Algorithmic Selection

Wir untersuchen in diesem Artikel mögliche Anreize für Firmen Privacy-Enhancing Technologies (PETs) zu implementieren, und damit das Privatsphäreund Datenschutzniveau von Endkonsumenten zu erhöhen. Ein Großteil aktueller Forschung zu Privatsphäreund Datenschutz (im Weiteren Privacy) wird aktuell aus Nutzersicht, und nicht aus der Unternehmensperspektive geführt. Um diese bislang relativ unerforschte Lücke zu füllen, interviewten wir zehn Experten mit einem beruflichen Hintergrund zum Thema Privacy. Die Resultate unserer qualitativen Auswertung zeigen eine komplexe Anreizstruktur für Unternehmen im Umgang mit PETs. Durch das sukzessive Herausarbeiten zahlreicher Interdependenzen der gebildeten Kategorien leiten wir externe sowie unternehmensund produktspezifische Anreize und Hemmnisse zur Implementierung von PETs in Firmen ab. Die gefundenen Ergebnisse präsentieren wir anschließend in einer Taxonomie. Unsere Ergebnisse haben relevante Implikationen für Organisationen und Gesetzgeber ...

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The modes and intensity of market interventions are central topics in research on regulation and governance as well as in public-policy debates worldwide. Lately, the quest for an increase in alternative regulatory institutions and initiatives on good governance, better regulation and evidence-based policy-making have given rise to major questions about the choice between available governance mechanisms. Research and policy typically suggest due consideration of alternative modes of governance like selfand co-regulation, but rarely specify the criteria against which the suitability of different options should be scrutinized and compared. This chapter introduces a governance-choice method that has been developed to support researchers and policy-makers who are confronted with the task of exploring and defining the appropriate role of the state in governance arrangements, the right mix of public and private contributions to existing and newly emerging governance challenges. This insti...

Algorithms on the internet govern our lives and our realities (Just & Latzer, 2017). They change our perception of the world and affect our behavior by influencing our choices. Consider the selection of online information via search engines, of music and video entertainment content via recommender systems, of products in online shops, or of status messages displayed on social online networks. With their governing power, algorithms on the internet have become an important source and factor of social order in digitized societies (Latzer & Just, 2020).<br><br>The benefits of this governance by algorithms in everyday life are accompanied by potential risks like manipulation, bias, discrimination or threats to privacy, which call for an adequate governance of algorithms (Latzer et al., 2016; Saurwein, Just & Latzer, 2015).<br><br>The project “The Significance of Algorithmic Selection for Everyday Life: The Case of Switzerland” empirically explores the significance...

The rapidly growing academic and public attention to algorithmic-selection applications such as search engines and social media is indicative of their alleged great social relevance and impact on daily life in digital societies. To substantiate these claims, this paper investigates the hitherto little explored subjective relevance that Internet users assign to algorithmic-selection applications in everyday life. A representative online survey of Internet users comparatively reveals the relevance that users ascribe to algorithmic-selection applications and to their online and offline alternatives in five selected life domains: political and social orientation, entertainment, commercial transactions, socializing and health. The results show that people assign a relatively low relevance to algorithmic-selection applications compared to offline alternatives across the five life domains. The findings vary greatly by age and education. Altogether, such outcomes complement and qualify asse...

Algorithmen im Internet prägen zunehmend unseren Alltag und unsere Wahrnehmung der Welt. Sie wählen Informationen aus, weisen ihnen Relevanz zu und helfen, die Informationsflut im Internet zu bewältigen. Gleichzeitig wird die Verbreitung von algorithmischer Selektion von Risiken und regulatorischen Herausforderungen begleitet. Der Beitrag beleuchtet Anwendungszwecke und den Einfluss von algorithmischer Selektion und bietet einen Überblick zu den damit verbundenen Risiken. Die Risiken bilden Ausgangspunkte für etwaige Markteingriffe und die Suche nach adäquaten Steuerungs- und Regelungsarrangements (Governance). Vor diesem Hintergrund analysiert der Beitrag die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen von unterschiedlichen Governance-Ansätzen auf dem Kontinuum zwischen Markt und Staat und liefert Grundlagen für die Auswahl von passenden Governance-Optionen. Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass sich keine Einheitslösung für die Governance von algorithmischer Selektion anbietet. Die Aufmerksamkeit muss auf m...

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to contribute to a better understanding of governance choice in the area of algorithmic selection. Algorithms on the Internet shape our daily lives and realities. They select information, automatically assign relevance to them and keep people from drowning in an information flood. The benefits of algorithms are accompanied by risks and governance challenges.Design/methodology/approach– Based on empirical case analyses and a review of the literature, the paper chooses a risk-based governance approach. It identifies and categorizes applications of algorithmic selection and attendant risks. Then, it explores the range of institutional governance options and discusses applied and proposed governance measures for algorithmic selection and the limitations of governance options.Findings– Analyses reveal that there are no one-size-fits-all solutions for the governance of algorithms. Attention has to shift to multi-dimensional solutions and combinations ...

Diese Studie untersucht eine Praxis, die es Arbeitskraften ermoglicht, von ihrem Standort in Indien aus online an Projekten fur Unternehmen in den Vereinigten Staaten1 zu arbeiten, und die folglich eine neue Form der Arbeitsintegration reprasentiert. Ausgehend von der Abwesenheit direkter burokratischer Kontrolle zwischen den Kontinenten erhebt sich die Frage, auf welche Weise diese rasant zunehmende Arbeitspraxis ohne direkte burokratischadministrative Kontrolle uber Kontinente hinweg organisiert ist. Das Ratsel organisatorischer Steuerung wird durch eine Analyse der Muster von Softwareprogrammierungen gelost, die sich als Schlussel fur die Organisation global verteilter Arbeit mittels Datenservern darstellt. Diese Arbeitsintegration durch Programmiercode wird von zwei anderen Systemen der Organisation unterschieden — dem der Burokratie und dem des Marktmechanismus’ — indem die besonderen Eigenschaften jedes Systems mittels der jeweiligen Steuerungsprinzipien herausgearbeitet werden: Burokratie (legal-rationalen), der Markt (Preis) und Algokratie (Programmierung oder Algorithmen). Die Logik algokratischer Systeme wird methodisch untersucht, um globales Arbeiten zu analysieren.

Objectives and aims: The investigation is based on the assumption that the spreading of innovative technological equipment and methods on the technology market will have a decisive influence on the design of technology and Organization in the user companies and is therefore also significant for the development of working conditions. This process is conditioned by the relationship between manufacturers and users of new technologies. In examining this hypothesis we would like to shed soie light on the processes of innovation and the spreading of new technologies and at the same time gather some infornation relevant for government promotion policies within the framework of the "Humanization of Working Life Program". Methods: Qualitative company case studies (in user companies), expert interviews, evaluation of secondary literature. Findings: The study shows how different product and sales market strategies confront the user companies with new problematic situations (problems concerning costs and flexibility) as well as their reaction to these problems with the increased employment of new Information and control technologies within the framework of comprehensive, increasingly systemic rationalization measures. The individual, specific manufacturer-user relationship (user dominance; Cooperation; manufacturer dominance) is of varying significance for the spreading of these technologies. The effects on employees in terms of employment, skills, working conditions and interest representation are presented, as well as Potential starting points for government promotion policies and humanization measures which consider the manufacturer-user relationship and also refer directly to the manufacturers of new technologies.

Those who commission, design and use algorithmic systems – algorithmists – have a responsibility to meet these demands. But what might compel them to fulfill their responsibility? We believe that binding professional ethics can prove effective in this regard. In the study, Alexander Filipovic, Christopher Koska and Claudia Paganini explore the nature of professional ethics in six different occupational areas: medicine, social work, journalism, public relations, advertising and engineering. The authors examine each area to determine what renders their professional ethics successful and identify a total of ten success factors. Success in no way contingent on all ten conditions being met. In fact, the absence of some factors can be compensated for by the presence of others.

Band enthält die überarbeiteten Vorträge, die auf einem Kolloquium mit dem Titel "Zur Bedeutung von Technikgenese für die Entwicklung von Industriearbeit" im Oktober 1995 in München gehalten wurden. Die Veranstaltung ging auf eine Initiative des Forschungsvorhabens "Entwicklung von Produktionstechnik als sozialer Prozeß" zurück, das im Rahmen des auslaufenden Sonderforschungsbereichs 333 der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München durchgeführt wurde. Sie verfolgte zwei Ziele: Zum einen sollte Burkart Lutz, der wesentliche Impulse sowohl für die Befassung der Industriesoziologie mit Technik als auch für die Arbeiten in dem genannten Vorhaben geleistet hat, anläßlich seines 70. Geburtstages geehrt werden. Zum anderen sollten die Thesen, mit denen die Projektgruppe in die letzte Phase der Arbeiten eingetreten war, einer breiteren wissenschaftlichen Öffentlichkeit vorgestellt werden. Dazu schien es sinnvoll, den industriesoziologischen Gral zu verlassen und Vertreter anderer Wissenschaftsdisziplinen daraufhin zu befragen, was sie (Technikgeschichte, Wissenschafts-und Techniksoziologie) zu den uns interessierenden Themen beitragen können.

Algorithmen im Internet pragen zunehmend unseren Alltag und unsere Wahrnehmung der Welt. Sie wahlen Informationen aus, weisen ihnen Relevanz zu und helfen, die Informationsflut im Internet zu bewaltigen. Gleichzeitig wird die Verbreitung von algorithmischer Selektion von Risiken und regulatorischen Herausforderungen begleitet. Der Beitrag beleuchtet Anwendungszwecke und den Einfluss von algorithmischer Selektion und bietet einen Uberblick zu den damit verbundenen Risiken. Die Risiken bilden Ausgangspunkte fur etwaige Markteingriffe und die Suche nach adaquaten Steuerungs- und Regelungsarrangements (Governance). Vor diesem Hintergrund analysiert der Beitrag die Moglichkeiten und Grenzen von unterschiedlichen Governance-Ansatzen auf dem Kontinuum zwischen Markt und Staat und liefert Grundlagen fur die Auswahl von passenden Governance-Optionen. Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass sich keine Einheitslosung fur die Governance von algorithmischer Selektion anbietet. Die Aufmerksamkeit muss auf m...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to contribute to a better understanding of governance choice in the area of algorithmic selection. Algorithms on the Internet shape our daily lives and realities. They select information, automatically assign relevance to them and keep people from drowning in an information flood. The benefits of algorithms are accompanied by risks and governance challenges. Design/methodology/approach – Based on empirical case analyses and a review of the literature, the paper chooses a risk-based governance approach. It identifies and categorizes applications of algorithmic selection and attendant risks. Then, it explores the range of institutional governance options and discusses applied and proposed governance measures for algorithmic selection and the limitations of governance options. Findings – Analyses reveal that there are no one-size-fits-all solutions for the governance of algorithms. Attention has to shift to multi-dimensional solutions and combinat...

Online search is becoming the main source individuals use to find information about sports, politics, health, religion, world issues, and other subjects that shape our views on the world and how we live our lives. Of all internet users, 92% use online search and are doing so on desktop and mobile, with an average of 129 searches a month per person. Search is designed to keep users engaged and serviced with speed and brevity. As search engine usage increases around the world and impact on behaviours becomes more of a concern, we must understand how might the design of search engine algorithms be affecting society’s ability to shape the way we see the world. Is commerce compromising community in user experience and design? Are we unknowingly being sent into echo chambers with predictive and personalized search algorithms. Is the fast and wide internet actually narrowing the doors of perception we have been walking through online for the last 30 years? It is the right time for through ...

Algorithms on the internet govern our lives and our realities (Just & Latzer, 2017). They change our perception of the world and affect our behavior by influencing our choices. Consider the selection of online information via search engines, of music and video entertainment content via recommender systems, of products in online shops, or of status messages displayed on social online networks. With their governing power, algorithms on the internet have become an important source and factor of social order in digitized societies (Latzer & Just, 2020).<br><br>The benefits of this governance by algorithms in everyday life are accompanied by potential risks like manipulation, bias, discrimination or threats to privacy, which call for an adequate governance of algorithms (Latzer et al., 2016; Saurwein, Just & Latzer, 2015).<br><br>The project “The Significance of Algorithmic Selection for Everyday Life: The Case of Switzerland” empirically explores the significance...

Algorithms on the internet govern our lives and our realities (Just & Latzer, 2017). They change our perception of the world and affect our behavior by influencing our choices. Consider the selection of online information via search engines, of music and video entertainment content via recommender systems, of products in online shops, or of status messages displayed on social online networks. With their governing power, algorithms on the internet have become an important source and factor of social order in digitized societies (Latzer & Just, 2020).<br><br>The benefits of this governance by algorithms in everyday life are accompanied by potential risks like manipulation, bias, discrimination or threats to privacy, which call for an adequate governance of algorithms (Latzer et al., 2016; Saurwein, Just & Latzer, 2015).<br><br>The project “The Significance of Algorithmic Selection for Everyday Life: The Case of Switzerland” empirically explores the significance...

Diehl VBM W. Bönisch b) Vier Schritte der Recherche und Analyse Das mit den Unternehmenspartnern abgesprochene Vorgehen sah vier im Prinzip aufeinanderfolgende Schritte vor, wenngleich es in der Praxis mehrfach zu Überlappungen zwischen dem ersten und dem zweiten Schritt kam. Die vier Schritte seien knapp skizziert: (1) Klärung der Rahmenbedingungen: Wie wird das Unternehmen im Jahr 2015 aussehen? Mit Hilfe eines Leitfadens sollte zunächst in Gesprächen mit verschiedenen Sachverständigen und Führungskräften aus den Bereichen Produktion, Entwicklung sowie Personal und Bildung geklärt werden, welche Vorstellung das Unternehmen selbst von seinem Zustand im Jahr 2015 hat. Das Jahr 2015 wurde aus zwei Gründen gewählt: Zum einen sollte hierdurch den bereits erwähnten langen Ausreifungszeiten wirklich tiefgreifender Innovationen in der Ausbildung von Fachkräften Rechnung getragen werden. Zum anderen sollten die Gesprächspartner durch die Vorgabe eines scheinbar in weiter Zukunft liegenden Zeitpunktes veranlaßt werden, sich explizit aus ihren Alltagsperspektiven zu lösen. Gefragt wurde im Rahmen dieses Schrittes insbesondere nach absehbaren bzw. denkbaren Entwicklungen von:

Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to contribute to a better understanding of governance choice in the area of algorithmic selection. Algorithms on the Internet shape our daily lives and realities. They select information, automatically assign relevance to them and keep people from drowning in an information flood. The benefits of algorithms are accompanied by risks and governance challenges. Design/methodology/approach-Based on empirical case analyses and a review of the literature, the paper chooses a risk-based governance approach. It identifies and categorizes applications of algorithmic selection and attendant risks. Then, it explores the range of institutional governance options and discusses applied and proposed governance measures for algorithmic selection and the limitations of governance options. Findings-Analyses reveal that there are no one-size-fits-all solutions for the governance of algorithms. Attention has to shift to multi-dimensional solutions and combinations of governance measures that mutually enable and complement each other. Limited knowledge about the developments of markets, risks and the effects of governance interventions hampers the choice of an adequate governance mix. Uncertainties call for risk and technology assessment to strengthen the foundations for evidence-based governance. Originality/value-The paper furthers the understanding of governance choice in the area of algorithmic selection with a structured synopsis on rationales, options and limitations for the governance of algorithms. It provides a functional typology of applications of algorithmic selection, a comprehensive overview of the risks of algorithmic selection and a systematic discussion of governance options and its limitations.

Most social-science research on algorithms has focused on search engines (Varian 2006; Machill and Beiler 2007; Lewandowski 2012; König and Ramsch 2014) and recommendation systems (Resnick and Varian 1997; Senecal and Nantel 2004; Klahold 2009; Jannach et al. 2011; Ricci et al. 2011; Robillard et al. 2014). This paper extends the scope of analysis and provides a comprehensive overview of this phenomenon, with a special focus on how to think economically about algorithmic selection. It explores the characteristics and implications of a rapidly growing Internet phenomenon that automates nothing less than  the commercialization of reality mining and reality construction in information societies. The following questions are tackled: How can the plethora of algorithmic selection applications on the Internet be analytically grasped and categorized? How does algorithmic selection operate and where is it applied? What market structures and business models are evolving and how do they affect existing media markets? What are the major social and economic benefits and risks of algorithmic selection, and what governance choices are available to minimize risks and thus maximize economic and social welfare?

Algorithmen im Internet prägen zunehmend unseren Alltag und unsere Wahrnehmung der Welt. Sie wählen Informationen aus, weisen ihnen Relevanz zu und helfen, die Informationsflut im Internet zu bewältigen. Gleichzeitig wird die Verbreitung von algorithmischer Selektion von Risiken und regulatorischen Herausforderungen begleitet. Der Beitrag beleuchtet Anwendungszwecke und den Einfluss von algorithmischer Selektion und bietet einen Überblick zu den damit verbundenen Risiken. Die Risiken bilden Ausgangspunkte für etwaige Markteingriffe und die Suche nach adäquaten Steuerungs- und Regelungsarrangements (Governance). Vor diesem Hintergrund analysiert der Beitrag die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen von unterschiedlichen Governance-Ansätzen auf dem Kontinuum zwischen Markt und Staat und liefert Grundlagen für  die Auswahl von passenden Governance-Optionen. Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass sich keine Einheitslösung für die Governance von algorithmischer Selektion anbietet. Die Aufmerksamkeit muss auf mehrdimensionale Lösungsansätze gerichtet werden, in denen Governance-Maßnahmen kombiniert werden, die sich gegenseitig ermöglichen und ergänzen.

Algorithmic governance affects individuals' reality construction and consequently social order in societies. Vague concepts of algorithmic governance and the lack of comprehensive empirical insights into this kind of institutional steering by software from a user perspective may, however, lead to unrealistic risk assessments and premature policy conclusions. Therefore, this paper offers a theoretical model to measure the significance of algorithmic governance and an empirical mixed-methods approach to test it in different life domains. Applying this guideline should lead to a more nuanced understanding of the actual significance of algorithmic governance, thus contributing to an empirically better-informed risk assessment and governance of algorithms.

Algorithms on the internet govern our lives and our realities (Just & Latzer, 2017). They change our perception of the world and affect our behavior by influencing our choices. Consider the selection of online information via search engines, of music and video entertainment content via recommender systems, of products in online shops, or of status messages displayed on social online networks. With their governing power, algorithms on the internet have become an important source and factor of social order in digitized societies (Latzer & Just, 2020).
The benefits of this governance by algorithms in everyday life are accompanied by potential risks like manipulation, bias, discrimination or threats to privacy, which call for an adequate governance of algorithms (Latzer et al., 2016; Saurwein, Just & Latzer, 2015).
The project “The Significance of Algorithmic Selection for Everyday Life: The Case of Switzerland” empirically explores the significance of internet-based applications that build on automated algorithmic  selection, essentially defined as the assignment of relevance to selected pieces of information. It provides empirical evidence for assessing the possible risks and the societal groups that may be particularly affected by them. It thereby provides the basis for a more evidence-based governance of algorithms.

Algorithms on the internet govern our lives and our realities (Just & Latzer, 2017). They change our perception of the world and affect our behavior by influencing our choices. Consider the selection of online information via search engines, of music and video entertainment  content via recommender systems, of products in online shops, or of status messages displayed on social online networks. With their governing power, algorithms on the internet have become an important source and factor of social order in digitized societies (Latzer & Just, 2020).
The benefits of this governance by algorithms in everyday life are accompanied by potential risks like manipulation, bias, discrimination or
threats to privacy, which call for an adequate governance of algorithms
(Latzer et al., 2016; Saurwein, Just & Latzer, 2015).
The project “The Significance of Algorithmic Selection for Everyday Life: The Case of Switzerland” empirically explores the significance of internet-based applications that build on automated algorithmic selection, essentially defined as the assignment of relevance to selected pieces of information. It provides empirical evidence for assessing the possible risks and the societal groups that may be particularly affected by them. It thereby provides the basis for a more evidence-based  governance of algorithms.

Algorithms on the internet govern our lives and our realities (Just & Latzer, 2017). They change our perception of the world and affect our behavior by influencing our choices. Consider the selection of online information via search engines, of music and video entertainment content via recommender systems, of products in online shops, or of status messages displayed on social online networks. With their governing power, algorithms on the internet have become an important source and factor of social order in digitized societies (Latzer & Just, 2020).
The benefits of this governance by algorithms in everyday life are accompanied by potential risks like manipulation, bias, discrimination or threats to privacy, which call for an adequate governance of algorithms
(Latzer et al., 2016; Saurwein, Just & Latzer, 2015).
The project “The Significance of Algorithmic Selection for Everyday Life: The Case of Switzerland” empirically explores the significance of internet-based applications that build on automated algorithmic selection, essentially defined as the assignment of relevance to selected pieces of information. It provides empirical evidence for assessing the possible risks and the societal groups that may be particularly affected by them. It thereby provides the basis for a more evidence-based governance of algorithms.

Algorithms on the internet govern our lives and our realities (Just & Latzer, 2017). They change our perception of the world and affect our behavior by influencing our choices. Consider the selection of online information via search engines, of music and video entertainment content via recommender systems, of products in online shops, or of status messages displayed on social online networks. With their governing power, algorithms on the internet have become an important source and factor of social order in digitized societies (Latzer & Just, 2020).
The benefits of this governance by algorithms in everyday life are accompanied by potential risks like manipulation, bias, discrimination or threats to privacy, which call for an adequate governance of algorithms (Latzer et al., 2016; Saurwein, Just & Latzer, 2015).
The project “The Significance of Algorithmic Selection for Everyday Life: The Case of Switzerland” empirically explores the significance of internet-based applications that build on automated algorithmic selection, essentially defined as the assignment of relevance to selected pieces of information. It provides empirical evidence for assessing the possible risks and the societal groups that may be particularly affected by them. It thereby provides the basis for a more evidence-based governance of algorithms.

The rapidly growing academic and public attention to algorithmic-selection applications such as search engines and social media is indicative of their alleged great social relevance and impact on daily life in digital societies. To substantiate these claims, this paper investigates the hitherto little explored subjective relevance that Internet users assign to algorithmic-selection applications in everyday life. A representative online survey of Internet users comparatively reveals the relevance that users ascribe to algorithmic-selection applications and to their online and offline alternatives in five selected life domains: political and social orientation, entertainment, commercial transactions, socializing and health. The results show that people assign a relatively low relevance to algorithmic-selection applications compared to offline alternatives across the five life domains. The findings vary greatly by age and education. Altogether, such outcomes complement and qualify assessments of the social impact of algorithms that are primarily and often solely based on usage data and theoretical considerations.