Abnormal behaviour

There are many organizations in the world where the leaders for them that are unaware of their responsibilities and actions. Unexpectedly there are leaders who are claiming power, influences, money, luxuries, positions and other related assets by labelling persons without any evidence, proves and justification with "unwanted names or callings"and terrified terms. Leaders seem to declare they are knowledgeable, skillful, experts and well performed in the fields which are beyond their specializations. There are leaders who do not bother to look after the subordinates who are poor, suffering from severe diseases and facing crisis. These group of people are being labelled with "unjustified names of organizations" where they are blaming the subordinates and killing them in such a manner which is not justified. The leaders nowadays seem to play hide and seek in explaining the truth of their responsibilities, rights and needs. They keep on with the abnormal pattern of thinking where it had developed disaster and catastrophe in the societies, countries and world. It is clear to us that they do not bother to confess on the mistakes, fault and crimes where they keep on with accusations, blames and unwanted actions regardless of their races, ethics, beliefs, background and life development. This brought an unexpected impact to the people around them where it led to a terrified life in the future. It is on the people and leaders themselves to acquire knowledge on Psychology, Sociology, Proper Ethics and Religions so that they could have plan a proper way of thinking and do not simply implement crime, improper confrontation and conflict in the nation. These leaders need to discuss among themselves and justify their actions and plans infront of the public for the life development. If there happen to be any disaster and catastrophe they shoud be responsible to look after the human beings and cater the problems happening around the world.

The pinioning of birds was previously one of the most-accepted forms of mutilation in zoos. Despite a lack of knowledge on the effects of deflighting procedures with regard to the well-being of deflighted birds, pelicans are often reversibly deflighted by feather-clipping to keep them in open enclosures, including those with ponds without netting. In the present study, we focused on the welfare implications of flight restraint on one of the most commonly kept types of birds in German zoos, the great white pelican. A combination of behavioral observations and feather corticosterone concentrations (CORTf) of pelicans with different deflighting statuses (i.e., irreversibly deflighted, reversibly deflighted, and airworthy) was used to evaluate the effects of deflighting status on pelican welfare. We observed 215 individuals in 21 different German zoos. The pelicans lived in differently designed exhibits. An ethogram for these species was developed and their behavior was evaluated by sca...

Deflighting zoo birds is a practice that receives increasing criticism due to its presumed incompatibility with animal welfare. To our knowledge, this is the first approach to address this problem in a scientific way. To do this, we compared feather corticosterone (CORTf) from Greater Flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus, n = 151) of different flight status (i.e., pinioned, feather clipped, airworthy) from twelve different zoological institutions. To complement the hormone measurements, behavioral observations (scan samplings) were conducted prior to feather sampling within the presumed time frame of feather growth. We hypothesized that CORTf of the deflighted flamingos would differ from CORTf of their airworthy conspecifics. No significant difference in CORTf was found between the three groups, and our hypothesis was rejected. However, the impact of the institution itself (i.e., the housing conditions) proved to be the most dominant variable (variance between the institutions = 53.82%)...

To balance action and publicly stated intention is a problem for zoos, as it is for most commercial organisations. The public now want activities that are sustainable in all aspects, including good welfare of animals where these are a part of the business. They also want transparency and evidence for whatever is claimed. Policy statements by organisations that use or have impact on animals or plants may give an incorrect impression of actual world consequences. The efforts of zoos to present themselves as significant contributors to conservation, education and research are examined and found to be often misleading. Although this comment applies to almost all zoos, in accuracy of claims as in quality of keeping conditions and welfare of the animals, the best zoos are much better than the worst zoos. A factor underlying many visits by the public to zoos is biophilia, a desire to experience the presence and observe the behaviour of living animals, but this is greatly undermined if it is perceived that the needs of individual animals are not met, and their welfare is poor. The differences in behaviour and physiological functioning between zoo and wild animals are briefly examined in order to consider what actions are ethical, in particular in relation to the welfare of the animals. The policies adopted by zoos have to keep pace with the changing demands of the public and zoos have opportunities to have positive effects on sustainability and the current rapid decline in most of the natural world. Some zoos are starting to do this but, in order for zoos and other organisations using animals and plants to remain sustainable, the image of their own activities that they present should be honest and closely related to the public's demand. In particular the public need evidence, from their own observations and from good quality scientific studies, of good welfare of animals that are kept and of other components of sustainability.

I take this opportunity for just introducing my conceptual apprehension that in the wild the tigers may be developing IDD (Intellectual Developmental Disabilities) and SIB (Self Injuring Behaviour). We take care for captive tigers and generate environment enrichment facilities. Evidences of the syndromes are from some uncommon behaviour of tiger. (1) long distance movement of tigers out of natal areas, (2) too timid behaviour of tiger / tigress / cubs surrounded by visitors on vehicles in the wild, (3) instances of aggressive behaviour of tiger towards care taker and visitors and vehicles in tiger-safari, (4) detection of stress hormone in tigers having too much of human exposure. We may be producing 'Modern Tigers' because of 'Modern Management'.  Let us protect habitat of tiger and keep it intact. Problems will be minimal for the species.

The global population of older adults has increased, leading to a rising number of older adults in nursing homes without
adequate care. This study proposes a smart wearable device for detecting and classifying abnormal behaviour in older adults
in nursing homes. The device utilizes artificial intelligence technology to detect abnormal movements through behavioural
data collection and target positioning. The intelligent recognition system and hardware sensors were tested using cloud
computing and wireless sensor networks (WSNs), comparing their performance with other technologies through
simulations. A triple-axis acceleration sensor collected motion behaviour data, and Zigbee enabled the wireless transfer of
the sensor data. The Backpropagation (BP) neural network detected and classified abnormal behaviour based on simulated
sensor data. The proposed smart wearable device offers indoor positioning, detection, and classification of abnormal
behaviour. The embedded intelligent system detects routine motions like walking and abnormal behaviours such as falls. In
emergencies, the system alerts healthcare workers for immediate safety measures. This study lays the groundwork for
future AI-based technology implementation in nursing homes, advancing care for older adults.

The welfare of an individual is its state as regards its attempts to cope with its environment. Welfare varies on a continuum from very good to very poor, and it can be assessed precisely. Information about what conditions might result in good welfare can be obtained from studies of preferences, but the importance of the preference to the individual must be assessed. Measures which show how poor welfare is when animals encounter short-term or long-term problems may be physiological, behavioural, or concerned with individual production or disease. Individuals vary in the coping methods which they use, so any one measure may indicate poor welfare and absence of evidence using one measure does not mean that there is no welfare problem.

Behaviour is an important way of adapting to disease for individuals and selective pressures resulting from disease have had major consequences for the evolution of behaviour. Behaviour, adrenal and other physiological responses, immunological responses and brain activity all help in coping with disease. Health is an important part of welfare and any pathology implies some degree of poor welfare. Sickness behaviour and physiology are generally adaptive, involve interactions with the immune system and are partly mediated by cytokines. Since, firstly, an understanding of some behaviour requires knowledge of disease and, secondly, responses to disease and studies of brain and behaviour are helping to increase understanding of systems for combating disease, interdisciplinary cooperation is needed for the development of these areas of science.

When designing environments for animals, the quality of space as well as the amount of space should be considered. In this study the influence of an opaque barrier on the aggressive behaviour and growth of Large White X Landrace piglets that were weaned at 24 days was examined. The behaviour and weight gain of 120 piglets were recorded during a 4-week period following weaning. These piglets were housed in either a conventional flat-deck pen or a straw pen, with or without an opaque barrier. There was no significant difference between the two types of accommodation in the frequency of aggressive interactions that occurred during the weaning period but where a barrier was present the frequency of aggressive interactions was 40% lower during the 1st week after weaning and growth rate was proportionately 0-15 greater. Piglets that were the recipients of most aggressive behaviour used the barrier most frequently during the weaning period and barrier users gained the most weight during the week immediately following weaning. It was concluded that a barrier improved the weaning environment because it offered piglets an escape route during the period when most aggressive interactions occurred. A barrier may be an effective way of improving the welfare of animals housed in confined conditions.

The uses of the term "stress" are confusingly diverse and a more precise meaning is scientifically desirable. Most usage implies effects on an individual attempting to cope with adversity, which are detrimental, i.e. they cause reduction in fitness. Such coping, whatever the control system involved, may necessitate adrenal mediated increases in available energy, hut glucocorticoid levels fluctuate daily and increase during oestrus and courtship, so high levels do not necessarily indicate harm to an individual. The most widespread use of "stress" is as a dynamic term referring to something happening to an individual, but it is also used to mean the external factors and the subsequent state of the individual. The following definitions are therefore proposed. Stress: The process by which environmental factors over-tax control systems in an individual, thus activating responses whose effects are prolonged and ultimately detrimental to that individual. Stressors: The environmental factors which lead to stress. Stress responses: The responses to stressors, or their effects, shown by animals under stress. The various control systems have different regulatory components, behavioural and physiological mechanisms being alternative and complementary, so there is no single measure of the effects of stress. The levels of hormones, metabolites and metabolic products in blood can be estimated, although sampling procedures affect some levels. For example, in sheep, plasma glucocorticoid levels are increased by restraint, social isolation, dipping, transport, or shearing. Heart-rate changes can be useful predictors of other physiological changes. Antibody levels after pathogen challenge are of interest, since high corticosterone levels can damage the immunological apparatus. On a farm scale, disease incidence, growth, milk yield, reproductive state, and reproductive performance can be measured. Effects detectable after death include brain endorphin levels, adrenal hypertrophy, organ degeneration and gut ulceration. Behavioural effects of stress include initial hyperactivity or later inactivity associated with reduced alertness and food intake. Stereotyped movements, like chicken headshaking or calf licking, may take up much time and energy. Inability to carry out movements, such as lying down normally, misdirected behaviour such as nest-building, sucking, or feather-pecking, and excessive fighting are also stress indicators. A situation may be stressful for one individual and not for another according to early experience and genetic constitution.

When designing environments for animals, the quality of space as well as the amount of space should be considered. In this study the influence of an opaque barrier on the aggressive behaviour and growth of Large White Χ Landrace piglets that were weaned at 24 days was examined. The behaviour and weight gain of 120 piglets were recorded during a 4-week period following weaning. These piglets were housed in either a conventional flat-deck pen or a straw pen, with or without an opaque barrier. There was no significant difference between the two types of accommodation in the frequency of aggressive interactions that occurred during the weaning period but where a barrier was present the frequency of aggressive interactions was 40% lower during the 1st week after weaning and growth rate was proportionately 0·15 greater. Piglets that were the recipients of most aggressive behaviour used the barrier most frequently during the weaning period and barrier users gained the most weight during th...

Behaviour is an important way of adapting to disease for individuals and selective pressures resulting from disease have had major consequences for the evolution of behaviour. Behaviour, adrenal and other physiological responses, immunological responses and brain activity all help in coping with disease. Health is an important part of welfare and any pathology implies some degree of poor welfare. Sickness behaviour and physiology are generally adaptive, involve interactions with the immune system and are partly mediated by cytokines. Since, firstly, an understanding of some behaviour requires knowledge of disease and, secondly, responses to disease and studies of brain and behaviour are helping to increase understanding of systems for combating disease, interdisciplinary cooperation is needed for the development of these areas of science.

Spurious(dishonourable) behaviour in drinking water utilization is a compelling problem facing water supplying companies and agencies. This behaviour results in a enormous loss of income and forms the highest percentage of non-technical loss. Finding competent analysis for identifying spurious activities has been an active research area in recent years. Intelligent data mining techniques can service water supplying companies to detect these spurious activities to decrease such losses. This analysis explores the use of two distribution techniques (SVM and KNN) to identify suspicious cheat water customers. The main encouragement of this analysis is to benefit Yarmouk Water Company (YWC) in Irbid city of Jordan to affect its profit loss. The SVM based approach uses customer load profile characteristics to display anomalous behaviour that is well-known to be interacted with non-technical loss activities. The data has been collected from the ancient data of the company billing system. The efficiency of the developed model hit a rate of over 74% which is better than the present standard prediction steps taken by the YWC. To expand the model, a opinion tool has been built using the develop model. The system will help the company to predict careful water customers to be authorized on site.

Understanding why some species thrive in captivity, while others struggle to adjust, can suggest new ways to improve animal care. Approximately half of all Psittaciformes, a highly threatened order, live in zoos, breeding centres and private homes. Here, some species are prone to behavioural and reproductive problems that raise conservation and ethical concerns. To identify risk factors, we analysed data on hatching rates in breeding centres (115 species, 10 255 pairs) and stereotypic behaviour (SB) in private homes (50 species, 1378 individuals), using phylogenetic comparative methods (PCMs). Small captive population sizes predicted low hatch rates, potentially due to genetic bottlenecks, inbreeding and low availability of compatible mates. Species naturally reliant on diets requiring substantial handling were most prone to feather-damaging behaviours (e.g. self-plucking), indicating inadequacies in the composition or presentation of feed (often highly processed). Parrot species wi...

Starting from the studies of H. S. Liddell, the experiments on behavior disorders in animals encouraged a great deal of interest during the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s in the United States. Even though these studies were mainly carried out with non-human animals, the awarding of prestigious scientiic prizes to some of these investigations paved the way to the conviction that the laboratory revolution would reach to Psychopathology. In this paper, we will explore the contrasting approaches to the study of abnormal behavior in animals carried out by H. S. Liddell, W. H. Gantt, Norman R. Maier, and Jules Masserman. In order to understand the signiicance of these research programs, we will focus our analysis not only in the divergent methodologies and theoretical constructs proposed to explain these phenomena, but also in some of the convergent arguments used to justify the relevance of these animal studies for the understanding of human psychopathology –i.e. the observed similarity between...

RESUMEN Las conductas anormales generalmente se desarrollan en ambientes subóptimos para el equino y tienden a reducir su bienestar. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de conductas anormales en equinos Criollo chileno, asociando su presentación a características del animal y de su manejo. Se encuestaron 23 criaderos contemplando información del animal y de manejo. Se obtuvo información de 441 equinos, 116 fueron menores de un año, grupo que no presentó conductas anormales. De los 325 equinos adultos un 11% presentó conductas anormales de las cuales 3,1% corresponde a estereotipias y 8% a otras conductas anormales, siendo la lignofagia la más frecuente en este último grupo. Se encontró una asociación significativa entre la presentación de conductas anormales y la categoría semental, mientras que la función también se asoció de forma significativa con la presentación de conductas anormales, siendo la realización de dos funciones (reproducción y deporte) de mayor riesgo. En relación al manejo se encontró una asociación significativa entre la entrega de menos de 60% de forraje en la ración y la presentación de conductas anormales. Un 41% permanece más de 6 horas estabulado; 37% no tiene contacto conespecífico entre establos; y sólo el 21% ocupa cama de paja. Estas prácticas no se asociaron significativamente a la presentación de conductas anormales. El establecer factores de riesgo para la presentación de conductas anormales permitirá implementar prácticas de manejo adecuadas en los sistemas de producción del caballo Criollo chileno, y con ello mejorar el bienestar de esta raza.

We describe a wide range of unethical and unsustainable practices inherent to the trading and keeping of pet birds. At present, biodiversity and wild bird populations are being greatly harmed and many individual birds have poor welfare. Wild-caught birds should not be sold to the public as pets, or to breeding establishments for several reasons, including because 75–90% of wild-caught birds die before the point of sale and taking birds from the wild has negative effects on biodiversity. The housing provided for pet birds should meet the needs of birds of that species and allow good welfare, for example there should be no small cages but aviaries with space for each bird to exercise adequately, and social birds should be kept in social groups. At present, inadequate housing of many pet birds results in stereotypies and other indicators of poor welfare in birds. Owners should have knowledge of how to provide good nutrition and minimize the risk of disease. Unless these changes are mad...

The assessment of animal welfare relates to investigations of how animals try to cope with their environment, and how easy or how difficult it is for them to do so. The use of rigorous scientific methods to assess this has grown over the past few decades, and so our understanding of the needs of animals has improved during this time. Much of the work in the field of animal welfare has been conducted on farm animals, but it is important to consider how the methods and approaches used in assessing farm animal welfare have been, and can be, adapted and applied to the measurement of welfare in animals in other domains, such as in zoos. This is beneficial to our understanding of both the theoretical knowledge, and the practicability of methods. In this article, some of the commonly-used methods for measuring animal welfare will be discussed, as well as some practical considerations in assessing the welfare of zoo animals.

Starting from the studies of H. S. Liddell, the experiments on behavior disorders in animals encouraged a great deal of interest during the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s in the United States. Even though these studies were mainly carried out with non-human animals, the awarding of prestigious scientiic prizes to some of these investigations paved the way to the conviction that the laboratory revolution would reach to Psychopathology. In this paper, we will explore the contrasting approaches to the study of abnormal behavior in animals carried out by H. S. Liddell, W. H. Gantt, Norman R. Maier, and Jules Masserman. In order to understand the signiicance of these research programs, we will focus our analysis not only in the divergent methodologies and theoretical constructs proposed to explain these phenomena, but also in some of the convergent arguments used to justify the relevance of these animal studies for the understanding of human psychopathology –i.e. the observed similarity between...

We describe a wide range of unethical and unsustainable practices inherent to the trading and keeping of pet birds. At present, biodiversity and wild bird populations are being greatly harmed and many individual birds have poor welfare. Wild-caught birds should not be sold to the public as pets, or to breeding establishments for several reasons, including because 75–90% of wild-caught birds die before the point of sale and taking birds from the wild has negative effects on biodiversity. The housing provided for pet birds should meet the needs of birds of that species and allow good welfare, for example there should be no small cages but aviaries with space for each bird to exer-cise adequately, and social birds should be kept in social groups. At present, inadequate housing of many pet birds results in stereotypies and other indicators of poor welfare in birds. Owners should have knowledge of how to provide good nutrition and minimize the risk of disease. Un-less these changes are made, keeping birds as pets should not be permitted. New laws are needed to prohibit taking birds from the wild and ensure captive pet birds in conditions that do meet their needs.

In many zoological gardens, safari parks, dolphinaria, and aquaria (zoos) worldwide, all levels of staff work hard to create enriching environments as well as to highlight welfare initiatives. In these same zoos, however, food for guests and feed for animals are often sourced from unsustainable farming practices and/or produced under welfare detrimental circumstances in industrialized agriculture and fisheries. The current paper focuses on the concept of animal welfare, as an ethical dilemma for zoos in a broader sense than is usually considered. More specifically, it is an investigation into the apparent discrepancy between official animal friendly values and the lack of regard for the welfare issues surrounding the origins of the meats and fishes offered at zoo restaurants and in animal feeding practices. That is, we argue that there is a normative double standard at issue in the dichotomy between how zoos approach and assert the value of their exhibited animals and the way they approach and assert the value of the farm animals and fish that are consumed by zoo visitors and fed to zoo animals. Moreover, we explore the fundamental characteristics of this double standard and the actions that zoos can take in order to avoid this ethical animal welfare dilemma. * Sabrina Brando works full time through Animal Concepts as a consultant in animal care and welfare, working in zoos, marine parks, animal shelters, government facilities, research laboratories, and wildlife sanctuaries worldwide. Sabrina has a BSc. in psychology and animal behavior. She is currently enrolled in a MSc. of Psychology and a MSc. in Animal Studies. She is presently involved in several research projects on human-animal interaction, and has authored and co-authored peer-reviewed scientific publications, as well as book chapters, has presented extensively, and has been an invited and keynote speaker at animal welfare and advocacy conferences.

Drinking water fraud is a major issue for water delivery businesses and authorities. This behaviour results in a significant loss of income and is responsible for the bulk of non-technical losses. Finding appropriate criteria for detecting fraudulent behaviour has been a prominent focus of research in recent years. Intelligent data mining methods can be used by water delivery companies to detect fraudulent activity and reduce losses. This study looks into the usage of two classification techniques (SVM and KNN) to discover suspicious water fraud clients. The main purpose of this research is to assist the Yarmouk Water Company (YWC) in Irbid, Jordan, in overcoming their earnings shortfall. The SVM-based technique uses customer load profile attributes to expose known abnormal behaviour.

In many zoological gardens, safari parks, dolphinaria, and aquaria (zoos) worldwide, all levels of staff work hard to create enriching environments as well as to highlight welfare initiatives. In these same zoos, however, food for guests and feed for animals are often sourced from unsustainable farming practices and/or produced under welfare detrimental circumstances in industrialized agriculture and fisheries. The current paper focuses on the concept of animal welfare, as an ethical dilemma for zoos in a broader sense than is usually considered. More specifically, it is an investigation into the apparent discrepancy between official animal friendly values and the lack of regard for the welfare issues surrounding the origins of the meats and fishes offered at zoo restaurants and in animal feeding practices. That is, we argue that there is a normative double standard at issue in the dichotomy between how zoos approach and assert the value of their exhibited animals and the way they approach and assert the value of the farm animals and fish that are consumed by zoo visitors and fed to zoo animals. Moreover, we explore the fundamental characteristics of this double standard and the actions that zoos can take in order to avoid this ethical animal welfare dilemma. * Sabrina Brando works full time through Animal Concepts as a consultant in animal care and welfare, working in zoos, marine parks, animal shelters, government facilities, research laboratories, and wildlife sanctuaries worldwide. Sabrina has a BSc. in psychology and animal behavior. She is currently enrolled in a MSc. of Psychology and a MSc. in Animal Studies. She is presently involved in several research projects on human-animal interaction, and has authored and co-authored peer-reviewed scientific publications, as well as book chapters, has presented extensively, and has been an invited and keynote speaker at animal welfare and advocacy conferences.

Zoos are duty-bound to provide excellent welfare standards for the species that they keep. Curators and keepers have a role to play in ensuring that husbandry regimes are relevant and mimic a species’ natural environment. This paper explains the key outcomes from ABWAK’s (Association of British and Irish Wild Animal Keepers) first national flamingo keepers’ workshop. Research on flamingo breeding is well documented in the literature, but research into other aspects of husbandry may develop flamingo welfare further. By engaging keepers and academics with a direct influence over flamingo management, questions relating to best practice can be answered to establish areas of common good practice as well as novel approaches. Topics presented for discussion at the workshop focused on 1) informed enclosure design, 2) relevant enrichment ideas and 3) "promotion" of flamingos to the zoo visitor, with the aim of having a positive impact on the birds’ quality of life and their value a...

The enhanced role of human actions brings new escalating conservation challenges and emerging diseases, which pressure impaired long-term survival of threatened free-ranging and captive wildlife species, while having hazardous effects on ecosystems and public health. Veterinarians have not only a broad education in comparative medicine (not a single-species focus) but also are also highly trained in recognizing, diagnosing and understanding disease impact on public health as well as on individuals, populations and whole ecosystems. Their skills and expertise turns them into valuable key players in planning, implementing and effectively assisting both in-situ and ex-situ conservation projects. In parks and zoological gardens, major goals have now won priority: the conservation of worldwide fauna and flora and the protection of animal welfare. Today, animal welfare can be scientifically assessed to determine the quality of life of individuals, in which behavioral assessment and behavioral enrichment are fundamental tools.