Adaptive co-management

Developing principles for effective state-reinforced self-governance is a key challenge for research and policy on sustainability transitions in common-pool resource systems. In the Brazilian Amazon, traditional riverine communities rely on fishing for subsistence and income but since the 1960s, commercial fishing has driven resource degradation and social conflict in Amazonian fisheries. Communities have responded with "community fisheries agreements" to govern local fisheries, and in 2002, the Brazilian government formalized state recognition for community agreements in an innovative fisheries co-management framework. With examples from diverse social-ecological contexts across the Amazon, these fisheries agreements comprise an important set of cases for testing and refining state-reinforced self-governance principles. We analyzed a fisheries agreement process that took place in 2012-2015 on Marajó Island in the Amazon Estuary involving multiple state agencies, non-governmental organizations, and community associations representing over 1500 artisanal fisher families. Through project documents and interviews in 2021 with members of the fisheries agreement's managing committee, we traced the co-production process of the agreement and identified the agreement's effects in the six years after its creation. We found that the fisheries agreement institutionalized changes in community norms and selforganization that have improved certain social-ecological characteristics of the fishery, but lack of monitoring, enforcement, and conflict resolution and the absence of tangible support for iterative decision making have impeded a more complete transformation. This experience with incomplete transformative governance in Marajó holds lessons for Amazonian fisheries agreements specifically and state-reinforced self-governance processes generally, highlighting social capital and the social construction of scale as central concerns for state-reinforced self-governance.

Six kinds of fisheries were recently developed in the Amazon basin: subsistence, mono-specific commercial for exportation, multi-specific commercial for local market, ornamental, reservoir and recreative fishery. Some of them exploit the same stocks. These overlays generate conflicts between resources users, mainly between subsistence fisheries and commercial fisheries who harvest fish in floodplain areas. Self-regulation and co-management have recently shown good results as strategies to the conservation of natural stocks and to promote sustainable development. The settling of a pact between resource users has been the most frequently strategy used by the Brazilian government in the decentralization of fishery management. In this paper, we describe the users’ conflicts in the Amazonian and analyze one case study of fisheries comanagement in the Amazon basin, aiming to evaluate its feasibility as a strategy towards resource conservation and users welfare.

This workshop will facilitate dynamic focus group discussions and the accumulation of knowledge with participants. The aim is to reconsider the opportunities and challenges related to bottom-up approaches to research and professional practice with marginalised communities. Marginalisation is defined by conditions of isolation, exclusion and migration that exacerbate the vulnerability of communities. Bottom-up approaches are widely discussed in sciences, such as natural, management and social sciences, to name a few. These approaches have also received attention from social design, service design, community-based art, participation and sustainable development. Top-down, provider-led approaches are often juxtaposed against community-based approaches. Bottom-up approaches emphasise decision making at a local level, community participation and grassroots mobilisation, while top-down approaches focus on lobbying, campaigning, advocacy and negotiations that involve authorities at decision...

Many (World Heritage) cultural landscapes are a living environment for thousands of inhabitants, visitors, entrepreneurs, farmers and other land users. In order to manage such landscapes we have to consider the legal framework and the reality of the regional planning culture. The ‘landscape of regional players’ consists of a wide range of stakeholders. How should regions tackle natural and cultural heritage as an integrated part of regional development? The discussion of Austria’s Hallstatt-Dachstein / Salzkammergut World Heritage region involves vertical and horizontal dimensions of governance, including politics, administration, private businesses and civil society.

Many (World Heritage) cultural landscapes are a living environment for thousands of inhabitants, visitors, entrepreneurs, farmers and other land users. In order to manage such landscapes we have to consider the legal framework and the reality of the regional planning culture. The ‘landscape of regional players’ consists of a wide range of stakeholders. How should regions tackle natural and cultural heritage as an integrated part of regional development? The discussion of Austria’s Hallstatt-Dachstein / Salzkammergut World Heritage region involves vertical and horizontal dimensions of governance, including politics, administration, private businesses and civil society.

We evaluated the implementation of a fishing agreement, which was created by negotiation among all users of the resources as a co-management strategy because its definition was a result of meetings between all users of the resources. The fishing agreement was implemented in Unini River, a tributary of the right bank of Negro River. Our approach was based on the perception of the people who live in that area, called ribeirinhos. The management strategy was based on spatial distribution of the different types of fishing. We used two logistic regression models to identify the variables which are important to determine the previous concordance and satisfaction with the agreement. First, we analyzed the initial effort to implement the agreement. The variable that influenced the decision of support for the agreement and satisfaction with the results of agreement in both models was the distance from the interviewee's residence to the sport fishing area. The results showed that the perception of improvement in well-being of the communities and structured social organization are crucial for the success of the co-management strategy.

Intro and research questions Forest management is evolving towards multifunctionality and sustainability. Thereby, coowned forest managing models, where different owners collaborate and all forest users participate, are still exceptional. ‘Bosland’ (Flanders, Belgium) unites different stakeholders in a partnership and is an interesting pioneering example of drastic, systemic innovation in forest management. In that realm we aim to answer the following research questions: Can Bosland be categorized as a frontrunner case of systemically innovative forest management? In what ways does the Bosland management approach differ from the current forest management regime? Methods We used ‘lenses’ of transition management (TM)(Raven, 2005) and strategic niche management (SNM)(Rotmans et al, 2001) to analyse the Bosland-case by developing a learning history-like approach. We started off with a desktop study to list the mere ‘facts’ about the project, later on we conducted semi-structured interv...

Participatory and cooperative forms of water governance have become regular features of government discourse and stated policy objectives in England. We consider this aspiration from the perspective of farmers in the English lowlands, by analysing the current power dynamic that exists among these farmers, and between them and the key stakeholders involved in water management. To do this we undertake a political economy analysis that places lowland farming and water governance within the evolution of historical processes that, over time, have influenced the ability of farmers to participate in the governance of their water environment. These historical developments are interpreted through the lens of the Power Cube, an analytical tool for thinking about the interplay between different forms of power operating in different types of spaces and at different levels of governance. Our findings reveal that, despite there being a number of structural changes that provide lowland farmers with the opportunity to participate and cooperate in water governance, three distinct barriers stand in the way. These relate to the power 'within' these farmers, which continues to align with a productivist ideology founded on individualism and competition, often at the expense of the environment; the power that government water managers still exercise 'over' farmers instead of 'with' them; and the relationship between lowland farming and environmental interests, where historically the two sides' power 'to' act has been diametrically opposed. The findings point to the importance of developing suitable programmes designed to support and incentivize farmer participation and cooperation.

Water management is set to become increasingly variable and unpredictable, in particular because of climate change. This paper investigates the extent to which water policy in England provides an enabling environment for 'adaptive comanagement', which its proponents claim can achieve the dual objective of ecosystem protection and livelihood sustainability under conditions of change and uncertainty. Five policy categories are derived from a literature review, and are used to conduct a directed content analysis of seven key water policy documents. The findings reveal that although, in part, English water policy serves as an enabling environment for adaptive co-management, there is a level of discrepancy between substantive aspects of the five policy categories and water policy in England. Addressing these discrepancies will be important if English water policy is to allow for the emergence of processes, like adaptive co-management, that are capable of coping with the challenges that lie ahead.

This article explores the prospects for adaptive governance in a proposed marine transboundary conservation initiative in East Africa. Adaptive governance that involves interdependent state and non-state actors learning and taking action on joint environmental problems is suggested for effective transboundary resource governance. Using the concept of adaptive co-management, the current multi-stakeholder marine governance systems in southern Kenya and northern Tanzania are compared to illuminate opportunities and constraints for adaptive marine transboundary conservation governance between Kenya and Tanzania. The concept of networks and the formal method of social network analysis (SNA) are applied as the main methodological device. Using questionnaire and semi-structured interviews, social network data of 70 organizations (local resources users, government agencies and NGOs) was generated from Kenya (n = 33) and Tanzania (n = 37). Results show the existence of strong collaboration networks for marine resource governance in both Kenya and Tanzania. Social proximity is the common driver of network formation. Collaboration networks in Kenya and Tanzania have contributed to enhanced learning among marine resource managers. Conclusions point to the need to focus on common challenges relating to low levels of rule-compliance, limited access to information on the state of resources and poor integration of science into marine management decisions. Finally, differences in views regarding the state of marine ecosystems need to be addressed to improve prospects for joint problem-solving in marine transboundary conservation.

In this paper, we explore the resilience and vulnerability of livelihoods within two different social-ecological dryland contexts of Botswana over the last 30 years. We drew on primary field data sources, including oral histories, livelihood surveys, ecological surveys, as well as documented evidence of environmental, socioeconomic, and institutional dynamics to identify a broad range of activities that combine to create a range of different household livelihood outcomes. We used this information as a starting point to assess the ways in which livelihoods have changed over time, and evaluated whether they have become more resilient or more vulnerable, and considered the factors that have contributed to these outcomes. In the context of dynamic dryland social-ecological systems, we applied a livelihood trajectory approach to explore the shocks and stresses that affect livelihoods and to elucidate the characteristics of livelihood strategies that contribute to increased resilience or vulnerability. We used a vulnerability framework as a means of framing discussion about vulnerability and resilience and as a means of identifying broader insights. The research identified "accumulator", "diversifier", and "dependent" households and the ways in which they move between these categories. More resilient livelihood trajectories can be achieved if the important role of formal and informal institutions is recognized.

Drought and subsequent water deficit crisis are one of the most important natural disasters, due to their wider scope than other disasters. On the other hand, 90 percent of the population and 81.3 percent of the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province were affected by a 7-year period until the end of March 2016. Therefore, in this study, the rate of resilience of the village's socio-ecological system against the crisis of dehydration and the problems in the province in general were evaluated. Guidelines for the evaluation of resilience were used by the Stockholm University of Sweden Resilience Society guidelines. A researcher-made questionnaire, interview, and checklist tailored to the socio-economic conditions of each local community and its ecological ecosystem were used for data collection. UCINET 6 software was used to analyze network relationships. The results showed that in the socio-ecological system of all, the main issue of water level reduction is accessible. One of the main reasons is the decrease in water intake and water loss due to lack of water storage facilities. The results of the historical line and the outline of the adaptation cycle showed that everyone's socio-ecological system is in the omega-phase (Ω) or pressure. Finally, the results showed that the most appropriate strategies for resilience management in socio-ecological systems include maintaining and enhancing the functional status of any village ecosystem, preserving and strengthening the rural structure and nature of any village, completing the village irrigation system, and Enhancing the social learning of the villagers.

Although tourism destination governance has been a subject of academic enquiry for some time now, in practice, governance is still a challenge for many tourism destinations around the world. Adaptive comanagement (ACM) is a dynamic approach to governance whereby institutional arrangements and ecological knowledge are continually revised through a process of 'learning-by-doing'. Founded on the active participation and collaboration of diverse stakeholder groups, ACM has been used extensively in the governance of natural resource contexts and so may offer valuable synergies for tourism governance; particularly the governance of tourism in protected areas. This review paper presents a critical review and synthesis of the ACM literature, identifying synergies and opportunities for enhancing tourism governance practices in protected area contexts through an ACM approach. A conceptual framework is developed from the review that identifies principles, stages, variables and expected outcomes of the ACM approach. Future research directions for ACM in tourism are proposed that incorporate governance, social learning and multi-stakeholder engagement.

Protected areas have become popular tourism destinations; yet these areas are often plagued by poor governance systems, particularly in developing countries. Adaptive co-management (ACM) has been advocated as one approach to improve the governance of protected areas, yet empirical evidence from developing countries is lacking. This study investigates the application of the ACM approach in two protected areas in Bangladesh which are also important nature-based tourism destinations. Using Lawachara National Park and Sundarbans East Wildlife Sanctuary as cases, this qualitative study explored the extent to which an ACM approach was able to support the achievement of key governance principles such as participation, accountability, transparency, power, rule of law, and social learning. It was found that the approach was successful in facilitating the increased participation of a broader range of stakeholder groups, and the collaboration between them. Importantly though, it was the adaptive element of ACM which was found to have made the greatest contribution to improved governance with the approach providing new opportunities for stakeholders to engage in iterative learning. This aspect was found to be of particular importance for the sustainability of the protected areas with stakeholders reporting changes attitudes and behaviour towards protected area conservation.

Although tourism destination governance has been a subject of academic enquiry for some time now, in practice, governance is still a challenge for many tourism destinations around the world. Adaptive co-management (ACM) is a dynamic approach to governance whereby institutional arrangements and ecological knowledge are continually revised through a process of 'learning-by-doing'. Founded on the active participation and collaboration of diverse stakeholder groups, ACM has been used extensively in the governance of natural resource contexts and so may offer valuable synergies for tourism governance; particularly the governance of tourism in protected areas. This review paper presents a critical review and synthesis of the ACM literature, identifying synergies and opportunities for enhancing tourism governance practices in protected area contexts through an ACM approach. A conceptual framework is developed from the review that identifies principles, stages, variables and expected outcomes of the ACM approach. Future research directions for ACM in tourism are proposed that incorporate governance, social learning and multiple stakeholder engagement.

Although tourism destination governance has been a subject of academic enquiry for some time now, in practice, governance is still a challenge for many tourism destinations around the world. Adaptive comanagement (ACM) is a dynamic approach to governance whereby institutional arrangements and ecological knowledge are continually revised through a process of 'learning-by-doing'. Founded on the active participation and collaboration of diverse stakeholder groups, ACM has been used extensively in the governance of natural resource contexts and so may offer valuable synergies for tourism governance; particularly the governance of tourism in protected areas. This review paper presents a critical review and synthesis of the ACM literature, identifying synergies and opportunities for enhancing tourism governance practices in protected area contexts through an ACM approach. A conceptual framework is developed from the review that identifies principles, stages, variables and expected outcomes of the ACM approach. Future research directions for ACM in tourism are proposed that incorporate governance, social learning and multi-stakeholder engagement.

Protected areas have become popular tourism destinations; yet these areas are often plagued by poor governance systems, particularly in developing countries. Adaptive co-management (ACM) has been advocated as one approach to improve the governance of protected areas, yet empirical evidence from developing countries is lacking. This study investigates the application of the ACM approach in two protected areas in Bangladesh which are also important nature-based tourism destinations. Using Lawachara National Park and Sundarbans East Wildlife Sanctuary as cases, this qualitative study explored the extent to which an ACM approach was able to support the achievement of key governance principles such as participation, accountability, transparency, power, rule of law, and social learning. It was found that the approach was successful in facilitating the increased participation of a broader range of stakeholder groups, and the collaboration between them. Importantly though, it was the adaptive element of ACM which was found to have made the greatest contribution to improved governance with the approach providing new opportunities for stakeholders to engage in iterative learning. This aspect was found to be of particular importance for the sustainability of the protected areas with stakeholders reporting changes attitudes and behaviour towards protected area conservation.

Although tourism destination governance has been a subject of academic enquiry for some time now, in practice, governance is still a challenge for many tourism destinations around the world. Adaptive co-management (ACM) is a dynamic approach to governance whereby institutional arrangements and ecological knowledge are continually revised through a process of 'learning-by-doing'. Founded on the active participation and collaboration of diverse stakeholder groups, ACM has been used extensively in the governance of natural resource contexts and so may offer valuable synergies for tourism governance; particularly the governance of tourism in protected areas. This review paper presents a critical review and synthesis of the ACM literature, identifying synergies and opportunities for enhancing tourism governance practices in protected area contexts through an ACM approach. A conceptual framework is developed from the review that identifies principles, stages, variables and expected outcomes of the ACM approach. Future research directions for ACM in tourism are proposed that incorporate governance, social learning and multiple stakeholder engagement.

TowardS Governance for The ManaGeMenT of culTural landScaPeS abstract. Many (World Heritage) cultural landscapes are a living environment for thousands of inhabitants, visitors, entrepreneurs, farmers and other land users. In order to manage such landscapes we have to consider the legal framework and the reality of the regional planning culture. The 'landscape of regional players' consists of a wide range of stakeholders. How should regions tackle natural and cultural heritage as an integrated part of regional development? The discussion of Austria's Hallstatt-Dachstein / Salzkammergut World Heritage region involves vertical and horizontal dimensions of governance, including politics, administration, private businesses and civil society.

The potential of participatory scenario processes to catalyse individual and collective transformation and policy change is emphasised in several theoretical reflections. Participatory scenario processes are believed to enhance participants' systems understanding, learning, networking and subsequent changes in practices. However, limited empirical evidence is available to prove these assumptions. This study aimed to contribute to this knowledge gap. It evaluates whether these outcomes had resulted from the scenario planning exercise and the extent to which they can contribute to transformational processes. The research focused on a district level case study in rural Mali which examined food security and necessary policy changes in the context of climate change. The analyses of interviews with 26 participants carried out 12 months after the workshop suggested positive changes in learning and networking, but only limited influence on systems understanding. There was limited change in practice, but the reported changes occurred at the individual level, and no policy outcomes were evident. However, by building the adaptive capacity of participants, the scenario process had laid the foundation for ongoing collective action, and potential institutional and policy transformation. We conclude that to enhance the resilience of agricultural and food systems under climate change, participatory scenario processes require a broader range of cross-scale actors' engagement to support transformational changes. Such process will both catalyse deeper learning and more effective link with national level policymaking process. In addition, individual scenario planning exercises are unlikely to generate sufficient learning and reflection, and instead they should form one component of more extensive and deliberate stakeholder engagement, learning and evaluation processes.

This article explores the prospects for adaptive governance in a proposed marine transboundary conservation initiative in East Africa. Adaptive governance that involves interdependent state and non-state actors learning and taking action on joint environmental problems is suggested for effective transboundary resource governance. Using the concept of adaptive co-management, the current multi-stakeholder marine governance systems in southern Kenya and northern Tanzania are compared to illuminate opportunities and constraints for adaptive marine transboundary conservation governance between Kenya and Tanzania. The concept of networks and the formal method of social network analysis (SNA) are applied as the main methodological device. Using questionnaire and semi-structured interviews, social network data of 70 organizations (local resources users, government agencies and NGOs) was generated from Kenya (n = 33) and Tanzania (n = 37). Results show the existence of strong collaboration networks for marine resource governance in both Kenya and Tanzania. Social proximity is the common driver of network formation. Collaboration networks in Kenya and Tanzania have contributed to enhanced learning among marine resource managers. Conclusions point to the need to focus on common challenges relating to low levels of rule-compliance, limited access to information on the state of resources and poor integration of science into marine management decisions. Finally, differences in views regarding the state of marine ecosystems need to be addressed to improve prospects for joint problem-solving in marine transboundary conservation.

Smallholder cattle production is one of the most important enterprises for the majority of people in West Nusa Tenggara as a source of income. This paper reports on how gender played a role in innovation uptake in cattle farming across three ethnic groups (Sasaknese, Sumbawanese and Balinese) and recommendations for a communication strategy design that supports effective innovation uptake. The 2015 socio-cultural study applied a case study methodology involving 19 communities. The research found that gender roles in cattle farming varied across ethnic groups. While cattle farming was generally dominated by men, women’s involvement was more significant for the Sasaknese and Balinese with more intensive cattle farming systems. Across all three ethnicities, women had a prominent role in decision making where financial matters and budget allocations were involved. Women’s involvement in meetings was poor due to cultural barriers and improper timings. Given women are important to product...

Understanding complexity suggests that some problems are more complex than others and defy conventional solutions. These wicked problems will not be solved by the same tools and processes that are complicit in creating them. Neither will they be resolved by approaches short on explicating the complex interconnections of the multiple causes, consequences, and cross-scale actors of the problem. Climate change is one such wicked problem confronting water management in Ghana with a dilemma. The physical consequences of climate change on Ghana’s water resources are progressively worsening. At the same time, existing institutional arrangements demonstrate weak capacities to tackle climate change–related complexities in water management. Therefore, it warrants a dynamic approach imbued with complex and adaptive systems thinking, which also capitalizes on instrumental gains from prior existing institutions. Adaptive Co-Management offers such an opportunity for Ghana to adapt its water manag...

Six kinds of fisheries were recently developed in the Amazon basin: subsistence, mono-specific commercial for exportation, multi-specific commercial for local market, ornamental, reservoir and recreative fishery. Some of them exploit the same stocks. These overlays generate conflicts between resources users, mainly between subsistence fisheries and commercial fisheries who harvest fish in floodplain areas. Self-regulation and co-management have recently shown good results as strategies to the conservation of natural stocks and to promote sustainable development. The settling of a pact between resource users has been the most frequently strategy used by the Brazilian government in the decentralization of fishery management. In this paper, we describe the users' conflicts in the Amazonian and analyze one case study of fisheries comanagement in the Amazon basin, aiming to evaluate its feasibility as a strategy towards resource conservation and users welfare.

The vulnerability of less developed regions is exacerbated by a lack of information to inform appropriate adaptation planning. We addressed this challenge in the islands of Lombok and Sumbawa (Nusa Tenggara Barat Province, Indonesia) by combining multiple sources of knowledge to develop a typology of natural resource use by communities of the province. This enabled an assessment of future impacts of drivers of change such as population growth and climate change. The typology was developed by cluster analysis of an inventory of the use of ecosystem goods and services (EGS) by the 105 rural subdistricts in the province. The data were largely elicited from expert knowledge, augmented by a rapid rural appraisal of communities' marine resource use in Sumbawa. Exploratory analysis of existing secondary data on livelihoods and land use provided context and skeleton data, which were developed further by experts. Overall, 82 EGS were identified from nine terrestrial, coastal, marine and freshwater habitats. EGS included livestock, cropping, forestry, wildlife hunting, fishing, aquaculture, mining, water (for drinking and agriculture) and tourism. The typology comprised seven types that captured 42% of the variation in the data matrix. The types were moderately spatially aggregated and showed some congruence with administrative (district) boundaries. We discuss the implications of the results for planning livelihood adaptation strategies, and out-scaling these among subdistricts of matching types.

Eco-conferences like COP26 in Glasgow (UK) in 2021 have brought the debate on energy consumption and climate change to the fore. Given that a third of the energy produced worldwide is consumed in the home, it is pertinent to investigate how households use emerging technologies that allow households to monitor their energy consumption. This paper investigates how Danish households use green IT to monitor and manage their energy use and studies the related meaning householders attach to the green IT. We present qualitative data collected through interviews with 14 households, electric car owners mostly, who have adopted an application to monitor green energy availability-and its derived consumption. The paper highlights these householders' green energy monitoring practices with an emphasis on the meaning they make of the green IT application they used. Our study found that households can use more green energy without interacting continuously with the green IT application. This contrasts with a common assumption in the field of green IT design that consumers must continuously engage with the green IT to consume more green energy. We also posit that including householders in future green IT design is paramount for designing successful green IT applications. Finally, this paper calls for household energy consumption studies to view energy consumption as a service where specific practices are matched to energy sourcesrather than viewing energy availability as a solitary incident.

The adoption of bioregionalism by institutions that are instrumental in river basin management has significant potential to resolve complex water resource management problems. The Westcountry Rivers Trust (WRT) in England provides an example of how localized bioregional institutionalization of adaptive comanagement, consensus decision making, local participation, indigenous technical and social knowledge, and "win-win" outcomes can potentially lead to resilient partnership working. Our analysis of the WRT's effectiveness in confronting nonpoint source water pollution, previously impervious to centralized agency responses, provides scope for lesson-drawing on institutional design, public engagement, and effective operation, although some evident issues remain.

This chapter assesses the contribution that economics can make to help us understand consumer behaviour and, if necessary, to try and change it. Economic theory of consumer behaviour is sophisticated and rigorous, but very limited. It excludes from consideration many of the factors which are well-recognised by other social sciences as being important. These limitations stem largely from the standard model of homo economicus. Economists are not unaware of this problem, but it is difficult to resolve it: to establish models that are tractable—for example incorporating the idea of interdependent preferences. But even simple economic theory, in which income and price are the main explanatory factors of consumer behaviour, provides the basis for potentially very effective policy instruments. If incomes fall, consumption is indeed reduced; and taxes and subsidies can substantially alter consumer behaviour. The problem is that such instruments are politically very unpopular.

Introduction: Communities situated in protected areas generate conflicts among park administrators, residents and scientists. Should they stay or should they go? This article presents a positive example of a community existing in a state park. The study describes the community's governance process as well as how the park administration and the community solve the conflicts that arise and achieve a method of co-management in a multi-level governance process. Methods: The analysis is based on the Management and Transition Framework (MTF). We used a case study approach and collected data via document study, participatory observation and qualitative interviews. Results: We find that the agreed system of community-based co-management has improved the implementation and enforcement of the state park's rules through negotiation and communication mechanisms in the park council. This relative success is due to the construction of social capital, equality and empowerment. Conclusions: For state parks in similar situations, the findings suggest that: 1) a community should have at least a minimal level of self-organization; 2) the empowerment of the community in the decision-making process is useful; 3) the park administration should gain the trust of the residents; and 4) the effective management of ecosystem services can create a win-win situation for the community as well as the park.

افزایش پیوسته جمعیت جهان و نیاز به تأمین مواد غذایی با توجه به پیش‌بینی نرخ رشد جمعیت جهانی توسط سازمان ملل متحد از هفت میلیارد نفر به هشت میلیارد در سال 2025 و 9.6 میلیارد در سال 2050 و همچنین افزایش 20 درصدی مصرف سالانه مواد غذایی در دهه اخیر موجب بکارگیری حداکثری از زمین‌های زراعی، کودها و سموم شیمیایی و تغییر ژنتیکی برای افزایش تولید محصولات غذایی کشاورزی شده است که موجب مشکلات زیست محیطی، آلودگی اکوسیستم و مهمتر از آن آلودگی مواد غذایی و ناامنی تغذیه و به خطر افتادن سلامت انسان و بروز انواع بیماری‌ها، مسمومیت‌ها و سرطان‌ها است. از مهمترین منابع ایجاد مزیت رقابتی در این راه، ظرفیت نوآوری است که با وجود اهمیت بالای آن، موفقیتش نیازمند دسترسی به دانش جدید است. با توجه به هزینه‌بر و زمان‌بر بودن خلق دانش جدید توسط یک سازمان مجزا و اینکه همه دانش مورد نیاز نوآوری و افراد باهوش، نوآور و خلاق در یک سازمان وجود ندارند، بکارگیری شبکه نوآوری متشکل از کنشگران مختلف مرتبط با ایمنی غذایی راه‌کاری مناسب و مفیدی جهت استفاده حداکثر از دانش جهت خلق نوآوری در این زمینه می‌باشد. این پژوهش با بهره...

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Smallholder cattle production is one of the most important enterprises for the majority of people in West Nusa Tenggara as a source of income. This paper reports on how gender played a role in innovation uptake in cattle farming across three ethnic groups (Sasaknese, Sumbawanese and Balinese) and recommendations for a communication strategy design that supports effective innovation uptake. The 2015 socio-cultural study applied a case study methodology involving 19 communities. The research found that gender roles in cattle farming varied across ethnic groups. While cattle farming was generally dominated by men, women’s involvement was more significant for the Sasaknese and Balinese with more intensive cattle farming systems. Across all three ethnicities, women had a prominent role in decision making where financial matters and budget allocations were involved. Women’s involvement in meetings was poor due to cultural barriers and improper timings. Given women are important to product...

Six kinds of fisheries were recently developed in the Amazon basin: subsistence, mono-specific commercial for exportation, multi-specific commercial for local market, ornamental, reservoir and recreative fishery. Some of them exploit the same stocks. These overlays generate conflicts between resources users, mainly between subsistence fisheries and commercial fisheries who harvest fish in floodplain areas. Self-regulation and co-management have recently shown good results as strategies to the conservation of natural stocks and to promote sustainable development. The settling of a pact between resource users has been the most frequently strategy used by the Brazilian government in the decentralization of fishery management. In this paper, we describe the users’ conflicts in the Amazonian and analyze one case study of fisheries comanagement in the Amazon basin, aiming to evaluate its feasibility as a strategy towards resource conservation and users welfare.

Icelandic fisheries have gone through tremendous changes since the 1980s and the gradual implementation of individual transferable quotas. The paper investigates to what extent the power of different stakeholders in the fisheries management system has changed, and examines whether and in which fields enhanced participation is favoured by relevant stakeholder groups. Strengths and weaknesses of participation within the system are scrutinized and alternatives assessed. The analytical framework stems from the concept of adaptive co-management, whereas the empirical data derives from a survey on Icelandic fisheries management among important stakeholder groups. This survey showed that the critique of individual transferable quotas is not homogeneous. Regional differences are present regarding the evaluation of the current regime, but also of proposed alternative management instruments. Overall, more stakeholder participation, especially in data gathering and decision making, is demanded. This has in fact decreased over time. The authors suggest that the perceived shortcomings of the quota system in general and the lack of stakeholder participation in particular, can be addressed by adopting certain elements of adaptive co-management.

Fishing plays a prominent role in the socioeconomic scope of the Negro River basin and is considered one of the main extractive activities in the region. The objective of this study was to describe the socioeconomic aspects of commercial fishers of edible fish who work in the municipality of Barcelos, in the middle Negro River region, as well as to highlight the scenario of the fishing activity from the point of view of the fishers. The information was collected between January and December 2016 in the municipality of Barcelos, state of Amazonas, via semi-structured questionnaires. Most interviewees were male (71.14%), aged between 18 and 82 years and a mean age of 48 years. With a low level of education, 45.0% had only incomplete elementary education and 15% were illiterate. The fishing tackle most used by fishermen was the gillnet, especially by urban fishermen (70%). Among the fishing sites, the main one was the Demeni River (50%). Commercial fishing for edible fish in Barcelos f...

La península de Baja California es un territorio aislado destacable por varios casos de pesquerías de exportación y su organización social. En el presente escrito se describe la historia ambiental de dos sistemas de manejo pesquero (abulón/langosta y erizo) en la costa del Pacífico. El comienzo de ambos sistemas es equivalente en el manejo intensivo de pesquerías con alto valor comercial en Asia y la conversión de trabajadores en tierra (rancheros y ejidatarios) a pescadores. Un segundo momento es la organización de los pescadores en cooperativas pesqueras donde comienza el comanejo de las pesquerías de abulón, langosta en el sur y erizo rojo en el norte. Como respuesta a los cambios propios de la naturaleza, de las organizaciones sociales, institucionales y comerciales y ahora al cambio climático, los pescadores han desarrollado esquemas de comanejo adaptativo que proveen experiencias nacionales exitosas para inspirar esquemas de manejo sostenible en otras pesquerías.

Eco-conferences like COP26 in Glasgow (UK) in 2021 have brought the debate on energy consumption and climate change to the fore. Given that a third of the energy produced worldwide is consumed in the home, it is pertinent to investigate how households use emerging technologies that allow households to monitor their energy consumption. This paper investigates how Danish households use green IT to monitor and manage their energy use and studies the related meaning householders attach to the green IT. We present qualitative data collected through interviews with 14 households, electric car owners mostly, who have adopted an application to monitor green energy availability-and its derived consumption. The paper highlights these householders' green energy monitoring practices with an emphasis on the meaning they make of the green IT application they used. Our study found that households can use more green energy without interacting continuously with the green IT application. This contrasts with a common assumption in the field of green IT design that consumers must continuously engage with the green IT to consume more green energy. We also posit that including householders in future green IT design is paramount for designing successful green IT applications. Finally, this paper calls for household energy consumption studies to view energy consumption as a service where specific practices are matched to energy sourcesrather than viewing energy availability as a solitary incident.

Comanagement of natural resources is a well-established approach to the management of common-pool resources such as small-scale fisheries, operating in multiple contexts and settings for over two decades. These programs are expected to be adaptable and promote social and ecological benefits, such as sustainable livelihoods and biodiversity goals. As programs mature, it is important to consider how some core principles of comanagement have manifested in practice, as well as whether they deliver on these promised benefits. Drawing from the conservation, small-scale fisheries, and fisheries management literature, this paper examines three fundamental principles of fisheries comanagement: participation, equity, and power. The conceptualization, definitions, and measures of each theme are presented, with discussion of the current gaps in the literature. We also demonstrate the deep interrelationships between these key dimensions of comanagement, and the need for greater attention to thei...

This rural-driven study utilized the liberal political framework to examine the political ecology of water resource governance as a sustainable pathway for decentralization and participatory water supply in rural communities of the Savannah Region. Methods utilized were quantitative, while the ontology and epistemology adopted the post-positivist approaches. Cross-sectional and probability approaches were used to draw a sample of 450 respondents. Self-designed questionnaires were administered while correlation and descriptive statistics were used for analysing the data. With 95% confidence interval and error margin (e) = 0.05, the decision rule for hypotheses test was stated as ‘accept null hypothesis (Ho) if p-value is greater than (˃) the alpha level (α)= 0.05 and do not accept the null hypothesis if the significant level (p-values) are less than or equal to (≤) the critical value (i.e. alpha level, α = 0.05)”. Results showed rural water systems continue to experience incessant cy...

What does it mean to be at home in a hot city? One response is to shut our doors and close ourselves in a cocoon of air-conditioned thermal comfort. As the climate warms, indoor environments facilitated by technical infrastructures of cooling are fast becoming the condition around which urban life is shaped. The price we pay for this response is high: our bodies have become sedentary, patterns of consumption individualized, and spaces of comfortable mobility and sociality in the city, termed in this paper as "infrastructures of care," have declined. Drawing on the findings of a transdisciplinary pilot study titled Cooling the Commons, this paper proposes that the production of the home as an enclosed and private space needs to be rethought as an infrastructure that potentially undermines more social, convivial, and environmentally sensitive responses to a warming world. The paper asks, what role might design now play in developing alternative infrastructures of care that start with the idea of "home" as a distributed proposition?

This paper discusses how changing urban-rural relationships pose new opportunities and challenges for resource management in the municipality of Barcelos, Middle Rio Negro, Brazilian Amazon. The conflicts arising from poor delimitation of the rights of different resource users, as well as increasing rural-urban connections, have mobilised indigenous peoples to seek to protect traditional fishing territories. However, people's mobility challenges resource management models that are based on permanent residence. This complexity underscores the urgent need for new ecological and political management models to deal with the flux of both people and natural resources, without excluding minority groups.

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Fishing plays a prominent role in the socioeconomic scope of the Negro River basin and is considered one of the main extractive activities in the region. The objective of this study was to describe the socioeconomic aspects of commercial fishers of edible fish who work in the municipality of Barcelos, in the middle Negro River region, as well as to highlight the scenario of the fishing activity from the point of view of the fishers. The information was collected between January and December 2016 in the municipality of Barcelos, state of Amazonas, via semi-structured questionnaires. Most interviewees were male (71.14%), aged between 18 and 82 years and a mean age of 48 years. With a low level of education, 45.0% had only incomplete elementary education and 15% were illiterate. The fishing tackle most used by fishermen was the gillnet, especially by urban fishermen (70%). Among the fishing sites, the main one was the Demeni River (50%). Commercial fishing for edible fish in Barcelos f...