Altruistic Behavior

Признавая преобразующий потенциал социального предпри-
нимательства, Лаборатория управления репутацией в образова-
нии (RepLab) Высшей школы экономики в Санкт-Петербурге и
ACT Lab Международной бизнес-школы Азмана Хашима (AHIBS)
Университета технологии Малайзии (UTM) в 2023 г. создали
Зеркальную лабораторию социального предпринимательства. Эта
совместная инициатива была направлена на изучение динамики
социального предпринимательства в различных культурных и ин-
ституциональных контекстах. Одним из её результатов стала под-
готовка коллективной монографии, посвящённой исследованию
социального предпринимательства в Малайзии и России.
Первое издание этой книги вышло в Малайзии в 2025 г. и полу-
чило ряд положительных откликов. Теперь второе издание печатается
в России. Коллективная монография затрагивает ряд важных сфер,
связанных с социальным предпринимательством (включая управле-
ние знаниями, трансформацию высшего образования, устойчивое
развитие, расширение прав и возможностей сообществ, цифровые
инновации в экосистемах социального предпринимательства и др.).
Для учёных, практиков, политиков и начинающих социальных
предпринимателей.

In der folgenden Arbeit habe ich der leichteren Lesbarkeit wegen an einigen Stellen bei der Bezeichnung von Personen oder Personengruppen nur die weibliche oder nur die männliche Endung benutzt. In diesem Fall sind immer beide Geschlechter gemeint. Danksagung: An dieser Stelle möchte ich mich herzlich bei den Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeitern des Umweltamtes der Stadt Marburg für die gute Zusammenarbeit und Unterstützung bedanken. Ohne sie wäre diese Studie, besonders die Gewinnung der Stichproben nur mit großen Schwierigkeiten möglich gewesen. Vor allem der Informationsaustausch mit Herrn Jochen Friedrich hat mir sehr bei der Planung und Durchführung der Untersuchung geholfen.

La nota pretende profundizar en el concepto “lógica del don” y las posibles formas de llevarlo a la práctica económica contrapuesta a la dominante lógica económica. En primer lugar se estudia el concepto de “lógica del don” en Caritas in Veritate (CiV) y su relación con la constitución conciliar Gaudium et spes (GS); en segundo lugar, se analiza la “lógica del don” desde la sociología y la filosofía recientes; por último, se presentan algunas aproximaciones desde el análisis económico que se han venido haciendo sobre comportamientos altruistas benevolentes o gratuitos.

Zusammenfassung. Einsamkeit, das subjektiver Erleben unzureichender sozialer Einbindung und Unterstützung, ist einerseits ein normales, im Rahmen individueller Entwicklung emotional und handlungsorientiert zu bewältigendes Phänomen. Andererseits gehen chronifizierte Einsamkeitskonstellationen mit erheblichem Leiden, reduzierter Lebensqualität und erhöhtem Risiko für psychische wie somatische Erkrankungen einher. Im Rahmen der aktuellen gesellschaftlichen, mit zunehmender Individualisierung einhergehenden Entwicklungen wurde eine Zunahme der Einsamkeitsproblematik von Jugendlichen berichtet. Einsamkeitserlebenreduzierende Interventionen sind dann wirksam, wenn sie, über soziale Angebote hinaus, auf die bei chronifizierter Einsamkeit häufige Dynamik (geringer Selbstwert, Bewertung neutraler Kommunikation als abwertend) fokussieren. Hinweise darauf, dass die Nutzung virtueller sozialer Netzwerke anhaltend das Einsamkeitserleben bei Jugendlichen reduziert, gibt es nicht. Darüber hinaus ...

s private internal medicine practice on Manhattan's Upper West Side serves mostly affluent patients. One afternoon, Dr. Bernard noticed that Luis, the hotdog vendor whom he regularly patronized, was wheezing. Dr. Bernard commented on Luis's labored breathing and invited him to come by the clinic after work. At the office that evening Dr. Bernard confirmed his suspicion: Luis had asthma. After taking Luis's peak flow meter reading, Dr. Bernard gave him a free sample of a combined beta-agonist and steroid inhaler. Luis was otherwise healthy but said he had no medical insurance, so he had not sought treatment when he started feeling short of breath. He was grateful for Dr. Bernard's help. Over the next several days, Dr. Bernard stopped by to see Luis and saw that his breathing had improved significantly. Luis thanked him profusely, and Dr. Bernard was glad to have helped. Going through medical school in the late 1960s, he had admittedly idealistic aspirations of serving patients like Luis. Now he sometimes asked himself how he ended up serving the population he did. "Come back when your inhaler runs out," Dr. Bernard told Luis.

Die gängigen Stichworte, die zur Beschreibung des Systems der österreichischen Sozialpartnerschaft 1 dienen, sind allseits bekannt: Es handelt sich um ein Konkordanzsystem, das auf dem Konsens der großen sozialen Gruppen -Arbeit, Kapital und Bauernschaft -beruht, also auf der Einstimmigkeit ihrer Repräsentanten bzw. auf dem Zugeständnis von Vetopositionen an alle; damit sind andere Entscheidungsmechanismen in Verwendung als im Konkurrenzsystem der staatlich-politischen Szene. Es beruht auf einem umfangreichen und staatlich geförderten System von Kammern und Verbänden, die enge Verflechtungen mit den politischen Parteien, den Parlamenten und staatlichen Bürokratien aufweisen; diese Verflechtungen sind teilweise (etwa in Form von Beratungs-und Begutachtungsfunktionen) institutionalisiert, teilweise beruhen sie auf personellen Mehrfachf"lJ,llktionen. Eine wichtige Rolle in diesem kooperativen Spiel hat ein ~iv mitgliederstarker Gewerkschaftsbund, der -im internationalen Vergleich -relativ zentralistisch geführt wird und parteipolitische Differenzierungen innerhalb seiner Gremien vorsieht. Das System arbeitet -gerade bei wichtigen politischen Entscheidungen -auf der Grundlage von informellen Strukturen, wobei dies als ein Vorzug gesehen und die Auffassung vertreten wird, eine stärkere Formalisierung und Institutionalisierung könnte dysfunktional wirken und Legitimationsprobleme aufwerfen. Der Kern dieser Einrichtung -Gremien wie die Paritätische Kommission für Lohn-und Preisfragen oder die sogenannte "Präsidentenbesprechung" -wird umgeben von einem weiten Vorfeld von sozialpartnerschaftlich beeinflußten oder getragenen Institutionen, wie etwa den Sozialversicherungseinrichtun-

The past decade has witnessed a surge in private, volunteer activity across the globe, generating an optimistic belief in the potential of "civil society" in "filling" the niches where both the state and markets have failed. While this has stirred a burgeoning academic interest in the third sector, with a proliferation of studies from the perspective of political science, sociology, and social politics, economic interest has been rather lackluster. Economic theories that may enrich our understanding of volunteering behavior have either not received adequate attention or have not been explicitly identified. Furthermore, the significant contribution made by volunteer labor goes unnoticed in economic terms, as national income and labor force statistics are designed to gather information primarily on "remunerated" economic activity. Recognizing this lacuna, this paper attempts to develop a conceptual framework to measure the economic contribution made by vo...

Altruism was defined in many ways: as an empathy based behavior, as an
evolutionary paradox of self-sacrifice and cooperation, with returned benefits or as a reciprocal trade off. Some experts doubt there is such thing as sheer altruism and we need to educate ourselves in order to be altruistic, as we are natural born selfish creatures. Some believe that the foundation of mankind lays upon altruism. But one thing no one denies, either pure or awaiting for benefits, human altruism does exist.
Not only it exists, it does for a brief while of time, and its fragile existence should even more be appreciated. We investigated 155 Romanian drivers via a self –reported anonymous questionnaire. Our results challenge some current findings that claim altruism is innate and also it is a life long trait. We showed via our results that altruism in traffic lasts for most people only 5 minutes and once this time-frame closes, individuals are less and less inclined to do an altruistic gesture. These findings support arguments that altruism favors reciprocity only a limited period of time and reciprocal altruism does not work for individuals who rarely meet and also requiring good memory and a stable relation to function properly. Meaning altruism in tense social interactions such driving in traffic is limited by time and its expiring time is of approximately 5 minutes.

Physicians who are interested providing care to uninsured patients can consider a number of options to balance his altruistic desires with his personal needs. Commentary by Jaro Kotalik, MD Dr. Mark Bernard's private internal medicine practice on Manhattan's Upper West Side serves mostly affluent patients. One afternoon, Dr. Bernard noticed that Luis, the hotdog vendor whom he regularly patronized, was wheezing. Dr. Bernard commented on Luis's labored breathing and invited him to come by the clinic after work. At the office that evening Dr. Bernard confirmed his suspicion: Luis had asthma. After taking Luis's peak flow meter reading, Dr. Bernard gave him a free sample of a combined beta-agonist and steroid inhaler. Luis was otherwise healthy but said he had no medical insurance, so he had not sought treatment when he started feeling short of breath. He was grateful for Dr. Bernard's help. Over the next several days, Dr. Bernard stopped by to see Luis and saw that his breathing had improved significantly. Luis thanked him profusely, and Dr. Bernard was glad to have helped. Going through medical school in the late 1960s, he had admittedly idealistic aspirations of serving patients like Luis. Now he sometimes asked himself how he ended up serving the population he did. "Come back when your inhaler runs out," Dr. Bernard told Luis.

Dieser Beitrag behandelt gangige Definitionen von Generativitat und deren Veranderung im Lebenszyklus. Lebensgeschichtliche Hauptcharakteristika, die mit dem Ausdruck von Generativitat einhergehen, werden herausgearbeitet. Hierzu wurden insgesamt 15 Interviews mit alteren Frauen inhaltsanalytisch ausgewertet, die im Verlauf ihres Lebens Kulminationspunkte von Generativitat erfahren hatten. Als Ergebnis fanden wir eine Kontinuitat von Generativitat von der Kindheit bis in hohe Lebensalter; wesentlich in diesem Entwicklungsprozess war: 1. Beginn mit fruhen Ausdrucksweisen von Empathie, Solidaritat und Hilfsbereitschaft; 2. Erweiterung und Produktivitat im Erwachsenenalter; 3. Konsolidierung generativer Errungenschaften; 4. generative Kontinuitat im spaten Erwachsenenalter. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs090317

We report data from laboratory experiments where participants were primed using phrases related to markets and trade. Participants then participated in trust games with anonymous strangers. The decisions of primed participants are compared to those of a control group. We find evidence that priming for market participation affects positively the beliefs regarding the trustworthiness of anonymous strangers and increases trusting decisions.

Human prosociality is one of the defining characteristics of our species, yet the ontogeny of altruistic behavior remains poorly understood. The evolution of widespread food sharing in humans helped shape cooperation, family formation, life history, language, and the development of economies of scale. While the behavioral and ecological correlates of food sharing among adults are widely studied, very little is known about food sharing among children. Here, in the first study to analyze the food sharing patterns of hunter-gatherer children, we show that while sharing may be biased towards kin, reciprocity characterizes the majority of all sharing dyads, both related and unrelated. These data lend support to the recent claim that discrimination among kin might be linked with reciprocal altruism theory. Furthermore, we show that age positively correlates with an increase in sharing, both in frequency and amount, supporting recent suggestions that prosocial behaviors and egalitarianism develop strongly in middle childhood when children acquire the normative rules of their society.

How to cite Complete issue More information about this article Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Scientific Information System Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative

How to cite Complete issue More information about this article Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Scientific Information System Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative

Dieser Beitrag behandelt gangige Definitionen von Generativitat und deren Veranderung im Lebenszyklus. Lebensgeschichtliche Hauptcharakteristika, die mit dem Ausdruck von Generativitat einhergehen, werden herausgearbeitet. Hierzu wurden insgesamt 15 Interviews mit alteren Frauen inhaltsanalytisch ausgewertet, die im Verlauf ihres Lebens Kulminationspunkte von Generativitat erfahren hatten. Als Ergebnis fanden wir eine Kontinuitat von Generativitat von der Kindheit bis in hohe Lebensalter; wesentlich in diesem Entwicklungsprozess war: 1. Beginn mit fruhen Ausdrucksweisen von Empathie, Solidaritat und Hilfsbereitschaft; 2. Erweiterung und Produktivitat im Erwachsenenalter; 3. Konsolidierung generativer Errungenschaften; 4. generative Kontinuitat im spaten Erwachsenenalter. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs090317

How to cite Complete issue More information about this article Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Scientific Information System Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative

We explore whether natural human competitiveness can be exploited to stimulate charitable giving in a controlled laboratory experiment involving three different treatments of a sequential "dictator game." Without disclosing the actual amounts given and kept, in each period players are publicly ranked-by the amount they give away, by the amount they keep for themselves, or spuriously. Our results are generally supportive of the hypothesis that competitive urges can encourage or frustrate altruistic behavior, depending on the competitive frame. We find some support for an alternative hypothesis that relative concerns are due to information-gathering rather than competition. JEL classification numbers: C91, D64

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How to cite Complete issue More information about this article Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Scientific Information System Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative

Although COVID-19 pandemic has re-orientated humans to be more physically healthy and hygienic, it has also persuaded humans to create affiliations and experience a sense of belongingness through social networks and digital technologies. However, amidst these changes, experiences of COVID-19 patients and their perception of the outside world's attitudes toward them appears to be less attended in literature which formed the basis for the current study's objectives. Using qualitative methodology, the present study explored the experiences, perceptions and attitudes of patients and their care-givers' toward COVID-19. The thematic analysis emerged with four major themes. Psychological Experiences of People was generated prominently with sub-themes indicating the perceived experiences like fear of spreading diseases to others, and the need for psychological counseling. Attitude of others toward patients and caregivers revealed that family members and relatives played a major ...

Although COVID-19 pandemic has re-orientated humans to be more physically healthy and hygienic, it has also persuaded humans to create affiliations and experience a sense of belongingness through social networks and digital technologies. However, amidst these changes, experiences of COVID-19 patients and their perception of the outside world's attitudes toward them appears to be less attended in literature which formed the basis for the current study's objectives. Using qualitative methodology, the present study explored the experiences, perceptions and attitudes of patients and their care-givers' toward COVID-19. The thematic analysis emerged with four major themes. Psychological Experiences of People was generated prominently with sub-themes indicating the perceived experiences like fear of spreading diseases to others, and the need for psychological counseling. Attitude of others toward patients and caregivers revealed that family members and relatives played a major ...

Background Corona Virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to have serious health and socio-economic consequences. World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends several measures to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. In Malawi, COVID-19 cases are managed at home with hospital admission reserved for severe cases. This study described the lived experiences of caregivers of COVID-19-infected individuals in Blantyre, Malawi. Methods This descriptive qualitative study was conducted from January to June 2021 in Blantyre Malawi, among caregivers of confirmed SARS-COV-2 cases enrolled in the SARS-CoV-2 study aimed to explore infections, transmission dynamics, and household impact. We conducted 37 in-depth interviews with caregivers of SARS-COV-2 cases. We captured data using telephonic interviews, digitally recorded, transcribed verbatim, managed using NVivo, and analysed thematically. Results The economic status of a family largely influenced the caregiving roles and abilities because it de...

Die vorliegende Studie untersucht, wie das Aufwachsen in mehreren Kulturen und eine hohe geographische Mobilität das Erleben und Verhalten in Freundschaftsbeziehungen beeinflussen. Grundlage der Studie sind 14 problemzentrierte Interviews mit Global Nomads im Alter von 14 bis 20 Jahren. Die Untersuchung beinhaltet die Beschreibung des Freundschaftsnetzwerkes und zentraler Kennzeichen partieller Netzwerke in Bezug auf Qualität und Intimität, die Bedeutung von Freunden beim Wiedereingliederungsprozess und der verschiedenen Kommunikationsformen im Hinblick auf Erhalt und Aufbau von Freundschaften. Des Weiteren wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob sich geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede feststellen lassen. In der Studie wird ein Typologiekonzept vorgeschlagen, das fünf unterschiedliche Handlungsmuster bei Kultur-und Ortswechseln verdeutlicht.

Background Following the spread of Covid-19, many patients received home care services for recovery. The family is one of the informal caregivers who provide daily physical and psychological support to the patient, and they have the most contributions in the care of patients. Accordingly, this study explains the experiences of home caregivers in the families of patients with Covid-19. Methods This is a qualitative study with a hermeneutic phenomenological approach. Purposeful sampling was applied, and semi-structured interviews in the Center of Covid-19 Control in Khoy, Iran, were used to collect the information. Twenty-three family caregivers, who had already provided care for patients with Covid-19 at home, participated in the study. The themes emerged from interviews. The interviews were recorded and transcripted then analyzed using Dickelman’s interpretive phenomenological approach. Results 13 primary concepts, six sub-themes, and three main themes were extracted from the data a...

This thesis is concerned with the relationship between Joint Attention as an aspect of mother-child interaction and development of three-to six-year-old children. Joint Attention was assessed with the video observation system INTAKT (Hirschmann et al 2013), which was conceived by Aigner (2004), has since then been continually enhanced and is used to assess the quality of the relationship between children and their caregivers based on the scales sensitivity, feedback and joint attention. Child's developmental status was measured by means of the Viennese Developmental Tests (WET; Kastner & Koller Deiman, 2012). In addition to the detailed analysis of the concept of joint attention and its impact on child development the methodology of scientific behavioral observation was also explained in more detail. The sample consisted of 59 mother-child dyads. Regarding the from a developmental point of view positive maternal behaviors, results were as follows: contrary to expectations the du...

Die Entwicklung des prosozialen Verhaltens wurde längsschnittlich an 28 Kinder vom 9. Lebensmonat bis zum 25. Monat mittels teilnehmender Beobachtung im natürlichen Setting untersucht. Prosoziales Verhalten wurde definiert als Handlungen, die das Wohlbefinden einer anderen Person bzw. einer Gruppe erhöhen oder wiederherstellen oder eine andere Person bzw. eine Gruppe begünstigen sollen. Es wurden sechs Formen des prosozialen Verhaltens untersucht: Assistieren, Trösten, Zuneigung zeigen, Objekte anbieten, Wiedergutmachung sowie prosoziales Verhalten gegenüber Objekten. Erste Formen, das Anbieten von Objekten, zeigten einzelne Kinder bereits mit 8 Monaten, bis zum Alter von 16 Monaten konnten sämtliche der untersuchten Formen beobachtet werden. Einen großen Teil des prosozialen Verhaltens führten die Kinder spontan aus, ohne dazu aufgefordert worden zu sein. Die einzelnen Formen unterschieden sich jedoch beträchtlich hinsichtlich Erstmanifestation, Häufigkeit und zeitlichem Verlauf. D...

Although COVID-19 pandemic has re-orientated humans to be more physically healthy and hygienic, it has also persuaded humans to create affiliations and experience a sense of belongingness through social networks and digital technologies. However, amidst these changes, experiences of COVID-19 patients and their perception of the outside world's attitudes toward them appears to be less attended in literature which formed the basis for the current study's objectives. Using qualitative methodology, the present study explored the experiences, perceptions and attitudes of patients and their care-givers' toward COVID-19. The thematic analysis emerged with four major themes. Psychological Experiences of People was generated prominently with sub-themes indicating the perceived experiences like fear of spreading diseases to others, and the need for psychological counseling. Attitude of others toward patients and caregivers revealed that family members and relatives played a major ...

Background Following the spread of Covid-19, many patients received home care services for recovery. The family is one of the informal caregivers who provide daily physical and psychological support to the patient, and they have the most contributions in the care of patients. Accordingly, this study explains the experiences of home caregivers in the families of patients with Covid-19. Methods This is a qualitative study with a hermeneutic phenomenological approach. Purposeful sampling was applied, and semi-structured interviews in the Center of Covid-19 Control in Khoy, Iran, were used to collect the information. Twenty-three family caregivers, who had already provided care for patients with Covid-19 at home, participated in the study. The themes emerged from interviews. The interviews were recorded and transcripted then analyzed using Dickelman’s interpretive phenomenological approach. Results 13 primary concepts, six sub-themes, and three main themes were extracted from the data a...

This qualitative study explored the question, “What kinds of interactions did people experience as meaningful connections with others during the first weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Unites States?” Eighty-eight participants completed an online survey, 3 to 7 weeks following the World Health Organization’s declaration of global pandemic. Participants completed open-ended questions about social interactions they experienced as meaningful connections with people of three levels of familiarity. Thematic analysis of participant responses identified four overarching themes: openness to the other, affirmation of the self, emotional uplift, and meeting of basic needs. A secondary research question explored, “In what ways did people perceive the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic as affecting how meaningful connections were motivated, enacted, and experienced?” The context of the pandemic enhanced the meaning of social connection, offered a common struggle to connect over, and motivated p...

In this contribution, we investigate the effects of observation-only and observation with feedback from a third-party, in a one-shot dictator game (DG). In addition to a baseline condition (DG), a third-party anonymous subject is introduced who either silently observes or observes and gives feedback by choosing one of seven messages consisting of varying degrees of (dis)satisfaction. We found that observation coupled with feedback significantly increases dictators' propositions, while no significant effect is found for observation-only. We conclude that regard by others matters only if it is linked to social factors such as communication. This complements the literature that argues that altruistic behavior is instrumental in serving other selfish (or non-purely altruistic) ends such as selfreputation or social approval. This experiment contributes to the growing literature aimed at decreasing the artificiality of DG designs, by increasing their practicability and external validity.

Die Wirtschaftswissenschaften betrachten Probleme der Steuergerechtigkeit vor allem unter Aspekten des Trade-off zwischen "equity" und "efficiency". Dabei werden psychologische Faktoren weitgehend unberucksichtigt gelassen. Psychologische Arbeiten zur Gerechtigkeit jedoch befassen sich in der Regel nur mit der Verteilung positiver, selten aber mit der Verteilung negativer Guter. Aus dieser Perspektive stellt die Perzeption von Steuern grundsatzlich etwas Besonderes dar. Die Literatur zur Motivation der Steuerhinterziehung und zu sozialen Dilemmata legt den Gedanken nahe, dass zur Vorhersage subjektiv erlebter Steuergerechtigkeit die gangigen Gerechtigkeitstheorien nicht ausreichen: Es lasst sich nicht allein durch Equity- und Mehr-Prinzipien-Ansatze erklaren, warum und unter welchen Umstanden Menschen Steuern als gerecht empfinden. Es bedarf offensichtlich der Berucksichtigung weiterer Aspekte aus den Bereichen des prosozialen Handelns, der Ethik , der sozialen I...

This article analyses how Islamic philanthropy is translated and reiterated in contemporary Indonesia and contextualized in the international arena. It examines the experience of an Islamic philanthropic organization, Dompet Dhuafa (DD), in defining and addressing types of zakat beneficiaries by, among other things, addressing unfortunate Indonesian migrant workers residing in Hong Kong. The effort of DD to expand the types of zakat recipients reflects a new development of Islamic philanthropy activism in Indonesia. There is a substantial change in how zakat is formulated and practiced among Indonesian Muslims in general, and in particular Indonesian migrant workers overseas. Islamic philanthropic organizations, such as DD, have functioned not only as intermediaries between benefactors in Indonesia and Indonesian migrant workers overseas but also as energizers to encourage the zakat practice among fortunate migrant workers to help their unfortunate fellows overseas.

COVID-19 has had a negative impact on all areas of human life. Populations both directly and indirectly affected faced similar challenges to a certain extent. This article explores the emergent attitudes and healthcare practices of COVID-19affected people during the period of their isolation after positive infection, following a qualitative research design. A total of ten participants from Malappuram District, Kerala State, India were selected for the study by the convenience sampling method. Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted to understand their emergent attitudes and health care practices. The results show that the attitudes and vulnerabilities of the individual during quarantine, environmental factors, and access and availability of resources, are the individual and social factors leading to major psychological impacts on participants during COVID-19 quarantines. Coping strategies and healthcare practices, mental health related practices, social connectivity, socioeconomic status and social support are individual and social factors that helped participants to overcome negative psychological impacts.

Nutzungsbedingungen: Dieser Text wird unter einer Deposit-Lizenz (Keine Weiterverbreitung-keine Bearbeitung) zur Verfügung gestellt. Gewährt wird ein nicht exklusives, nicht übertragbares, persönliches und beschränktes Recht auf Nutzung dieses Dokuments. Dieses Dokument ist ausschließlich für den persönlichen, nicht-kommerziellen Gebrauch bestimmt. Auf sämtlichen Kopien dieses Dokuments müssen alle Urheberrechtshinweise und sonstigen Hinweise auf gesetzlichen Schutz beibehalten werden. Sie dürfen dieses Dokument nicht in irgendeiner Weise abändern, noch dürfen Sie dieses Dokument für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, aufführen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. Mit der Verwendung dieses Dokuments erkennen Sie die Nutzungsbedingungen an. Terms of use: This document is made available under Deposit Licence (No Redistribution-no modifications). We grant a non-exclusive, nontransferable, individual and limited right to using this document. This document is solely intended for your personal, noncommercial use. All of the copies of this documents must retain all copyright information and other information regarding legal protection. You are not allowed to alter this document in any way, to copy it for public or commercial purposes, to exhibit the document in public, to perform, distribute or otherwise use the document in public. By using this particular document, you accept the above-stated conditions of use.

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Altruism was among the key concepts of sociology at its beginnings, as well as in the works of almost all the authors belonging to the pantheon of the classics. e present decline of the postmodern formation coincides with re-emergence of the notion of altruism as one of the key concepts in social theory. Unlike theories of morality, where altruism is considered on the level of moral dispositions focusing on the good of Others, sociological studies focus on altruism in social relations. Altruism is articulated as a relational phenomenon: relational care. Of key importance and signi cant from a relational sociological perspective is the nonnormative understanding of ethics, broader than the concept of morality. is allows us to see altruism in a new light: as relational care.

What is reciprocity? is question should precede any investigation of social relations. Although a broad spectrum of research in the social sciences includes some re ection on reciprocity, more or less accurately noting the fundamental importance of this phenomenon for social life, until recently reciprocity has rarely drawn attention as a key theoretical concept. It is worth noting, however, that social exchange theory and game theory have openly admitted its importance (Diekmann 2004, Molm 2007). Actually, there is no agreement on how to understand reciprocity in relation to phenomena as diverse as: the social practices of reciprocating described by anthropologists and ethnographers, reciprocity as a trait of the human psyche, reciprocity as a feature of social transactions or exchange, reciprocity in the functioning of role systems, reciprocity as a general moral norm, or reciprocity as constitutive for social capital. is is only a tentative enumeration of topics where reciprocity comes into play. Some variations in the understanding of reciprocity will be discussed here, with special emphasis on the major role of this concept in the original relational sociology (Donati 2018), which comes to the fore among other approaches claiming to be relational, and reinvigorates social sciences and humanities in general (Dépelteau 2018: 27). In contemporary social sciences, the issue of reciprocity is rooted in centuriesold re ection on moral conduct, as exempli ed by Marcus Tullius Cicero's ocited maxim "Haec est enim una virtus non solum maxima, sed etiam mater virtutum omnium reliquarum", meaning that reciprocity is not only the greatest virtue, but also the source of other virtues (Cicero 1846: 36; Gouldner 1960: 161). Importantly, great religions and moral systems have made major contributions to moral re ection upon reciprocity; Christianity (Mt 7,12) and Confucianism (Confucius 2007: 80) are just two examples. In his famous essay on the norm of reciprocity, Alvin Gouldner refers to many outstanding thinkers and researchers, belonging to successive generations of scholars from the 19th and 20th centuries, who helped lay foundations for the social sciences and in whose classic works the phenomenon of reciprocity was discussed. Among these scholars were