8051 Microcontroller

Pero volvamos a 1897. Ese mismo año, cuando Freud comenzó su «autoanálisis», Emile Durkheim publicó un estudio modelo para la sociología. Fue un estudio que puso en práctica las reglas de un nuevo método sociológico, indicando, por primera vez, el carácter no individualmente consciente del hecho social y su determinación. El tema de este estudio es el suicidio, y la tesis de Durkheim era que su ocurrencia tiende a permanecer constante a lo largo del tiempo, con oscilaciones que finalmente se disipan al considerar períodos más largos. Esta regularidad se explica por la tendencia al equilibrio recíproco de tres inclinaciones colectivas que se expresan en el acto suicida.(...)
Precisamente en 1848, la tasa de suicidios disminuyó drásticamente en esas mismas regiones. El año 1848 fue un período histórico clave de diversas convulsiones sociales que culminaron en el establecimiento de regímenes liberales. Fue un año de gran indeterminación e incertidumbre. ¿Por qué, entonces, en el momento de mayor "inseguridad" habría una tasa de suicidios menor, en lugar de mayor?

Real-time operating system (RTOS) is a very useful tool for developing the application on embedded boards with least software development effort. Though number of RTOS products are available in the market, µC/OS-II is a freeware with minimum facility and more popular among the hobbyist, researchers and small embedded system developers. The µC/OS-II supports preemptive scheduling which is not efficient with respect to processor utilization. As a result, this may lead to missing deadline of the task assigned and hence may cause system failure. In this paper, a Rate Monotonic scheduling (RM), which is a better scheduling method when compared to preemptive technique, is implemented on µC/OS-II and its operation in terms of task execution and processor utilization are discussed. This paper presents the RM Analysis (RMA) on µC/OS-II with two different types of hardware: 1) Low end microcontroller i.e., 8051 based system and 2) High end system based on ARM9 is used. For the demonstration of RM Analysis, two tasks, namely, 1) Advanced encryption standard (AES) and 2) Text message display and graphic display are implemented. The software tools Keil IDE, SDCC compiler and Phillips Flash Magic are used for implementation of tasks on 8051 embedded development board. The ARM developers Suite v1.2 and DNW are used for implementation of tasks on ARM9 development board. In addition to the above said tasks, additional tasks like Real time clock interface, graphical LCD interface and UART interface for communication with computer are also implemented. The scaled-version of µC/OS-II with multiple tasks uses 4 kB of flash and 512 bytes of RAM in 8051 board. The entire MUCOS RTOS in ARM9 with multiple tasks uses 29.23 kB of flash and 596.36 kB of RAM. The results obtained indicate optimum utilization of processor with RMA scheduler for realizing low cost software for developing the application on embedded boards with least software development effort.

Most of the weighing machines available currently are the analogue types. Analogue weighing machines are often not very accurate and convenient to read. In this research, analogue weighing machine was obtained from the market and converted to a digital type. To do this, the extension of the spring in the analogue weighing machine was first converted into voltage using a simple voltage divider circuit. The output of the voltage divider (transducer) was then fed into a microcontroller that converts the analogue voltage into a corresponding digital value using the internal ADC embedded in a microcontroller. The microcontroller was programmed to display the mass and the corresponding weight of the measured weight simultaneously on a Liquid Crystal Display(LCD device). The readings of the digital weighing machine produced were used to compare that of a standard weighing type. The result showed that there was a mean deviation of 1.44Kg between the readings of the modified scale and the analogue type which served as the control. A simple product moment correlation coefficient was used to compare the two readings and the result obtained indicated that there was a near perfect correlation (0.9998) between the readings of the two scales.

This paper presents the design and development of a microcontroller-based bi-directional infrared object counter aimed at providing an efficient and cost-effective solution for tracking object or human movement in real-time. Previous studies employing bi-directional counting techniques operate on estimation, range or approximation, just for the purpose of hall services control. Attention was not given to the accuracy of counting of such systems. This study employs a pair of infrared transmitter-receiver sensors strategically positioned to detect the direction of motion by analyzing the sequence of beam interruptions. It uses a PIC18F4550 microcontroller which processes the signals to increment or decrement entry and exit counts accordingly and displays the result on a digital seven-segment interface. Its modular and compact design allows for easy adaptation across diverse applications such as room occupancy monitoring, crowd and control access. The system was subjected to test environment, the test was carried out across 10 test cycles simulating human-like movement. The system recorded 100% accuracy of count for 9 test cycles and only misses a count in one cycle. This shows an overall average accuracy of 97.5% within a response time of 200 ms as a result of the high processing speed of PIC18F4550. Thus, the logic for bidirectional detection functions satisfactorily within human walking speed.

Durkheim y Freud: el suicidio Parte del libro de Christian Dunker "La constitución de la clínica psicoanalítica" Pero volvamos a 1897. Ese mismo año, cuando Freud comenzó su «autoanálisis», Emile Durkheim publicó un estudio modelo para la sociología. Fue un estudio que puso en práctica las reglas de un nuevo método sociológico, indicando, por primera vez, el carácter no individualmente consciente del hecho social y su determinación. El tema de este estudio es el suicidio, y la tesis de Durkheim era que su ocurrencia tiende a permanecer constante a lo largo del tiempo, con oscilaciones que finalmente se disipan al considerar períodos más largos. Esta regularidad se explica por la tendencia al equilibrio recíproco de tres inclinaciones colectivas que se expresan en el acto suicida.

Design principles and microelectronic parts of sensor devices signal transducers (including thermo-magneto-, photo- measuring converters) meeting requirements of up-to-date low-voltage energy-efficient apparatus driven and fed through USB port are considered. It is shown that such sensors in order to providing high technical characteristics have to have possibility of high-precision functional transductions at low-voltage unipolar supply source (5 V or less), consume small power (tens of mW or less) and be compatible with USB interface.

Traditional supermarkets face several challenges, such as restricted shopping hours and long checkout queues, which negatively impact the consumer experience. To address these issues, this paper proposes an intelligent unmanned supermarket system based on the Internet of Things (IoT) and human hand bionics. The system consists of merchandise shelves, handling trolleys, storage cabinets, and servers, interconnected via a local area network (LAN). Each product is tagged with a barcode, stored in a database, and serves as the smallest IoT node, enabling seamless product identification and tracking.The system integrates multiple technologies, including image recognition, location navigation, Wi-Fi communication, and barcode scanning, with a Raspberry PI 3B and a 32-bit microcontroller serving as the core control units. This architecture resolves key challenges in automation, communication, and inventory management, ultimately enabling autonomous product retrieval, transportation, and real-time stock monitoring.

Driver drowsiness is a significant factor in vehicular accidents and therefore different technologies are being put in place to bring it to the barest minimum. This paper takes in-depth look at vehicle accident prevention system using wireless technology, eye blink sensor and automatic braking system to ensure that the vehicle slows down and comes to a halt when drowsiness is detected, and the system (circuit) is not reset within the threshold period programmed in the microcontroller of the system. The wireless technology which is the backbone of this project work was achieve through radio frequency wave, is then used to send an information (slow down there is halt car ahead) to other vehicles at a transmission distance of wavelength 0.69m with a frequency of 433MHZ. simulation software (Proteus) was used to critically analyzed the model of the design of the vehicle accidents prevention system using wireless technology. It was ascertained from the results that the vehicle accidents ...

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) implemented in the paradigm of the Internet of Things (IoT) are characterized by a large number of distributed sensor nodes that make measurements in-the-field and communicate with other sensor nodes and servers in the cloud by means of wireless technology. Sensor-to-microcontroller direct interface (SMDI) is a technique used for the measurement of resistive sensors without the use of an ADC. In SMDI-based measurements, the sensor is directly interfaced with the digital input-output pins of the general-purpose input-output (GPIO) interface of microcontrollers and FPGAs. Compared with the measurements performed with an ADC, SMDI is characterized by lower cost and lower power consumption. In this paper, the impact of noise on the accuracy of resistive sensor measurements using SMDI is investigated. This study was carried out by LTSpice electrical-level simulations and validated by preliminary experimental measurements, where a set of resistances in the range from 100 Ω to 10 kΩ were measured by SMDI under different levels of noise. For each operative condition, the simulations were also carried out in the case of measurements performed with a 12-bit ADC, and the achieved accuracy for the measured resistances was compared with the results achieved by SMDI. The results have shown that noise can seriously impact the measured accuracy of resistive sensors by SMDI and, unlike the ADC measurements, the accuracy cannot be improved by averaging on multiple measurements. A mitigation strategy to estimate the noise level and to improve the measurement accuracy of resistive sensors by SMDI was also proposed.

Driver drowsiness is a significant factor in vehicular accidents and therefore different technologies are being put in place to bring it to the barest minimum. This paper takes in-depth look at vehicle accident prevention system using wireless technology, eye blink sensor and automatic braking system to ensure that the vehicle slows down and comes to a halt when drowsiness is detected, and the system (circuit) is not reset within the threshold period programmed in the microcontroller of the system. The wireless technology which is the backbone of this project work was achieve through radio frequency wave, is then used to send an information (slow down there is halt car ahead) to other vehicles at a transmission distance of wavelength 0.69m with a frequency of 433MHZ. simulation software (Proteus) was used to critically analyzed the model of the design of the vehicle accidents prevention system using wireless technology. It was ascertained from the results that the vehicle accidents ...

This research explores the development of a smart home system specifically designed to improve the safety, comfort, and independence of elderly individuals. By integrating technologies such as motion detectors, intelligent lighting, voice assistants, and remote monitoring, the system enhances day-today living and personal security for senior residents.

In order to save numerous man power hours fritter away to monitor various process parameters in industries whole day, the design presented in this paper gives solution to acquire data at desired rate and monitor fault with alarm system. The design introduces wireless information flow between on field acquisition and remote monitoring part at the office. D SP processor TM S320F2812 which is a very low cost DSP processor; with its 32-bit CPU timer offer real time operation utilizing interrupts. The design presented gives multi edge benefits of signal processing besides employing wireless medium for remote transmission of acquired data in highly secured medium. Cypress made Radio Frequency transceiver CYWU SB6935 using Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) modulation interfaced with DSP processor using Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI). The design represents extended External Interface (XINTF) of the DSP processor by means of programming CPLD XCR3256. The data is available to the monitoring computer on one press of button without laying long cables in maladroit industry environment. This leads towards automation and cost saving solution for industries. It can be modified to handle very low sampling rate creating database of long time as well as to the real time alarm generation system. The design can be enhanced for various applications like remote security system, RF counting of inventory, traffic monitoring system, weather control system and many more.

Using equations (i) and (ii), we can write RHS of above equation as, I(x 1 ,x 2 ) = I(x 1 ) + I(x 2 ) Hence Proved In a practical communication system, we usually transmit long sequence of symbols from an information sources. Thus, we are more interested in the average information that a source produces than the information content of a single symbol. In order to get the information content of the symbol, we take notice of the fact that the flow of information in a system can fluctuate widely because of randomness involved into the selection of the symbols. Thus, we require to talk about the average information content of the symbols in a long message. Thus, for quantitative representation of average information per symbol we make the following assumptions: (i) The source is stationary so that the probabilities may remain constant with time.

In public transport system, particularly in bus collecting ticket is really a problematic issue. Transport Company has to employ one or two personnel for this purpose. They have to knock everybody for this purpose. It is very common practice for few people to travel without ticket or do not give proper fare. Sometimes there is a rough argument during the journey regarding fare. Also bus personnel have to monitor whether a person has purchased ticket or not. Again having no government authority to take control or keep an eye over the whole scenario, the private sectors are creating a monopoly, taking control over the public transport and autocratic raise in bus fare. To overcome this problem, RFID technology can be used. RFID technology has long been recognized as an efficient method for identifying a single entity. RFID technology also provides for greater security in the system. The ticketing systems using RFID can be merged to solve the above mentioned problems. This paper actually suggests a much more public friendly, automated system of ticketing with the use of RFID based tickets. This system is suitable for megacities like Kolkata where a large no of customers avail public transport system daily.

Renewable energy has been identified as a critical component of global efforts to address climate change, enhance energy security, and foster sustainable economic growth. As a result, many countries have implemented renewable energy policies to promote the development and deployment of renewable energy technologies. However, the impact of these policies on economic growth remains a subject of debate. This article provides a comparative analysis of renewable energy policies and their impact on economic growth. The study employs a systematic review of the literature and utilizes qualitative and quantitative methods to compare renewable energy policies and their economic impacts across different countries. The findings suggest that the impact of renewable energy policies on economic growth varies across countries and is influenced by factors such as policy design, institutional context, and economic structure. This research article finally, examined the challenges associated with implementing renewable energy policies, analyzed the implications of the findings for policymakers and further gave some potential solutions that will help the policymakers and future researchers.

One of the most critical components of electronic design is the computation of multiplication. Numerous provide high speed and low power consumption, especially in signal processing. The booth multiplier is commonly utilized to i digital system while reducing the number of parts produced. to convert BCD input from the keyboard to Binary. It stores the two numbers to be multiplied in registers X & Y. When the equ signal to Booth's Multiplier to start calculating the result. FSM and other things are explained in a later section. The output interfac algorithm is used to design the 16-bit hardware for the multiplier in this study. In addition, the LCD controller and PS/2 keyboard interface have been successf tested.

Nowadays, many advance technological techniques in real world operations are generated by scientists and engineers. One of the advance technical innovation streams is farm automation. Daily needs of human system are fulfilling by using many of the farm products. Farm productivity is related to farm automation and indirectly to the cattle's. To increase farm productivity, it is required to take care of health of the cattle and also use various operation of farm automation which is not harmful for environment. Cattle health monitoring system is current research topic in farm automation. Many advance technical devices like mobiles and wireless sensor networks are available to monitoring any system. The proposed monitoring system includes the infrastructure, hardware, software and representative physiological instruments. Many dairies contain large number of cattle's. Therefore it is too difficult to take care of them and to monitor routinely the health of dairy cattle. So this ...

Fecha de recepción: 3 de mayo 05 / Fecha de aceptación: 7 de julio 05 Resumen El documento constituye una reflexión en torno al fenómeno delictivo. La autora considera que desde la psicología se ha llegado a algunos puertos, de los que se ha hecho difícil salir. Los elementos, que están implicados en la producción de un acto, que trasgrede las normas estable-El tema de la criminalidad no convoca nuestras meditaciones cotidianas, a menos que ocurra un hecho, sólo ocurre porque socialmente se organiza para que así funcione, sino que en el reducto más privado de cada sujeto el tema del crimen es prohibitivo.

Many students in school and colleges are using the bus facilities provided by the institutions by paying some fee for their usage, based on their boarding place. The institution provides a separate bus pass for each user, once they register their name. The students are permitted to travel in a particular bus allocated for their route, but nowadays students are travelling in all buses and even students, who are not regular bus users, are also travelling in institution buses. This leads to problem of insufficient number of seats .To avoid this problem the drivers need to check regularly. This project involves Raspberry pi 2 controller, RFID Reader Module, LCD Display, and python as the programming language. PTSCB (Passenger Tracker for School and College Bus) is deployed in all institution buses to check and alert on the non bus user and also add the fine amount to the invalid bus users.

ABSTRACT

This project report describes preliminary study towards the construction of an Electronic Display Using Android Phone (Running Message), based on light-emitting diodes connected in an array flat form. The information to be displayed is “Welcome to Electrical/Electronic Engineering Department”. When constructed, the electronic display using android phone will be useful for creating attention-getting messages presentations, advertisements and location identifiers.
The proposed system consists of power supply unit uses alternating current (AC) from the mains which will be stepped down to 12v, using a step down transformer, rectified with bridge rectifier, filtered with the actual capacitor and regulated to 9 volt using an integrated circuit (IC) regular. The oscillator units contain a 555 timer IC set as astable used to produce clock pulses 4017 decade counter IC. The 4017 counter enables the information to be displayed sequentially as desire. The driver unit uses transistor to amplify the signal strength of the counter output. This output unit enables the information to be displayed using light emitting diodes (LEDs).  Micro-controller AT89C51 provides output to control the logic levels for the threes rows 16 by 32 matrix.

El presente documento forma parte de un grupo de seis relacionados con los campos de trabajo forzado cubanos denominados Unidades Militares de Apoyo a la Producción, más conocidos por sus siglas UMAP. Fueron redactados entre los años 1966 y 1968, extraídos por esas fechas de unidades militares de la antigua provincia de Camagüey y mantenidos a resguardo hasta hoy.

Me fueron entregados por una fuente que pidió su publicación y solo puso dos condiciones: anonimato y acceso abierto. Están disponibles sin marcas de agua, obligatoriedad de registro, ni pagos, para que puedan ser difundidos, leídos y usados por ciudadanos, periodistas e investigadores, con el objetivo de que sean analizados y contextualizados para una comprensión más certera y situada de la información que aportan. Así mismo, se autoriza a que sean alojados en otros sitios webs, respetando estas condiciones de acceso abierto, para evitar que puedan ser eliminados. Son documentos que forman parte de la historia de nuestro país, de la memoria histórica de la nación y deben estar disponibles a todos los cubanos y personas interesadas.

Su contenido corrobora parte de lo narrado por las víctimas de las UMAP, ya que el horror y los atropellos fueron mucho más allá de lo que aparece en estos textos, y confirma el carácter homofóbico, discriminatorio y violatorio constituido en política oficial, del cual han intentado desligarse las principales figuras del régimen cubano y sus voceros.
El contenido resumido del presente documento es el siguiente:
3. Sugerencias Escuelas Pre-Militares. Documento fechado el 4 de abril de 1967, firmado por el soldado Enrique González Suárez y dirigido a la jefatura de las UMAP.  Propone la creación de Escuelas Pre-militares para homosexuales, en los cuales estos serían clasificados por tipologías (A, B y C) según sus “manifestaciones homosexuales” y su disciplina. Entre los objetivos de estos centros estaba “la desaparición de las manifestaciones externas de la homosexualidad” a través del castigo, la emulación, la presión del grupo, actividades militares, políticas, productivas, culturales y deportivas, estas últimas porque “constituyen un medio eficaz para combatir los gestos y poses feminioides”.

The main aim of this paper is to illustrate the technology used in straddling bus movements which are used in most of the developed countries. This train is equipped with a controller that enables the automatic stopping of the train from station to station. This paper presents the development process of a prototype for a driverless straddling bus implemented using a ARM microcontroller. Simulation for the system's circuits is done with the aid of Proteus software. The hardware circuits, which are built on printed circuit boards (PCB), are interfaced with actuators and sensors for automation purposes. The hardware is assembled in a toy-like prototype straddling bus which follows the line. The C programming language is used for programming the microcontroller. Keywords—Elevated Platform Bus, Microcontroller, DC Motor, RFID Reader, RFID Tag, LCD, IR sensor, Ultrasonic sensor, Buzzer, DC motor driver. II. PROBLEM DEFINATION In the current transportation system , the main problem fac...

Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) in the Nigerian construction industry has been struggling with the issues of improper materials management practices. In an attempt to address these issues, Information Technology (IT) was initiated primarily to overcome the shortcomings of the conventional materials management practices. Although, IT was aimed to greatly enhance performance and reduce non-value adding activities, IT structures in reality lack clear adoption realisation process to drive in within such factors to deliver the adoption of IT in SMEs. The current trend of materials management practices in small and medium construction companies has been the subject of criticism. IT adoption has not had the expected resounding success of a total adoption and utilisation. This research has empirically identified factors inhibiting and influencing IT adoption in Nigerian SMEs. The research focuses on the factors with respect to their inhibiting and influencing impact to IT adoption within...

La relación entre el cuerpo, el delito y la cultura suele no verse. Aunque es evidente, probablemente se debe a que a nivel conceptual prima lo abstracto y no se ve la referencia o vínculo con lo real a simple vista. La realización de una conducta delictiva sólo se concreta a partir del despliegue de fuerza que se desarrolla desde el cuerpo del delincuente hacia la víctima, además, en los delitos en que no hay violencia física, como la estafa, incluyendo la que se puede hacer virtual por medios electrónicos, se requiere un cuerpo que opere los instrumentos tecnológicos, o no podría realizarse, pero además quien la ha sufrido, u otras formas delictivas como el hurto y el fraude, ha perdido un patrimonio que le puede significar privaciones y sufrimiento materiales, cuyos efectos se viven en su cuerpo. Ni que decir de las lesiones personales, el hurto, el acceso carnal violento. Son

Data analytics has revolutionized various sectors, yet its potential in education remains underutilized in many regions, including Cameroon. This study explores how data analytics can enhance educational outcomes in Cameroon by leveraging the extensive data collected by educational institutions. Through case studies and the application of linear regression models, this research identifies significant factors influencing student performance and provides actionable insights for policymakers, school administrators, and educators. The paper discusses the challenges and opportunities of implementing data analytics in Cameroon's education sector, highlights successful examples from other regions, and underscores the importance of ethical considerations and data privacy.

The integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) into smart grids (SGs) is pivotal for transitioning towards sustainable and efficient electrical power systems. This paper explores the optimization of RES integration within SG frameworks, employing sophisticated mathematical modeling techniques and showcasing their practical engineering applications. Emphasizing the critical role of SGs in facilitating RES integration, the study underscores the significance of mathematical optimization methodologies in mitigating operational challenges. Through comprehensive analysis and case studies, the paper elucidates the efficacy of optimization strategies in real-world SG environments, offering insights into future trends and challenges.

This paper highlights the forefront of mathematical optimization techniques within sustainable energy systems engineering, encompassing both theoretical innovations and practical applications. The focus extends to key components such as microgrids, power systems, and energy carriers, integrating decisionmaking processes crucial for optimal investment, operational, and maintenance strategies. By leveraging multi-objective and many-objective frameworks, this issue addresses the critical balance between computational effort and solution quality, tailoring solutions to decision-makers preferences. As global energy systems face transformative pressures due to environmental concerns, this issue underscores the role of mathematical optimization in advancing the efficiency and sustainability of energy infrastructures. The discussion spans a variety of methodologies, including linear programming, mixed-integer programming, and robust optimization, with applications in renewable energy systems siting, sizing, and integration.

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is critical for ensuring the longevity and safety of civil engineering structures. Traditional SHM techniques often struggle with the high-dimensional, complex data generated by modern sensor technologies. Topological Data Analysis (TDA) offers a robust alternative by capturing the underlying topological features of this data, enabling more accurate and efficient monitoring. This paper explores the integration of TDA into SHM, discussing its theoretical foundations, practical benefits, and challenges. We review recent advancements, including deep learning enhancements and real-world applications, highlighting how TDA can improve damage detection and predictive maintenance. Future research directions are proposed to further the adoption of TDA in SHM, emphasizing the need for real-time, industrial-grade solutions.

This thesis describes the design and implementation of a wireless 6 degree-of-freedom inertial sensor system to be used for multiple-user, real-time gesture recognition and coordinated activity detection. Analysis is presented that shows that the data streams captured can be readily processed to detect gestures and coordinated activity. Finally, some pertinent research that can be pursued with these nodes in the areas of biomotion analysis and interactive entertainment are introduced.

As aging and population decline are becoming problematic, particularly in local cities, negative effects, such as reliance on automobiles, hollowing out of central urban areas, and decline in public transport, are occurring in a vicious cycle. To escape this vicious cycle, it is necessary to develop a transportation network that allows the citizens, particularly the elderly who cannot drive cars, to receive services in sustainable ways. Often, this requires the elimination of transit blank areas. In this study, we focus on medical services, which is an important service for the elderly, in Komatsu City, Ishikawa Prefecture, and perform reachable area analyses with Geographic information system to investigate the locations of bus stops for eliminating transit blank areas. By estimating bus stop territories for bus stops with high transportation accessibility to medical facilities, we examine the number of elderly people who have high transportation accessibility to medical facilities.

As aging and population decline are becoming problematic, particularly in local cities, negative effects, such as reliance on automobiles, hollowing out of central urban areas, and decline in public transport, are occurring in a vicious cycle. To escape this vicious cycle, it is necessary to develop a transportation network that allows the citizens, particularly the elderly who cannot drive cars, to receive services in sustainable ways. Often, this requires the elimination of transit blank areas. In this study, we focus on medical services, which is an important service for the elderly, in Komatsu City, Ishikawa Prefecture, and perform reachable area analyses with Geographic information system to investigate the locations of bus stops for eliminating transit blank areas. By estimating bus stop territories for bus stops with high transportation accessibility to medical facilities, we examine the number of elderly people who have high transportation accessibility to medical facilities.

There are still research gaps regarding the effects of nano particles such as nano silica (NS) on the response of concrete to special forms of sulphate attack: physical salt attack (PSA). Hence, this study aims at developing an innovative type of concrete: nanomodified concrete, incorporating various dosages of nano-silica (NS), and explores its efficiency in resisting deterioration of concrete caused by physical sulphate attack. PSA on concrete is a distress caused by the crystallization of salts in pores near drying faces or evaporative zones, which leads to progressive scaling and flaking of the concrete surface. Although numerous concrete structures are at risk of PSA during service, there is currently no standard test method for PSA of cement-based materials. Therefore, an accelerated laboratory test was developed in this research to assess the resistance of nano-modified concrete to PSA. The effects of 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% addition of nano-silica by mass of cement on the resistance of concrete to PSA were investigated. The assessment criteria were based on mechanical properties (Compressive, Split Tensile and Flexural strength tests), durability property (Water Absorption Test), and physical properties (visual appearance and mass loss). Results showed that overall performance of concrete was significantly improved with the addition of variable dosages of nano-silica. At all curing ages, the strength generally increased with the addition of nano-silica up to 6%. In particular, at 28 days of curing, the compressive strength was considerably improved for mixtures containing 6% nano-silica (i.e. 27 N/mm²). The Split tensile strength was improved especially for concrete mixtures containing 6% nano-silica (i.e. 3.93 N/mm²). The flexural strength was also improved particularly for the concrete mixtures containing 4% nano-silica (4.00 N/mm²). Air-content of freshly produced concrete incorporating 6% NS was reduced due to filler effect of nano-silica particles. The water absorption tests showed that concrete mixtures containing different dosages of nano-silica had low water absorption, this might be due to the filler effect of nano-silica particles. Damage manifestations and mass loss results showed that the proposed test procedure was capable of replicating PSA on concrete within a short time interval (60 days), and hence it might be used to prequalify concrete mixtures for exposures conducive to PSA. The results of both visual assessment and mass loss showed that concrete mixtures incorporating nanosilica at different dosages had better sulphate resistance considerably when compared with the control concrete mixtures. It can be concluded that the overall performance of concrete was significantly improved with the addition of variable dosages of nano-silica, and concrete mixtures containing nano-silica at different dosages had better resistance in PSA exposure than ordinary Portland cement concrete.

The challenge of providing adequate lighting along highways, particularly at critical points such as sharp turns and speed breakers, poses significant safety concerns. Traditional energy sources often fail to meet the demands of continuous lighting, especially in remote areas. To tackle this challenge, we present an automatic lighting system aimed at selectively activating lights during nighttime while also reducing vehicle speed near or at danger zones. Entire system is designed as automatic, human involvement is not required; lights are controlled automatically by sensing the vehicles. Whenever the vehicle enters into the danger zone, lights will be energized and they remain in ON state until the vehicle leaves that area. The system will be activated automatically during dark. In this method precious energy acquired from the solar panel can be saved. During the day time the battery will be charged and this stored energy is utilized in the nights[10]. It is a novel approach to vehicle navigation and safety implementation, and also aimed at automatically sensing the areas/zones like Schools, Hospital Accident, etc and automatically reducing the speed of the vehicle for safety purposes.

A low-cost microcontroller based control and data acquisition unit for digital image recording of scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and scanning electron microscope based electron beam lithography (EBL) is described. The developed microcontroller low-level embedded software incorporates major time critical functions for image acquisition and electron beam lithography and makes the unit an intelligent module which communicates via USB with the main computer. The system allows recording of images with up to 4096 × 4096 pixel size, different scan modes, controllable dwell time, synchronization with main power frequency, and other user controllable functions. The electron beam can be arbitrary positioned with 12bit precision in both dimensions and this is used to extend the scanning electron microscope capabilities for electron beam lithography. Hardware and software details of the system are given to allow its easy duplication. Performance of the system is discussed and exemplary results are presented.