Affective Attitude

A substantial aim of political communication is to engage specific groups of citizens through pragmatic policies and various media channels to convey messages and gain the audience's acceptance effectively. This study investigates political communication as a form of discourse that occurs within political contexts, which involves the exchange of messages among political actors to address and resolve political issues. It is an interdisciplinary field encompassing aspects of psychology, economics, culture, society, and linguistics. This paper aims to give a satisfactory explanation for the question concerning effective communication characteristics: how might politicians utilize them in their speech to be more effective? This pragmatic study in discourse is devoted to analyzing the various effective syntactic structures that arise within political interactions according to Sperber and Wilson's Theory of Relevance. The contribution of this study is evident as guidelines for further understanding the correlation between language and cognition. The researchers find that politicians seek to cognitively take advantage of the tendency of the audience to strive for relevance. In this way, expectations and attitudes are to be recognized and met by either interlocutors. The focal point of the study is the linguistic and inferential aspects of communication (verbal and non-verbal forms), represented in explicatures and implicatures. The study's findings exhibit the politicians' efforts in crafting their utterances optimally to meet the audience's expectations of relevance, which could be used as an influential method for further studies concerning discourse and communication. This research paper aims to pragmatically exploit the effectiveness of the political interactions (extracts) in the House of Commons (UK parliamentary debates).

In this paper, the Gricean notion of explicit cancellability Grice’s original spelling is “cancelability”. is used as a testable characteristic, able to indicate different degrees of strength for different types of (ironic) implicatures. According to the definition adopted for this analysis, implicature strength is determined by the likelihood of retrieval of an implicature in a specific context and, essentially, by the degree of certainty that the hearer maintains about the correctness of the inferred interpretation. Ironic implicature strength is considered the product of various factors (“factors of implicature strength”), some of which are always present (such as the type and strength of assumptions on which a derivation is based), while others are optional and appear in tandem with specific irony strategies. Irony strategies are categorized into two general types (meaning reversal and meaning replacement), which are expected to show different degrees of implicature strength, be...

The ability to focus on relevant information is central to human cognition. It is therefore hardly unsurprising that the notion of relevance appears across a range of different disciplines. As well as its central role in relevance-theoretic pragmatics, for example, relevance is also a core concept in affective science, where there is consensus that for a particular object or event to elicit an emotional state, that object or event needs to be relevant to the person in whom that state is elicited. Despite this, although some affective scientists have carefully considered what emotional relevance might mean, surprisingly little research has been dedicated to providing a definition. Since, by contrast, the relevance-theoretic notion of relevance is carefully defined, our primary aim is to compare relevance as it exists in affective science and in relevance theory, A further aim is to redress what we perceive to be an imbalance: Affective scientists have made great strides in understanding the processes of emotion elicitation/responses etc., but despite the fact that among humans the communication of information about emotional states is ubiquitous, pragmatists have tended to ignore it. We conclude, therefore, that affective science and relevance theory have much to learn from each other.

El propósito de esta investigación fue medir la actitud hacia la investigación de los estudiantes universitarios. La metodología de este estudio está bajo el enfoque cuantitativo, con un diseño de investigación no experimental, de tipo básico de alcance descriptivo. Se tomó en cuenta una muestra no probabilística por convicción de 262 estudiantes, aplicándose la Escala de Actitudes hacia la Investigación (EACIN) que está compuesta por 34 ítems y agrupado en tres dimensiones, afectiva, cognoscitiva y conductual. Los resultados obtenidos determinaron que la actitud hacia la investigación de estudiantes universitarios es neutra tanto en las mujeres como en los varones, lo cual podría significar que los estudiantes no le están tomando la adecuada importancia. Así mismo, esto da a entender que la universidad debe de mejorar y motivar más a los estudiantes, creando nuevas estrategias, para generar en los estudiantes una buena actitud hacia la investigación.The purpose of this research was...

Irony is a complicated communicative strategy that has aroused a great deal of scholarly attention reflected in a wide range of theories —several of them addressed in the chapters of this Handbook— trying to come to terms with what is at stake when a speaker intends to be ironic.1 As will be briefly explained in the next Section, within the theoretical stance adopted in this chapter, irony has little to do with communicating the opposite of what is explicitly (i.e. literally) stated (Grice’s what is said; the relevance-theoretic explicature), being instead associated with making a reference to some state of affairs (thought, norm, expectation, utterance...) regarded as criticisable, incorrect, ludicrous or undesirable (even deserving mockery and disdain), as well as with an interest to communicate a specific variety of attitude towards that state of affairs, specifically placed on the dissociative range.
In order to identify both this state of affairs and the underlying dissociative attitude, the communicator (speaker, writer, internet user) expects their addressees to be able to access the necessary amount of contextual information that, at some stage during the interpretation of the ironic utterance, invalidates the choice of an explicit interpretation as possibly intended. According to the specific proposal made in this chapter, certain supportive contextual information —for instance, nonverbal communication— expected by communicators and available to addressees in face-to-face scenarios is absent or needs to be re-adjusted in many of the forms of internet-mediated communication that users engage in on a regular basis (e.g. social media or messaging apps). However, such contextual limitation by no means discourages users from engaging in ironic communication online (quite the opposite, see below). This chapter therefore pursues a twofold aim: (1) to show the ways in which ironies are produced and inferred on the various internet interfaces (social media, messaging apps...); and (2) to address the ways in which irony-triggering contextual information is predicted, accessed and managed when attempting to infer ironies online.

Linguistic theory and translation theory both deal with language; however, they rarely meet or use each other's results in order to advance their individual areas of research. Linguists often seem to look at translation as either trade or art rather than science, and translators show cynicism about linguistic inquiry ignoring real language data. This paper focuses on one particular area of concern in both linguistics and translation: how to incorporate pragmatics into an explanation of which translation or interpretation is best for a given linguistic expression in a given linguistic and extra-linguistic context? Students in practical translation classes do not appreciate explanations along the lines "this is simply how you would say it in language X" or "this is what the speakers of X would say in this situation". Speakers of X are balancing their knowledge of rules and conventions of language use with pragmatic know-how; they are making choices that translators-both human and machine-are supposed to imitate in the target language context. We present several examples and discuss how Sperber and Wilson's Relevance Theory could claim translational explanatory adequacy in its handling of the "division of labour" between codal knowledge and inferencing. 1For a sampling of the vast literature on TT, the reader is referred to Catford (1965),

Linguistic theory and translation theory both deal with language; however, they rarely meet or use each other's results in order to advance their individual areas of research. Linguists often seem to look at translation as either trade or art rather than science, and translators show cynicism about linguistic inquiry ignoring real language data. This paper focuses on one particular area of concern in both linguistics and translation: how to incorporate pragmatics into an explanation of which translation or interpretation is best for a given linguistic expression in a given linguistic and extra-linguistic context? Students in practical translation classes do not appreciate explanations along the lines "this is simply how you would say it in language X" or "this is what the speakers of X would say in this situation". Speakers of X are balancing their knowledge of rules and conventions of language use with pragmatic know-how; they are making choices that translators-both human and machine-are supposed to imitate in the target language context. We present several examples and discuss how Sperber and Wilson's Relevance Theory could claim translational explanatory adequacy in its handling of the "division of labour" between codal knowledge and inferencing. 1For a sampling of the vast literature on TT, the reader is referred to Catford (1965),

In this paper, we argue that the successful integration of expressive acts of communication into an inferential theory of pragmatics faces a major challenge. Most post-Gricean pragmatic theories have worked to develop accounts of the interpretive processes at work in the communication of propositions; the challenge, therefore, is how expressive acts be integrated when their content is, as it appears to be, non-propositional. Following previous research, we link the affective effects produced as a result of such acts to descriptive ineffability and procedurality, and argue that they activate experiential heuristics through which they find relevance. Our approach stands at least partially within the development of recent approaches to emotion as evaluative devices (appraisal theory) and we suggest that certain cognitive effects arise in communication thanks to affective effects, which then act as attention attractors and boosters for optimally relevant cognitive effects. We show that, sometimes, affect can win out over the non-affective side of cognition and also that least some poetic artefacts may activate 'pure affective effects', which can be relevant in their own right, i.e. relevant without cognitive effects.

In this paper, we argue that the successful integration of expressive acts of communication into an inferential theory of pragmatics faces a major challenge. Most post-Gricean pragmatic theories have worked to develop accounts of the interpretive processes at work in the communication of propositions; the challenge, therefore, is how expressive acts be integrated when their content is, as it appears to be, non-propositional. Following previous research (Wharton, 2009), we link the affective effects produced as a result of such acts to descriptive ineffability and procedurality, and argue that they activate experiential heuristics through which they find relevance. Our approach stands at least partially within the development of recent approaches to emotion as evaluative devices (appraisal theory) and we suggest that certain cognitive effects arise in communication thanks to affective effects, which then act as attention attractors and boosters for optimally relevant cognitive effect...

Background: The journey to nursing professionalism is a constantly progressing process. The present study aimed to explain the experiences of nursing students and faculty members regarding the unseen consequences of the hidden curriculum for nursing professionalism. Methods: In this qualitative study, 25 nursing students and faculty members at Mashhad University of Medical Sciences were selected and interviewed based on purposive sampling. After data collection, all the recorded interviews were transcribed and reviewed, and their subcategories, categories, and themes were extracted using the qualitative content analysis approach proposed by Graneheim and Lundman. Results: A total of 1382 initial codes and two main themes were extracted from the interviews. The obtained categories were non-constructive and destructive clinical environment, unfavorable educational environment, the gap between theory and practice, inappropriate role model, neglect of scientific nursing knowledge, loss ...

The present study examines the cognitive and affective dimensions of mitigation when providing peer advice in a mental health online support group. The corpus was comprised of 45 threads, with a total of 559 posts and 104,578 words, selected from an anorexia nervosa recovery forum. The analysis was conducted in a psychological paradigm that highlighted the role of cognition and emotion in the advice-giving act. The theoretical framework aligned Martinovski et al.'s (Proceedings of cognitive science, Stresa, 2005. http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Mitig ation %20The ory-%20An%20 Int egrat ed%20App roach .pdf) model of mitigation with Sperber and Wilson's (Relevance: communication and cognition. Blackwell, Oxford, 1986/1995) relevance theory. The findings suggest that the cognitive processes of mindreading, argumentation, and empathy were linguistically construed in the advice-giving messages as coping mechanisms to confront the stressor of managing a life-threatening disorder in interaction. In the context of the forum advisory exchange, these three operations were deployed as discursive mitigating strategies to protect life rather than to protect face when negotiating the meanings of the illness.

The ability to focus on relevant information is central to human cognition. It is therefore hardly unsurprising that the notion of relevance appears across a range of different disciplines. As well as its central role in relevance-theoretic pragmatics, for example, relevance is also a core concept in the affective sciences, where there is consensus that for a particular object or event to elicit an emotional state, that object or event needs to be relevant to the person in whom that state is elicited. Despite this, although some affective scientists have carefully considered what emotional relevance might mean, surprisingly little research has been dedicated to providing a definition. Since, by contrast, the relevance-theoretic notion of relevance is carefully defined, our primary aim is to compare relevance as it exists in affective science and in relevance theory, A further aim is to redress what we perceive to be an imbalance: Affective scientists have made great strides in understanding the processes of emotion elicitation/responses etc., but despite the fact that among humans the communication of information about emotional states is ubiquitous, pragmatists have tended to ignore it. We conclude, therefore, that affective science and relevance theory have much to learn from each other.

This paper analyses political speeches as a factor in national integration in Kenya. Kenya is a country characterised by diverse cultures reflected in the forty-two tribes that comprise the Kenyan people. For meaningful development to be realised, it is theorized that the Kenyan people should harmoniously work as one. From a sociolinguistic perspective, language has an ideological function in fostering national integration as an ingredient for national development. Politicians in Kenya and the world over constitute the ruling class that is characterised by use of a linguistic genre described as political discourse. This paper argues that as an elite class within society, politicians in Kenya use political speeches to influence the perceptions of the rank and file while consolidating power and influence over the people. The political ideology that the speeches inculcate among the listeners is one that weakens the national integration fabric, and consequently national development. From a Critical Language Studies perspective, the paper applies Relevance Theory by Sperber and Wilson (1986 & 1995) and Wilson and Sperber (2004) in a pragmatic interpretation of speeches by politicians in Kenya to demonstrate that, as a communicative event, political speeches in Kenya largely advance a selfish political agenda than disseminate a national agenda on integration and thus, national development. The speeches used in this study were collected through a participant-observer mode. They were captured and recorded using a high sensitivity digital recorder at political rallies during the Bungoma County senatorial by-election in December, 2013.

What is intended by the communicator and what is recovered by the addressee could be inconsistent, even if the informative intention is recognized. To account for misunderstandings in emotive communication, an extended relevance theory is proposed by including the analysis of “emotive effects” and “affective intention”. The extended relevance theory allows for analyzing the production of emotive misunderstandings. The influences of interlocutors’ egocentrism on the expression and recognition of affective intention are also presented.

El propósito de esta investigación fue medir la actitud hacia la investigación de los estudiantes universitarios. La metodología de este estudio está bajo el enfoque cuantitativo, con un diseño de investigación no experimental, de tipo básico de alcance descriptivo. Se tomó en cuenta una muestra no probabilística por convicción de 262 estudiantes, aplicándose la Escala de Actitudes hacia la Investigación (EACIN) que está compuesta por 34 ítems y agrupado en tres dimensiones, afectiva, cognoscitiva y conductual. Los resultados obtenidos determinaron que la actitud hacia la investigación de estudiantes universitarios es neutra tanto en las mujeres como en los varones, lo cual podría significar que los estudiantes no le están tomando la adecuada importancia. Así mismo, esto da a entender que la universidad debe de mejorar y motivar más a los estudiantes, creando nuevas estrategias, para generar en los estudiantes una buena actitud hacia la investigación.The purpose of this research was...

This research investigates user awareness and attitudes toward potential inferences of information posted on social network sites (SNSs). The study reports how user attitudes change after exposure to inferences made based upon information they have disclosed on an SNS, namely, on Facebook. To demonstrate this, two sub-studies involving three focus group sessions were conducted with Facebook users. In the first sub-study, the users received a general introduction to information that can be inferred from posts by using a prototypical privacy-enhancement tool called DataBait. Then, the second sub-study allowed the users to witness the potential inferences of their own Facebook photos and posts by using the DataBait tool. Next, qualitative content analysis was conducted to analyze the results, and these showed that the participants’ attitudes toward privacy on SNSs changed from affective to cognitive when they became aware of potential inferences from actual information posted on their ...

This research investigates user awareness and attitudes toward potential inferences of information posted on social network sites (SNSs). The study reports how user attitudes change after exposure to inferences made based upon information they have disclosed on an SNS, namely, on Facebook. To demonstrate this, two sub-studies involving three focus group sessions were conducted with Facebook users. In the first sub-study, the users received a general introduction to information that can be inferred from posts by using a prototypical privacy-enhancement tool called DataBait. Then, the second sub-study allowed the users to witness the potential inferences of their own Facebook photos and posts by using the DataBait tool. Next, qualitative content analysis was conducted to analyze the results, and these showed that the participants’ attitudes toward privacy on SNSs changed from affective to cognitive when they became aware of potential inferences from actual information posted on their ...

This chapter synthesizes an account of emotions and emotion-reading that fitswith work on emotions in cognitive science (Cosmides and Tooby 2000; Deonna and Teroni 2012) and cognitive models of pragmatics (Blakemore 2002; Carston 2001; Sperber and Wilson [1986] 1995, 2015; Wilson 2015). From cognitive science, we adopt two ideas: firstly, that an emotion is a kind of superordinate cognitive mechanism, the function of which is to mobilize cognitive processes responsible for perception and attention, physiological changes, etc.; secondly, that emotions are viewed as attitudes bearing on evaluations. Our account builds on these observations using relevance-theoretic pragmatics. The kind of information conveyed during emotional communication puts the user into a state in which emotional procedures are highly activated, and are therefore much more likely to be recognized and selected by an audience (Wharton 2009, 2015). Central to this thinking is the idea that the notion of cognitive effect needs to be complemented by a new notion of affective effect, typically activated by emotion-reading procedures. Our account can be extended to all emotional states, but we concentrate here on positive and negative states, with particular attention paid to their role in argumentation, epistemic attitudes and poetic artefacts.

Propositional Analysis exposes words as not mere combination of phonemes, yet they represent one cognitive model over word choices. This paper suggests propositional structures of each emotive-word character and how they represent one's cognitive model through their concept of relations. In this qualitative research, Distributional and Identity methods were implemented to disclose the propositional structures on the subjects in the study. The results suggest one propositional structures; state proposition. It refers to a condition where the emotion of the character is exposed through the existence of linking verbs. However, in exposing the meaning components, event proposition may appear in the dependent clause. The state proposition then reveals some relations within the emotion words of the characters, and they further qualify the representation of one's cognitive model through the emergence of concepts and meaning properties in the lexical. These results can then be made as the basis in creating fundamental models of semiautomatic propositionalization in computational linguistics or word frequency studies.

This research aims to determine the effectiveness of the use of the 2013 curriculum in geography subjects. Data analysis techniques were used quantitative descriptive analysis to analyze the data in ways that describe or depict the data that has been obtained. This study was used data collection techniques by distributing questionnaires, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis uses descriptive data analysis techniques. The results showed that the use of the 2013 curriculum was still not going well. The effectiveness of learning with the application of the 2013 curriculum in geography is still needed a lot of review and adaptation of characteristics.

The study intends to determine the correlation between students' attitudes toward corruption and their behavior plan to corrupt or not to corrupt in the future. To support the study, related literature and studies were reviewed and to carry out the study, the research methodology was proposed. The study used a descriptive correlational research design. To gather the data, questionnaires were used and the data were treated using Pearson r or Product Moment Correlation Coefficient to determine the correlation between two variables and Weighted mean was used to determine the level of cognitive, affective attitude and their behavioral intention. The study found that there is no significant correlation between cognitive and affective attitude and students' behavioral intention to corrupt or not to corrupt in the future. However, there is a correlation between cognitive and affective attitudes. The next study is recommended to focus on other aspects such as social context and norms to predict the corrupt behavior of students in the future.

The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between cognitive and affective attitude of students toward research and their intention to conduct research. To support the objective of the study, theories along human attitude and human behaviour, the concept of academic research were reviewed and studies in line with the current study was also reviewed. The study uses descriptive correlational and quantitative study. The population of the study was all Master in Business Administration students of Divine Word Colleges in Ilocos Region. The data were gathered through validated questionnaires. To interpret the data, the statistical tools were used such as weighted mean was applied to determine the level of cognitive and affective attitude of students and their behavioural intention to conduct research. While Pearson r was used to determine the relationship between cognitive and affective attitude and behavioural intention to conduct research. The study found that there is a correlation between cognitive and affective attitude, both positive and negative attitude, toward research and the intention to conduct research. Thus, the hypothesis of the study is accepted.

The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between cognitive and affective attitude of students toward research and their intention to conduct research. To support the objective of the study, theories along human attitude and human behaviour, the concept of academic research were reviewed and studies in line with the current study was also reviewed. The study uses descriptive correlational and quantitative study. The population of the study was all Master in Business Administration students of Divine Word Colleges in Ilocos Region. The data were gathered through validated questionnaires. To interpret the data, the statistical tools were used such as weighted mean was applied to determine the level of cognitive and affective attitude of students and their behavioural intention to conduct research. While Pearson r was used to determine the relationship between cognitive and affective attitude and behavioural intention to conduct research. The study found that there is a correlation between cognitive and affective attitude, both positive and negative attitude, toward research and the intention to conduct research. Thus, the hypothesis of the study is accepted.

This dissertation aims to broaden relevance theory scope in order to account for emotions in communication, evaluating its descriptive-explanatory potential. This work consists of three independent chapters, and each one of them comprehends one research question and its corresponding hypothesis. The first chapter provides the basis for the arguments developed in the subsequent chapters. It explores the study of emotion in philosophy of language and in neuroscience. The second chapter develops Sperber and Wilson’s (1986/1995, 2015) relevance theory in order to argue for a broader pragmatics, which involves both verbal and non-verbal behaviours (in line with Wharton, 2009). The focus was mainly on how natural behaviours, such as facial expressions and prosody, convey emotions. The third and last chapter reorganise relevance theory in order to explain emotional communication. It is proposed the existence of two levels of communication: a propositional one and an emotional one, both rel...

The ability to focus on relevant information is central to human cognition. It is therefore hardly unsurprising that the notion of relevance appears across a range of different disciplines. As well as its central role in relevance-theoretic pragmatics, for example, relevance is also a core concept in the affective sciences, where there is consensus that for a particular object or event to elicit an emotional state, that object or event needs to be relevant to the person in whom that state is elicited. Despite this, although some affective scientists have carefully considered what emotional relevance might mean, surprisingly little research has been dedicated to providing a definition. Since, by contrast, the relevance-theoretic notion of relevance is carefully defined, our primary aim is to compare relevance as it exists in affective science and in relevance theory, A further aim is to redress what we perceive to be an imbalance: Affective scientists have made great strides in understanding the processes of emotion elicitation/responses etc., but despite the fact that among humans the communication of information about emotional states is ubiquitous, pragmatists have tended to ignore it. We conclude, therefore, that affective science and relevance theory have much to learn from each other.

Cognitive pragmatics and specifically relevance theory have traditionally focused on how addressees fill the informational gaps existing between (a) what is intentionally coded in an utterance by a communicator and the interpretation that is intended with that utterance, and (b) between the coded utterance and the interpretation chosen for that utterance. Within the so-called underdeterminacy thesis, it is claimed that there is always a more or less substantial intended-coded-inferred gap that needs to be filled by inference. As such, the comfort zone of cognitive pragmatics is the study of intentional coding and active inferring of propositional information, either explicit or implicated. In this scenario, little attention has been paid to the communication non-propositional information such as feelings and emotions, or their role in the eventual relevance of the act of communication. However, they are crucial to explain today’s interactions, for example humour-centred ones (Yus 2018a), and especially internet-mediated ones (Yus 2017, 2018b, 2019), with a special application in the case of smartphone communication (Yus 2021). In this lecture, it will be claimed that the only way to understand today’s addiction to smartphones, its pervasiveness, with users “glued” to their smartphone screens, is to push cognitive pragmatics beyond its comfort zone, specifically to push it beyond (a) the emphasis on the role of intentionality in communication, i.e. that only intentionally communicated information can give rise to relevant inferential effects; (b) the focus on propositional content as the only basis for the derivation of relevant effects; (c) the claim that all kinds of communication -including feelings and emotions- needs to be propositional in some way; and (d) the assumption that relevant inferential effects entail conscious awareness of their derivation.