Adolescent violence

OBJETIVO: Descrever as formas de apresentação da violência e método de classificação em níveis de gravidade aplicado no Programa Rede de Proteção das Crianças e Adolescentes em Situação de Risco para Violência da cidade de Curitiba. MÉTODOS: O presente estudo constituiu-se de quatro fases: participação e acompanhamento da implantação do programa Rede de Proteção; desenvolvimento de método para classificar os níveis de gravidade das situações de violência contra infância e adolescência; participação na capacitação de profissionais da rede pública para identificação das situações de violência, aplicação do método de classificação e notificação; análise e interpretação dos dados das notificações de violência geradas pelo Programa. RESULTADOS: No Programa Rede de Proteção de Curitiba foram notificados 1.537 casos de violência contra crianças e adolescentes em 2003 e 1.974 em 2004, sendo 93% casos de violência doméstica. Dos casos de violência doméstica, em 2003 e 2004, respectivamente, ...

The tragic events on April 20, 1999, in Littleton, Colorado, provide an opportunity to reflect on the nature and consequences of not just the shootings but also the meanings that were ascribed to various facets of those events, including an emergent definition of the “Columbine Syndrome.” Based on a qualitative media analysis, this article examines part of the public presentations and news accounts of the “meanings of Columbine,” with particular emphasis on violence, crime, youth, popular culture, surveillance, social control, and terrorism. Analysis suggests that Columbine was merged with terrorism as part of the broader frame of fear and national security.

This study is based on the analysis of law enforcement practice, monitoring of social networks, analysis of media materials and theoretical works of Russian and foreign scholars on the topic of school shooting. The paper presents characteristics of the columbine subculture at the present stage of its development in the Russian-speaking segment of the Internet. The authors describe the main provisions that form the basis of the ideology of school shooting, substantiates that this ideology has an expressed political essence and has signs of a terrorist ideology. The authors analyse the relationship between the propaganda of school shooting and the propaganda of other destructive subcultures (right-wing and leftist-anarchism, incels, AUE (an extremist organization banned in the Russian Federation), etc.). They come to the conclusion that the columbine subculture in the Russian-speaking segment of the Internet, on the one hand, intersects, merges with other (sometimes diametrically oppo...

The one-year anniversary of the Virginia Tech massacre was April 16, followed by the ninth anniversary of Columbine just a few days later on April 20. As April 16 approached, there were all sorts of stories in the mainstream media about the tragedy. As someone who has written extensively about media culture but also now about gun violence, is there a way you can characterize media coverage of VT, NIU and other recent school shootings? In your opinion, what are some of the strengths and weaknesses of the coverage? DK: For the most part, corporate media coverage of the school shootings remains on the level of media spectacle, presenting the events as tragedies, while failing to go into the features that the shootings have in common. One searches in vain in the corporate media for discussion of a "crisis in masculinity" or a thoughtful critique of our out-of-control gun culture, and yet in most of the tragedies, the shooters use guns and violence to resolve their masculine identity crises and create celebrity for themselves through acts of violence. JK: In your book Guys and Guns Amok, you link incidents of domestic terrorism like the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing to the phenomenon of school shootings. Can you explain the similarities (and differences) as you see them? DK: In both school shootings and acts of domestic terrorism the perpetrators use guns and/or commit violence to resolve crises in masculinity and to constitute themselves as "tough guys," real men. They also use the media to create media spectacles of terror and to constitute themselves as celebrities, hence the title of my book, "Guys and Guns Amok." JK: Can you describe the origins of the word "amok," as well as your use of the term in relation to school shootings and other killing rampages? DK: The initial title "Guns Amok" emerged as I was outlining a table of contents for this book. As it turns out, there were many Google references that connected "guns" and "amok"; there were almost thirty films with "Amok" in their title, including a Chuck Jones Daffy Duck film "Duck Amuck" that I recalled when thinking about the title, as well as a Star Trek episode "Amok Time," that I remember well. There are books and journals with "Amok" in their title, including Stefan Zweig's novel Amok (1922). Hence, there are enough cultural references to make the title resonant and viable.

The use of psychoactive substances has been cited by drug enforcement officials as a cause of criminal behavior. Apart from the manufacture, sale, and/or delivery of illicit substances, substance *use* has been regarded as a primary precipitant of criminal behavior, especially violent behavior (e.g., Drug Enforcement Administration, 1994). To date, however, it seems that such assertions have been based on anecdotal evidence, with little, if any, empirical support. Even data from the federal government fails to support such a link. For example, during 9 contemporaneous reporting periods between 1972 and 1990, the correlations between adolescent (ages 17 and younger) violent, property, and overall crime rates and mean adolescent (ages 12-17) usage rates for 10 substances (both licit and illicit) were .09, .27, and .20, respectively (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 1972-90; National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1991). These correlations can hardly be viewed as suggestive of any meaningful relationships between crime and substance use. Such evidence, however, is circumstantial. Other indicators are needed to establish any real relationship, whether large or small, between crime and drug use. The purpose of this study was to excavate the body of recent scholarly research in this domain for any evidence concerning the role of substance use in criminal acts perpetuated by adolescents and to summarize these findings using meta-analysis (Wolf, 1986).

Nowadays, it seems that there has been an increase in violent behavior by adolescents against their peers and younger children, as well as destructiveness against themselves (e.g. self-injury). The act of violence is sometimes a silent scream, an attempt by the adolescent to express an unbearable stress, dysfunctions in his family and social pressures. Some adolescents presenting extreme violent or delinquent behavior have a mental vulnerability, a fragility that may derive from traumatic events that they experienced in their early childhood. We will discuss factors that contribute to vulnerability, such as difficulties in psycho-emotional development, and the role of the family environment.

The political landscape was also different than two hundred years earlier, although two schools of thought still remained prominent, The Fedcralists and Democratic-Republicans of the early days of the nation had morphed into the conservative Republicans and the liberal Democrats of the bicentennial year. However, neither Gerald Ford-the "accidental" president who succeeded Richard M. Nixon after Nixon resigned in disgrace over the Watergate scandal prior to his anticipated impeachment-nor Jimmy Carter-Ford's little-known centrist Democratic challenger-were the equivalent of Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Hamilton, or the other founders of the republic, but that was the choice offered to voters, Indeed, the closeness of the November presidential election (Carter, 50 percent; Ford, 48 percent) suggested the deep divisions in the nation. In many ways, the same ideological choice on the ballot was proffered to audiences of American films. The ideological themes (and styles) of the most popular films, as well as those most acclaimed by the critical establishment and the Motion Picture Academy, likewise reflected a growing national instability, a vestige of the Vietnam War and Watergate periods. Three of the top seven best-selling nonfiction books were about the Watergate scandal: Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein's The Final Days, a sequel or sorts to their All the President's Men; convicted Watergate conspirator Charles Colson's Born Again; and John Dean's Blind Ambition: The White House Years. The success of Alex Haley's Roots suggested that racial tensions were casing despite events that indicated the nation was still racially divided. Finally, although not a commercial bestseller , another highly influential book appeared this year: Daniel Bell's The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism, whose thesis was that U.S, society was splintering. In fact, Bell's hook contains twenty-two references to America as "unstable," as epitomized by the '''American climacteric,' a critical change of life" in the nation (213). On the international scene, Vietnam became unified, with its capital established in Hanoi and Saigon renamed Ho Chi Minh City. Both Mao Tse-tung and Chou En-lai died, leading to a power snuggle for control of the People's Republic of China, The incoming pragmatists purged hardline Maoists, and many Mao loyalists, such as the Gang of Four (including Mao's widow, Ch'ing Ch'ing (a former film star), were imprisoned, Perhaps because of the uncertain times and the excitement surrounding the bicentennial, the arts returned to traditional and familiar modes of expression, thus eclipsing the long run of the more experimental, political, arid modernist aesthetic in painting, sculpture, architecture, photography,

Studies of school shootings have been conducted in a variety of disciplines, including sociology, psychology, and media studies. However, to date there is no unified body of knowledge about such events. In an effort to synthesize past studies, and to orient future studies in school shootings, this article (i) offers a typology for understanding the varieties of school shooting incidents, including rampages, mass murders, terrorist attacks, targeted attacks, and government shootings; (ii) examines the mass media dynamic of school shootings; and (iii) presents a synthesis of the multilevel causes suggested in the research, including those on the individual, community, and social levels. Suggestions for future studies in school shootings are explored.

Although school violence directly affects the overall health and well-being of children and adolescents, clear priorities have not been identified for dealing with the problem. Horrific events such as the 1999 Columbine High School shooting in Littleton, Colo, and recent shootings at Virginia Tech have focused the nation on high-profile, media-worthy school violence to the detriment of addressing everyday forms of violence in schools. Policies that have been developed to reduce school violence have mixed reviews. To raise the consciousness of healthcare professionals, educators, legislators, and the general public, the most salient issues are discussed.

Mass shootings at primary and secondary schools command an immense amount of media coverage, due to their rarity and lethality. As these tragic events unfold citizens frequently demand answers, and the mediawho is frequently the entity framing the circumstances surrounding these events-are tasked with providing responses to those questions. It is at this juncture that sensationalized information, or simply misinformation, can impact the internalization of perceptions regarding these rare occurrences. Subsequent externalizations from that sensationalized or faulty information-especially policy aimed at prevention-then has the potential to be impacted by that information.This study aimed to examine the factors that mainstream news articles and scholarly journal articles attribute to impacting the occurrence of rampage school shootings. This was done through a content analysis of eight of the most circulated print newspapers and newsmagazines, as well as the entire population of peer reviewed journal articles that discussed the phenomenon. Triangulation of the findings uncovered that there were differences in the factors the two types of sources discussed, as well as in how similar factors were discussed. Implications for these differences were then discussed through analyzing enacted policies that are intended to prevent these tragedies from occurring.

Background: sexual violence against adolescents is a highly prevalent problem with profound impacts throughout life, and most often perpetrators are relatives and acquaintances of the victims. In Brazil, sexual violence is a problem that must be reported in all health services and the data collected must be registered in the Information System for Reporting Diseases (SINAN - Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação). This study aimed to describe the frequency of reported cases of sexual violence against adolescents and to analyze their associated factors. Method: a cross-sectional analytical study was conducted with reported data on sexual violence against adolescents in the state of Espírito Santo registered in SINAN between 2011 and 2018. Variables to characterize the victim, aggression and perpetrator were used. Bivariate analyzes were performed using Chi-Square (χ²) and Fisher’s exact tests. Multivariate analysis considered the log-binomial model and adjustment results we...

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On the tenth anniversary of a series of school rampage shootings in Springfield, Oregon, Littleton, Colorado, and Conyers, Georgia, the purpose of this study was to determine whether there were indications of intellectual, academic, or creative giftedness with emotional/behavioral disorders in the perpetrators. In addition, through historiographical methods, this study was designed to allow for themes to surface from the authentic writings of the adolescent shooters. Similarities in previous research results are reported in the meta-analysis, and categories derived from my analysis of the writings of Kip Kinkel, Eric Harris, Dylan Klebold, and T.J. Solomon are indicated in the analysis chapter. These categories are: (1) existential thinking, (2) control/power, (3) image, (4) blame, (5) cognitive/affective thinking problems, (6) lacking meaningful connections, (7) meaningful connections, (8) creativity, and (9) intellectualization. In addition, two themes surfaced in this study. They...

On the tenth anniversary of a series of school rampage shootings in Springfield, Oregon, Littleton, Colorado, and Conyers, Georgia, the purpose of this study was to determine whether there were indications of intellectual, academic, or creative giftedness with emotional/behavioral disorders in the perpetrators. In addition, through historiographical methods, this study was designed to allow for themes to surface from the authentic writings of the adolescent shooters. Similarities in previous research results are reported in the meta-analysis, and categories derived from my analysis of the writings of Kip Kinkel, Eric Harris, Dylan Klebold, and T.J. Solomon are indicated in the analysis chapter. These categories are: (1) existential thinking, (2) control/power, (3) image, (4) blame, (5) cognitive/affective thinking problems, (6) lacking meaningful connections, (7) meaningful connections, (8) creativity, and (9) intellectualization. In addition, two themes surfaced in this study. They...

This essay considers 12 books of contemporary young adult fiction, published in the United States between 2000 and 2016, with plots directly related to rampage school shootings. It compares the shooters' psychological types, ages, races, genders, roles, motives and the narrative points of view in the books with dominant cultural scripts for rampage school shootings and explains how the fictional texts confirm, critique, or extend these scripts. Keywords Young adult literature Á School shootings Á Cultural scripts Á Content analysis Á United States Gwynne Ellen Ash teaches courses in literacy and children's and young adult literature in the College of Education at Texas State University, in San Marcos. She studied children's and YA literature both during her M.A. in English and her Ph.D. in reading education. A former middle school teacher, she is particularly interested in how children's and YA texts portray the reality of students, teachers, and schools. Further work examines characterizations of teachers in children's books and the representation of teacher caring in books for middle and high school readers. Jane M. Saunders, also at Texas State University, teaches literacy courses and integrates children's and YA literature into her instruction. She taught middle and high school English language arts, and her doctoral studies focused on Curricular/Critical Studies.

In this article, Amy Shuffelton addresses school shootings through an investigation of honor and masculinity. Drawing on recent scholarship on honor, including Bernard Williams's Shame and Necessity and Kwame Anthony Appiah's The Honor Code, Shuffelton points out that honor has been misconstrued as exclusively a matter of hierarchical, competitive relationships. A second kind of honor, which exists within relationships of mutual respect between equals, she suggests, merits theorists' further consideration. In its hierarchical mode, honor is often a source of violent action, but honor in its egalitarian mode can play an important role in peacemaking. Shuffelton turns to Homer's Iliad and Adrienne Rich's "Women and Honor: Some Notes on Lying" to explore honor's potential. Linking both kinds of honor to masculinity and the issue of gun violence, this article contends that to address gun violence in and outside of schools, masculine honor needs to be "reissued" as a matter of egalitarian relationships based on honest communication.

Over the last decade, school rampage shootings have taken multiple lives and caused widespread fear throughout the United States. During this same period, there have also been dozens of averted incidents where student plots to kill multiple peers and faculty members came to the attention of authorities and thus were thwarted. This dissertation entails in-depth interviews conducted with school and police officials (administrators, counselors, security and police officers, and teachers) directly involved in preventing what many perceived to be potential rampages at eleven public middle and high schools across the Northeastern United States. Interview data were subsequently triangulated via news media reporting and legal documentation about the eleven averted incidents. Additionally, the perspectives of school administrators at demographically similar public schools (i.e. in predominantly white suburban and rural communities) where no rampage threat took place were solicited as a basis of comparison. This multi-tiered method enabled the investigation of how officials explain their beliefs and concerns about threats of rampage violence, the process by which threats are assessed, and how previous school rampage plots have been averted. The resultant data provide insight into the school cultures and practices that enabled rampage attacks to be foiled, but also serve as a means through which to better understand late modern perspectives on the fear, risk assessment, and surveillance of American youth. Therefore, the way in which school authorities have reacted to the school rampage phenomenon reveals a great deal about our contemporary justice mindset, which often views the identification, surveillance, and management of potentially dangerous individuals as the best approach to the inevitability of crime. As such, my research reveals both

August 5, 2012 seemed like a typical summer Sunday in Oak Creek, Wisconsin. Unseasonably warm, perhaps, as members of the local Sikh community filed into the local gurdwara for their Sunday service. Without warning Wade Michael Page, a 40-year-old ex-soldier, burst in and opened fire on the families that had come to meditate together. When he was done he'd murdered six and wounded three others before he was shot dead by the police. Just two weeks earlier James Holmes, a seemingly mentally unstable young man, burst into a movie theater in Aurora, Colorado, at a midnight showing of The Dark Knight Rises, the final installment of the Batman series, and opened fire in the middle of a particularly kinetic action scene in the movie. After murdering 12 people and injuring 58 others, the single worst mass shooting by a single gunman in American history at the time, Holmes walked to his car, where he was arrested. Now a convicted mass murderer, sentenced to life imprisonment without parole, he looks like he Author's Note: A later, and somewhat different, version of this chapter was published as chapter 7 of Angry White Men (Nation Books, 2013).

This study is based on the analysis of law enforcement practice, monitoring of social networks, analysis of media materials and theoretical works of Russian and foreign scholars on the topic of school shooting. The paper presents characteristics of the columbine subculture at the present stage of its development in the Russian-speaking segment of the Internet. The authors describe the main provisions that form the basis of the ideology of school shooting, substantiates that this ideology has an expressed political essence and has signs of a terrorist ideology. The authors analyse the relationship between the propaganda of school shooting and the propaganda of other destructive subcultures (right-wing and leftist-anarchism, incels, AUE (an extremist organization banned in the Russian Federation), etc.). They come to the conclusion that the columbine subculture in the Russian-speaking segment of the Internet, on the one hand, intersects, merges with other (sometimes diametrically oppo...

American school shootings have received a lot of media, public and academic attention within the last two decades. Still, reasons behind the shocking events lie undiscovered. Although individual factors have been widely examined, researchers are yet to find commonalities. This thesis reviewed evidence of macro-sociological explanations for American school shootings and attempted to identify the roles of culture, cultural marginalisation and masculinity in American multi-victim school shootings using seven case studies from 1999-2018. Results identified cultural marginalisation as a key factor in all of the cases, whereas hegemonic and violent masculinities received some support. In addition, interconnectedness and relationships between anomie, culture, cultural marginalisation, masculinity and school shootings were discussed in more detail. Finally, future suggestions were made, and conclusions were drawn.

High school political activists (40 female, 46 male) completed extensive questionnaires. Differences between participants with moderatekonservative, liberal, and left perspectives were analyzed as were gender differences on the Bem Sex Role Inventory and other politically associated behaviors. Males and females described themselves as masculine; females also described themselves as feminine. Conservative males described themselves as most masculine and least feminine. No gender differences were found on extent of political activity. But, females were more likely to be active in feminist organizations and causes, to label themselves as feminists, and to describe their mothers as feminists, and were less likely to have a group of friends they hang out with compared to males. Females were more doubtful than males about mixing marriage, children, employment, and politics in the future. Females more often presented future family life as a source of limitation on their political futures compared to males. Political activism has been viewed historically as important to a healthy democracy. Certainly political activists move the society along its course, prodding and pulling it in the many particular directions dictated by their interests. The presence of political activists representing all groups in society, especially previously underrepresented or oppressed groups, is critical to the democratic ideal.

OBJETIVOS: Analisar a reincidência de violência infantil no Município de Curitiba - Paraná e compreender o fenômeno com base na perspectiva de gênero. MÉTODOS: Estudo de abordagem quantitativa do tipo descritivo exploratório. Dentre as 338 notificações de violência contra crianças de zero a 9 anos de idade junto à Rede de Proteção à Criança e ao Adolescente dessa cidade com última notificação em 2009 foram analisados 300 casos por serem reincidentes. RESULTADOS: A totalidade dos casos foi de violência intrafamiliar e a reincidência mais frequente foi a negligência, tendo com principal agressora a mãe. A violência sexual apareceu mais entre as meninas, com casos reincidentes no mesmo tipo ou com a negligência antecedendo. A manifestação da violência reincidente contra crianças apresentou-se sobreposta, recorrente, com tendência a agravar-se com a evolução dos casos. CONCLUSÃO: A violência contra as crianças é determinada por relações de poder determinadas pelas categorias gênero e ge...

Over the span of two hours and 40 minutes, the campus of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University was terrorized by 23-year-old Seung-Hui Cho in what would become the deadliest school shooting in US history[ CITATION Off07 \l 4105 ]. Eleven years later, on Valentine's Day, Nikolas Cruz took the lives of 17 people at Marjory Stoneman Douglas high school in Parkland, Florida-the deadliest high school shooting in US history and the 25 th fatal school shooting since Columbine [ CITATION Ear18 \l 4105 ]. While school shootings remain sensational, almost fictional when they occur, the rate of these events steadily increased from 1999 to 2014, where an average of three rampages a month occurred in the United States [ CITATION Cel15 \l 4105 ]. Records show that the perpetrator demographic is overwhelmingly male, with 96% of shooters identifying with that gender[ CITATION Fra07 \l 4105 ]. However, the unanswered question remains: why men? Social Constructivists argue that

OBJETIVO: Descrever as formas de apresentação da violência e método de classificação em níveis de gravidade aplicado no Programa Rede de Proteção das Crianças e Adolescentes em Situação de Risco para Violência da cidade de Curitiba. MÉTODOS: O presente estudo constituiu-se de quatro fases: participação e acompanhamento da implantação do programa Rede de Proteção; desenvolvimento de método para classificar os níveis de gravidade das situações de violência contra infância e adolescência; participação na capacitação de profissionais da rede pública para identificação das situações de violência, aplicação do método de classificação e notificação; análise e interpretação dos dados das notificações de violência geradas pelo Programa. RESULTADOS: No Programa Rede de Proteção de Curitiba foram notificados 1.537 casos de violência contra crianças e adolescentes em 2003 e 1.974 em 2004, sendo 93% casos de violência doméstica. Dos casos de violência doméstica, em 2003 e 2004, respectivamente, ...

The one-year anniversary of the Virginia Tech massacre was April 16, followed by the ninth anniversary of Columbine just a few days later on April 20. As April 16 approached, there were all sorts of stories in the mainstream media about the tragedy. As someone who has written extensively about media culture but also now about gun violence, is there a way you can characterize media coverage of VT, NIU and other recent school shootings? In your opinion, what are some of the strengths and weaknesses of the coverage? DK: For the most part, corporate media coverage of the school shootings remains on the level of media spectacle, presenting the events as tragedies, while failing to go into the features that the shootings have in common. One searches in vain in the corporate media for discussion of a "crisis in masculinity" or a thoughtful critique of our out-of-control gun culture, and yet in most of the tragedies, the shooters use guns and violence to resolve their masculine identity crises and create celebrity for themselves through acts of violence. JK: In your book Guys and Guns Amok, you link incidents of domestic terrorism like the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing to the phenomenon of school shootings. Can you explain the similarities (and differences) as you see them? DK: In both school shootings and acts of domestic terrorism the perpetrators use guns and/or commit violence to resolve crises in masculinity and to constitute themselves as "tough guys," real men. They also use the media to create media spectacles of terror and to constitute themselves as celebrities, hence the title of my book, "Guys and Guns Amok." JK: Can you describe the origins of the word "amok," as well as your use of the term in relation to school shootings and other killing rampages? DK: The initial title "Guns Amok" emerged as I was outlining a table of contents for this book. As it turns out, there were many Google references that connected "guns" and "amok"; there were almost thirty films with "Amok" in their title, including a Chuck Jones Daffy Duck film "Duck Amuck" that I recalled when thinking about the title, as well as a Star Trek episode "Amok Time," that I remember well. There are books and journals with "Amok" in their title, including Stefan Zweig's novel Amok (1922). Hence, there are enough cultural references to make the title resonant and viable.

Resumo A escola presencia o crescimento das manifestações de violências interpessoais entre crianças e, nesta ótica, o artigo analisa a prevalência destas no relacionamento entre escolares e os seus fatores associados. Estudo transversal, com 874 alunos de escolas públicas municipais, de 10 e 11 anos idade, realizado no ano de 2013. Um questionário instrumentou a coleta de dados que foram submetidos à análise bivariada com cálculo de significância estatística entre as associações. Os resultados apontam que a criança agressora (83,2%) associa-se ao sexo masculino (RP = 1,08), bem como apanhar em casa (RP = 1,13) e ter uma família que incentiva o revide (RP = 1,17). A criança vítima (89,5%), a família que incentiva o revide (RP = 1,05) e, a participante de conflitos (93,6%), a família incentivar o revide (RP = 1,05) e a idade. A criança de 10 anos tem até 3,0% mais de chance de participar em situações de conflitos. A “família que incentiva o revide” associa-se as situações de agressão...

Domestic Violence involving children and adolescents is a complex multi-causal phenomenon. This research aims to determine the predictors’ factors for children and adolescents’ victims and perpetrators of domestic violence in a Brazilian Metropolis. Cross-sectional study (n = 780). The logistic regression model was realized to present predictors. The models obtained good prediction, evaluation, and applicability. The main findings: 1) Model for victims was composed by the previous violence suffered, absence at school, working, using chemical substances and Divorced parents. 2) Model for perpetrators was composed of threats suffered and parents using chemical substances. Finally, it is fundamental to strengthen intersectoral and interdisciplinary public policies.

Rampage school gun violence elicits strong public reaction, but often results in stop-gap policies that do little to address the violence. Such policies include but are not limited to: zero-tolerance discipline, employing school resource officers, installing metal detectors, arming teachers, and active shooter drills. What nearly all of these post-rampage policies share is a desire to secure the school by making the school impenetrable to would be assailants. This article takes up the educational effects these polices have on democratic education in the United States. To this end, this article traces the educational and democratic significance of post-rampage policies that harden schools. The author contends post-rampage schooling of this sort turns children into soldiers and schools into bunkers at the expense of democratic education for the renewal of a democratic society. The article concludes by introducing methods and practices to soften schools and sustain education for democratic citizenship.

This paper attempts to identify insufficient areas in data, research, and theory surrounding school shootings which, if corrected, could reduce or prevent such shootings. It has become a semi-normal occurrence in American news media to report “the latest” school shooting. America’s schools, along with the students, staff, and faculty, have become accustomed to “active shooter” drills and standard protocols of questionable invasive techniques aimed at school safety, such as magnetometers, the omnipresence of surveillance cameras, School Resource Officers (SROs), and in emerging school districts even the presence of an armed paramilitary force. These costly, and seemingly rational, measures have not yet prevented an active school shooter. This paper will look at theories behind these and other failures in school violence prevention and the inability of a nation to adequately recognize, understand, and remedy a crisis before it occurs. The greatest school shooting is the one that never happens. This paper will explore a theoretical model that shifts research and prevention of school violence from analyzing the student to analyzing the institution.