dilapsum, conlapsum, vi ignis consumptum, etc.), was restored by a benefactor or a military unit. It is expected that the text will follow a formula similar to that of a construction inscription from Porolissum. Discovered by Constantin Daicoviciu in 1939 during excavations at the Temple of Bêl, it was submitted for publication to his friend Artur Stein.6 Like the inscription from Jibou, it was carved on a limestone slab. The text of this reads as follows:7 Art Cluj-Napoca) for providing the reading of another inscription, written in Gothic characters, discovered on the same façade and bearing the date 1471/1474. Our colleague will also publish a dedicated study addressing all the medieval and Renaissance elements uncovered on this occasion. 4 GUDEA 1989, 33. 5 The collection began to be assembled in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Gróf Teleki Domokos conducted an initial excavation at Porolissum as early as August 1907, donating all finds to the Wesselényi-Teleki family. Later, in 1958, Anna Teleki contributed a significant portion of this collection to the newly founded County Museum of History and Art in Zalău, where it became a central component of the museum’s general holdings, see TELEKI 1908, 260; VERESS 1983; GUDEA 1989, 23, 37; HEGYI/KOVÁCS 2012; FÁBIÁN 2020. 6 STEIN 1944, 63; STEIN 1945, 3–4, fig. 1 (photo); For details regarding the circumstances of discovery, see DAICOVICIU 1953, 268 not mentioned in OPREANU/TALOȘ 2020, 102. 7 From the extensive literature on the subject, we may refer to AE 1977, 666; PISO 1980, 277–280; AE 1980, 755; GUDEA 1989, 762, no 10; PISO 1993, 260 Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology Pro salute [I]mp(eratoris) M(arci) Aur[eli(i)] Antonini Aug(usti) pii fel(icis) deo patrio Belo n(umerus) Pal(myrenorum) sagit(tariorum) templum vi ignis consumptum 5 pecunia sua restituer(unt) dedicante [[C(aio) ?] I[ul(io) Sept(imio) Cast ?]ino] co(n)s(ulari) III Daci[ar(um) M(arco) ?] Ulpio Victore proc(uratore) Aug(usti) prov[inc(iae) Por]ol(issensis) cura agente T(ito) Fl(avio) Saturn[ino (centurione) le]g(ionis) V Mac(edonicae) p(iae) c(onstantis). We are dealing with one of the most important texts concerning both the military life and organization of Dacia, as well as Palmyrene religion, while using the following pattern: the name of the deity; the dedication pro salute Imperatoris; the name of the benefactor, who is also the subject of the sentence; the building and its condition, functioning as a direct object in the accusative; and, mandatory, the predicate, which may be followed by the circumstances of the votive act – for example, the dedicator, the person or unit who carried out the work, the source of funding, the possible dating through the ordinary consuls, etc., which are all optional elements. Let us consider to what extent this formula can be applied to the inscription from Jibou. In the second part of line 1, we may expect the accusative [templum], preceded by the nominative name of the benefactor or of the unit that carried out the operation. Working backwards, in the lost lines we would find the dedicatory formula pro salute Imperatoris, preceded by the name of the deity to whom the sanctuary belonged. There is no reason to doubt the reading dilapsum or conlapsum after line 2. However, a two-letter space remains at the end of the line, where we see the beginning of an adverb continuing in line 3 – de|nuo. This indicates that the work was carried out anew, from a fresh beginning,8 a formula frequently encountered in inscriptions of this type.9 Following this adverb is the dative pronoun ei, referring to the deity to whom the sanctuary belonged. Not only was the sanctuary restored, but also an annex connected to it by the conjunction c[um]. We can invoke multiple possibilities, such as cum columnis, cum porticibus, cum adyto, cum scalis, etc., but the exact term cannot be determined. This missing text fills the second half of line 3 and possibly part of line 4. If, as we suspect, this is the last line of the inscription, it contains a predicate such as fecit, refecit, or restituit, together with a circumstance such as pecunia sua fecit. Considering all of the above, fragment no. 1 may be read as follows (Fig. 2/b): [- - - - - - ] [pro salute Imp(eratoris) - - - ] [...]ạẹ [- - - templum(?)] vetustat[e dilapsum de]nuo ei c[um - - - ] [- - - restituit(?) - - - ]. 179, no 10; REUTER 1999, 529–530, no 148; ILD I 663; CARBÓ GARCÍA 2010a, 912–913, no 213; GOREA 2010, 144; HD-005830; EDCS-09300004. 8 See Oxford Latin Dictionary, Oxford 1968, 517: dēnuō < de novo. 9 AE 1904, 21 = ILAlg I 3875 = ILS 9374 (Ain Berda): - - - ponti[b]us denuo fac[ti]s - - - ; CIL VIII 16411 = ILTun I 1568 = AE 1927, 36 (Turris Rutunda): - - - pro salute Imp(eratoris) - - - templum de[lapsum] denuo sua pecunia fecerunt cum columnis ornatis - - - ; CIL XIII 5373 = ILS 4598 (Vesontio): - - - templum et porticus vetustate conlapsum denuo de suo restituit - - - . No. 12–3/2025 St u dies The temple may have been located, like the one dedicated to Bêl, in the vicus militaris, but just as well in the municipium Septimium.10 As for the date of the temple’s reconstruction, the formula of the inscription points rather to the period beginning with the reign of Commodus, and especially to the Severan dynasty.11 Most likely, as in the case of the temple of Bêl, it belongs to the reign of Caracalla (A.D. 212–217). INSCRIPTION NO. 2 (Fig. 3) Fragment of a marble slab, lower central part of the inscribed field, reused as a building block. Five letters of the last line of the inscription are preserved, while a significant part of the inscribed field remained unused. We must stress the fact that at Porolissum marble was difficult to obtain and was employed only for artefacts of exceptional importance, or was brought here in the form of small finished items.12 Dimensions: 35 × 25 cm. Writing: the letters measure 5–5.5 cm. The first question we raised was whether this might be a medieval inscription. After a thorough examination of the letterforms, we concluded that they can hardly be medieval and instead display the shapes and features of Roman provincial script. For example, one may note the exaggerated extension of the lower bar of L and the absence of a crossbar in A. An attempt to identify traces of a letter in the fracture on the left yielded no result. As for the fracture on the right, it can be stated with certainty that A was not followed by any vertical hasta. For this reason, we can rule out a name such as Policarpus, which in any case was correctly spelled Polycarpus.13 On the other hand, the letter A may have been followed by an M with an oblique left hasta, as was customary in Roman script. The most straightforward reading would be [apost]olica or [cat(h)]olica. However, as these terms were not in use before the 4th century AD, a provenance from Dacia in this case must be excluded. Equally unsuitable is the adjective anabolicus, -a, -um, which refers to the transport on the Nile of various goods required by the Romans.14 A more plausible solution may be sought in the realm of religion. The taurobolium was a ritual specific to Magna Mater (Cybele) and Attis, promoted to a prominent position within the official Roman religion during the reign of Antoninus Pius.15 It is not the term taurobolium itself that could be For the timing of the separation of the two entities, see PISO 2001, 228–257; PISO 2005, 475–485; cf. OPREANU/LĂZĂRESCU 2016, 116–118. 11 See EDCS. 12 MÜLLER et alii 2012, 75–76, 109–114. 13 For Polycarpus (= Πολύκαρπος) see PAPE 1884, 1225–1226. We have not considered certain extremely rare names from other regions, such as Mocolica, see CIL V 450 = InscrIt X/3, 143 (Piquentum): Mocolica | Moliavi f(ilia) | Pepa an(norum) LXV[...]. It would be difficult to account for the presence of such uncommon names in the final line of a marble inscription from Porolissum. 14 Vop., Aur. 45, 1: Vectigal ex Aegypto urbi Romae Aurelianus vitri, chartae, lini, stuppae atque anabolicas species aeternas constituit; Ulp., Frg. Vat. 137: Anabolicarii a tutelis curationibusque habent vacationem; see ThesLL I, 13; W. Kubitschek, RE /1 (1894), 2016. Alternative meanings such as anabolium (ἀναβολεύς, ἀναβολαῖα) – surgical implement (Mau, RE I/1 (1894), 2016) – or ἀναβολεύς – «one who assists another in mounting (a horse)» (Droysen, RE I/1 (1894), 2015–2016) – deserve just as little attention. 15 From the extensive literature on this subject, see H. Oppermann, RE VA1 (1934), 161–21; GARCÍA y BELLIDO 1967, 42–63; DUTHOY 1969; HENIG 10 included in the Jibou inscription, but rather the adjective [taurob]olica[m], derived from it. For the highly complex and deeply meaningful sacrifice of the bull, a special altar was used, presumably of very large dimensions, such as that mentioned, for example, in an inscription from Vesunna:16 Numinib(us) Aug(ustorum) et Magn(a)e Matri deum Aug(ustae) L(ucius) Pompon(ius) Sext(i) Pompon(ii) Paterni sacerdot(is) Arens(is) fil(ius) Quir(ina) Paternus aram taurob(olicam) posuit dedicavitque. From what is known concerning the taurobolium, it should be noted that this sacrifice was performed for the numina Augustorum as part of the imperial cult.17 But what is striking in the case of the Jibou inscription is the use of marble (a material seldom attested at Porolissum), the placement of the term under discussion at the end of the text, as though only the predicate fecit or dedit were missing, as well as the large area of unused space within the inscribed field. We may therefore venture, with some justification, to suggest that we are dealing with a slab belonging to such an altar. In this specific case, the reading may be proposed as follows: [- - - - - - ] [aram taurob]olica[m(?) fecit(?)]. In this case, the name of the benefactor would have appeared in the preceding line, and the altar would have been dedicated pro salute Imperatoris or numinibus Imperatorum. Given that only five letters were available, the proposed solution should be considered more as an epigraphic exercise rather than as a certainty. REFERENCES ALVAR 2008 Alvar, J., Romanising Oriental Gods. Myth, Salvation and Ethics in the Cult of Cybele, Isis and Mithras (Leiden – Boston: Brill). CARBÓ GARCÍA 2010a Carbó García, J. R., Los cultos orientales en la Dacia romana. Formas de diffusión, integración y control social e ideológico (Salamanca: Ed. Universidad de Salamanca). CARBÓ GARCÍA 2010b Carbó García, J. R., Studying Roman Cults of Eastern Origin in Dacia, Ephemeris Napocensis 20, 61–100. DAICOVICIU 1953 DAICOVICIU, C., Porolissum. Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft XXII, 1, 265–270. DUTHOY 1969 R. Duthoy, The taurobolium: its evolution and terminology (Leiden: Brill). 1984, 100; ALVAR 2008, 63–73, 361–292; CARBÓ GARCÍA 2010 b, 67–68, with further reading suggestions. 16 CIL XII 11042 = ILS 9278 = AE 1957, 226 (Vesunna / Périgueux); to be compared with CIL II 5260 (Aug. Emerita): aram taurobolii sui natalicii redditi. For such an ara taurobolica see SCHUDDEBORN 2009, 232, 235. 17 For this relation, see FISHWICK 1991, 393–394. No. 12–3/2025 Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology 261 St u dies FÁBIÁN 2020 Fábián, I., Activitatea arheologică a contelui Teleki Domokos. Libraria. Studii și cercetări de bibliologie 18–19, 223–229. FISHWICK 1991 Fishwick, D., The Imperial Cult in the Latin West I–II, (Leiden – New York – København – Köln: Brill). GARCÍA y BELLIDO 1967 García y Bellido, A., Les religions orientales dans l’Espagne romaine (Leiden: Brill). GOREA 2010 Gorea, M., Considérations sur la politisation de la religion à Palmyre et sur la dévotion militaire des Palmyréniens en Dacie, Semitica et Classica 3, 125–162. GUDEA 1989 N. Gudea, Porolissum, un complex arheologic daco-roman la marginea de nord a Imperiului Roman (Zalău: Ed. Muzeului Județean de Istorie și Artă Zalău) (= Acta Musei Porolissensis 13). HEGYI/KOVÁCS 2012 Hegyi, G./Kovács, W. A. (eds.), A Szilágyság és a Wesselényi család (14–17. század) (Cluj-Napoca: Erdélyi Múzeum-Egyesület). HENIG 1984 Henig, M., Religion in Roman Britain (London: Taylor and Francis). MÜLLER et alii 2012 Müller, H./Piso, I./Schwaighofer, B./Benea, M., Der Marmor im römischen Dakien (Cluj-Napoca: Mega). OPREANU/LĂZĂRESCU 2016 Opreanu, C. H./Lăzărescu, V.-A., Landscape Archaeology on the Northern Frontier of the Roman Empire at Porolissum (ClujNapoca: Mega). OPREANU/TALOȘ 2020 Opreanu, C. H./Taloș, F., The Complex of Bel at Porolissum. 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REUTER 1999 Reuter, M., Studien zu den numeri des römischen Heeres in der Mittleren Kaiserzeit. Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission 80, 357–569. SCHUDDEBORN 2009 Schuddeborn, F. I., Greek Religions Terminology. Telete & Orgia (Leiden – Boston: Brill). STEIN 1944 Stein, A., Die Reichsbeamten von Dazien (Budapest: Dissertationes Pannonicae). STEIN 1945 Stein, A., Dacien nach dem Bruderkrieg im Hause des Severus. Anuarul Comisiunii Monumentelor Istorice. Secţia pentru Transilvania V (Cluj – Sibiu 1942). TELEKI 1907 Teleki, D., Porolissumi ásatások. Erdélyi Múzeum 25, 4, 260. VERESS 1983 Veress, D., Wesselényi Miklós (Budapest: Móra Ferenc Ifjúsági Könyvkiadó). No. 12–3/2025 St u dies Fig. 1. No. 12–3/2025 Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology 263 St u dies Fig. 2. 264 Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology No. 12–3/2025 St u dies Fig. 3. No. 12–3/2025 Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology 265