Articles

OBJECTIVE: To generate and report standardized growth curves for weight, length, head circumference, weight/length, and BMI for non–growth hormone–treated white infants (boys and girls) with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) between 0 and 36 months of age. The goal was to monitor growth and compare data with other infants with PWS. METHODS: Anthropometric measures (N = 758) were obtained according to standard methods and analyzed from 186 non–growth hormone–treated white infants (108 boys and 78 girls) with PWS between 0 and 36 months of age. Standardized growth curves were developed and the 3rd, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 97th percentiles were calculated by using the LMS (refers to λ, μ, and σ) smoothing procedure method for weight, length, head circumference, weight/length, and BMI along with the normative 50th percentile using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention national growth data from 2003. The data were plotted for comparison purposes. RESULTS: Five separate standardi...

Background In Europe, there are variations in epidemic patterns, trends, and progress toward achieving the UNAIDS target of ending the AIDS epidemic. Complex social, economic, cultural, and behavioral dynamics make key population groups more vulnerable to HIV, and health and health-related policies play a significant role in ensuring progress towards eliminating HIV. This study aims to characterize and compare how HIV-relevant policies may directly or indirectly hinder or facilitate HIV prevention, testing, treatment, and care of key populations within selected European countries. Interpretation Not all key and priority populations are equitably or adequately prioritized, with some policies leading to their needs and vulnerabilities being overlooked. Despite the presence of well-structured policies, misalignment between decision-makers' attitudes and evidence-based recommendations, political constraints, and structural, cultural, and stigma-related factors persist. Health systems must address barriers faced by key and priority populations to achieve the UNAIDS targets.

The explanation for prone and supine differences in tissue density and pleural pressure gradients in the healthy lung has been inferred from several studies as compression of dependent tissue by the heart in the supine posture; however, this hypothesis has not been directly confirmed. Differences could also arise from change in shape of the chest wall and diaphragm, and because of shape with respect to gravity. The contribution of this third mechanism is explored here. Tissue density and static elastic recoil were estimated in the supine and prone left human lung at functional residual capacity using a finite-element analysis. Supine model geometries were derived from multidetector row computed tomography imaging of two subjects: one normal ( subject 1), and one with small airway disease ( subject 2). For each subject, the prone model was the supine lung shape with gravity reversed; therefore, the prone model was isolated from the influence of displacement of the diaphragm, chest wa...

Background: In 1998, a new selection process which utilised an aptitude test and an interview in addition to previous academic achievement was introduced into an Australian undergraduate medical course. Aims: To test the outcomes of the selection criteria over an 11-year period. Methods: 1174 students who entered the course from secondary school and who enrolled in the MBBS from 1999 through 2009 were studied in relation to specific course outcomes. Regression analyses using entry scores, sex and age as independent variables were tested for their relative value in predicting subsequent academic performance in the 6-year course. The main outcome measures were assessed by weighted average mark for each academic year level; together with results in specific units, defined as either 'knowledge'-based or 'clinically' based. Results: Previous academic performance and female sex were the major independent positive predictors of performance in the course. The interview score showed positive predictive power during the latter years of the course and in a range of 'clinically' based units. This relationship was mediated predominantly by the score for communication skills. Conclusions: Results support combining prior academic achievement with the assessment of communication skills in a structured interview as selection criteria into this undergraduate medical course.

Il s’agit ici de présenter une version raffinée du libéralisme de la peur de Judith Shklar : le libéralisme de la prudence. Après en avoir brièvement présenté les grandes lignes et les principales faiblesses, j’esquisse les contours du libéralisme de la prudence et montre comment il réalise, mieux que libéralisme de la peur, le programme minimaliste poursuivi par Shklar. Je montre ensuite comment le libéralisme de la prudence nous permet de sortir du dilemme libéral posé par la tradition postrawlsienne : justifier le libéralisme sur des bases morales, au risque de le priver de neutralité, ou le justifier sur des bases réalistes hobbesiennes, au risque d’en faire l’otage des rapports de force changeants. Enfin, j’examine comme le principal défaut apparent du libéralisme de la prudence – à savoir son ascétisme programmatique – est en fait son principal mérite.

La contribution de l’économie sociale, de la coopération et de l’intercoopération a marqué le territoire insulaire de Lamèque-Miscou depuis les années 1930 et 1940. La présente étude met en perspective l’intercoopération entre les coopératives de pêche, de consommation et de services financiers pour favoriser de nouvelles entreprises collectives. C’est au moyen de l’analyse des rapports annuels, d’entrevues semi-dirigées et de validation par groupe de discussion que nous avons mené cette recherche. Nous montrons que la mobilisation des coopératives en partenariat avec les municipalités et diverses agences gouvernementales a permis l’investissement en ressources monétaires et en capital humain dans des domaines aussi variés que l’habitation, les arts et la culture, les loisirs, l’énergie renouvelable et l’environnement. Il en ressort une capacité de résilience des entreprises collectives et une contribution remarquable au développement territorial.

The northern Chiapas onchocerciasis focus has undergone 11 years of ivermectin mass treatment. No evidence of microfilariae in the cornea and/or anterior chamber of the eye or in skin snips was seen in residents examined in 2006 in two sentinel communities (upper limit of the 95% confidence interval [UL 95% CI] = 0.5% and 0.3%, respectively). In children 10 and under, 0 of 305 were found to harbor antibodies to Ov16, a marker of parasite exposure; 0 of 4,400 Simulium ochraceum s.l. collected in 2005 contained parasite DNA, giving an UL 95% CI for the infective rate of 0.9/2,000, and an UL 95% CI of the seasonal transmission potential of 1.2 L3/person. These data, assumed to be representative of the focus as a whole, suggest that there is no ongoing transmission of Onchocerca volvulus in the northern Chiapas focus. Community-wide treatments with ivermectin were halted in 2008, and a post-treatment surveillance phase was initiated.

Le djembé, tambour d’origine mandingue, est un objet culturel africain qui a connu un phénomène de mondialisation dans les années 1990. On le retrouve autant aux États-Unis qu’en Inde ou au Japon; il a même été adopté par certains Autochtones d’Amérique du Nord et il est fabriqué par des artisans québécois. Cet article présente une analyse comparative entre la méthode africaine traditionnelle de fabrication encore pratiquée aujourd’hui au Burkina Faso et la méthode québécoise. Cette comparaison des chaînes opératoires de chacun des artisans, finement illustrées, démontre comment la fabrication locale d’un objet exogène peut refléter les pratiques de la collectivité qui se l’approprie.

The malleability of object representations by experience is essential for adaptive behavior. It has been hypothesized that neurons in inferior temporal cortex (IT) in monkeys are pivotal in visual association learning, evidenced by experiments revealing changes in neural selectivity following visual learning, as well as by lesion studies, wherein functional inactivation of IT impairs learning. A critical question remaining to be answered is whether IT neuronal activity is sufficient for learning. To address this question directly, we conducted experiments combining visual classification learning with microstimulation in IT. We assessed the effects of IT microstimulation during learning in cases where the stimulation was exclusively informative, conditionally informative, and informative but not necessary for the classification task. The results show that localized microstimulation in IT can be used to establish visual classification learning, and the same stimulation applied during ...

ABSTaACT The effects of phosphorylation on the properties of the 20-pS channel of the squid giant axon were studied using the cut-open axon technique. Phosphorylation of the channel was achieved by photoreleasing caged ATP (inside the patch pipette) in the presence of the catalytic subunit of the protein kinase A. An inverted K ÷ gradient (500 K ÷ external//5 K ÷ internal) was used to study the activation process. Phosphorylation decreased the frequency of openings of the channel at most potentials by shifting the probability vs. voltage curve toward more positive potentials. The mean open times showed no voltage dependence and were not affected by phosphorylation. The distribution of first latencies, on the other hand, displayed a sharp voltage dependence. Phosphorylation increased the latency to the first opening at all potentials, shifting the median first latency vs. voltage curve toward more positive potentials. The slow inactivation process was studied in the presence of a physiological K + gradient (10 K + external//310 K ÷ internal). Pulses to 40 mV from different holding potentials were analyzed. Phosphorylation increases the overall ensemble probability by decreasing the number of blank traces. A single channel inactivation curve was constructed by computing the relative appearance of blank traces at different holding potentials before and after photoreleasing caged ATP. As determined in dialyzed axons, the effect of phosphorylation consisted in a shift of the inactivation curve toward more positive potentials. The 20-pS channel has the same characteristics as the delayed rectifier current in activation kinetics, steady-state inactivation, and phosphorylation effects.

As a synonym for “revision,” dictionaries of different European languages include such terms as rilettura, relecture, relectura and rereading. The concept of “rereading” is also used by most translators and revisers when having to describe the process of revising a translation. This act of rereading, however, takes on different forms and purposes depending on the agent by whom it is performed, that is, the translator of the text or the reviser of the translation. As a matter of fact, revision is a second, further reading for the translator who has been working on his/her translation, but it is a “new” reading for the reviser, who approaches the translated text for the first time and, because of his/her “new vision,” can provide different insights on the work done by the translator and spot any weaknesses it may have. Drawing on current research in the field of revision as well as on first-hand data on professional revision in the publishing sector, this work aims at highlighting the...

La préoccupation de la bonne mort se situe dans la mouvance intellectuelle de ce nouveau millénaire caractérisé par une désillusion généralisée à l’égard de la science et de la technologie et un vacuum spirituel. La réalité de la mort n’est pas forcément le reflet de ce qui se passe dans les milieux de soins palliatifs. La majorité des décès surviennent dans les unités de soins actifs des hôpitaux de courte durée ou dans les centres hospitaliers de soins prolongés, endroits où il est possible que le soulagement de la souffrance ne soit pas optimal. Les caractéristiques de la bonne mort sont surtout axées sur le contrôle et l’autonomie, valeurs éminemment individuelles. L’utilisation de ces critères pour évaluer les trajectoires de soins de fin de vie fait moins l’unanimité que la nécessité d’assurer à tous l’accès à des soins palliatifs de qualité.

Writting based on a real event in Vietnam, when hundreds of thousands of people took to the streets in peaceful protests against the Vietnamese government's decision to sell three territories to China for 99 years. National consciousness, anger at the prospect of losing the country, and fear of brutal repression are transformed into a narrative – called a novel, but mostly taken from real events that took place.

We have correlated the membrane properties and synaptic inputs of interplexiform cells (IPCs) with their morphology using whole-cell patch-clamp and Lucifer yellow staining in retinal slices. Three morphological types were identified: (a) a bistratified IPC with descending processes ramifying in both sublaminas a and b of the inner plexiform layer (IPL), and an ascending process that branched in the outer plexiform layer (OPL) and originated from the soma, (b) another bistratified IPC with descending processes ramifying in both sublaminas a and b, and an ascending process that branched in the OPL and originated directly from IPC processes in the IPL, and (c) a monostratified IPC with a descending process ramifying over large lateral extents within the most distal stratum of the IPL, and sending an ascending process to the OPL with little branching. Similar voltage-gated currents were measured in all three types including: (a) a transient inward sodium current, (b) an outward potassi...

Depuis 1872 (création du parc national de Yellowstone) pour les États-Unis et 1885 (création du parc national de Banff) pour le Canada, les deux grands États d’Amérique du Nord ont, chacun, développé un système de parcs nationaux comptant aujourd’hui 100 parcs et accueillant près de 100 millions de visiteurs par an. Ils participent ainsi d’un vaste système touristique – organisé à différentes échelles – qui s’appuie sur la valorisation de la nature, des phénomènes géologiques et géomorphologiques, mais également sur la médiation des rapports entre les sociétés passées et cette nature (à travers des pratiques d’interprétation). Territoires convoités par des activités concurrentes, les parcs sont, depuis l’origine, un sujet d’enjeux particulièrement intenses entre différentes composantes de la société qui, chacune, revendiquent des usages spécifiques. Ces tensions contribuent à produire, à imposer ou à légitimer, selon les cas, des réglementations destinées à réguler les pratiques et ...

Adipogenesis is governed by a well-documented cascade of transcription factors. However, less is known about non-transcription factors that govern early stages of adipogenesis. Here we show that cellular retinolbinding protein type I (CRBP-I), a small cytosolic binding protein for retinol and retinaldehyde, is specifically restricted to preadipocytes in white adipose tissue. The absence of CRBP-I in mice (CRBP-I-KO mice) leads to increased adiposity. Despite increased adiposity, CRBP-I-KO mice remain more glucose tolerant and insulin sensitive during high-fat-diet feeding. 3T3-L1 cells deficient in CRBP-I or mouse embryonic fibroblasts derived from CRBP-I-KO mice had increased adipocyte differentiation and triglyceride (TG) accumulation. This was due to increased expression and activity of PPAR␥, while other transcription factor pathways in early and late differentiation remained unchanged. Conversely, the overexpression of CRBP-I in 3T3-L1 cells results in decreased TG accumulation. In conclusion, CRBP-I is a cytosolic protein specifically expressed in preadipocytes that regulates adipocyte differentiation in part by affecting PPAR␥ activity.

Adipogenesis is governed by a well-documented cascade of transcription factors. However, less is known about non-transcription factors that govern early stages of adipogenesis. Here we show that cellular retinol-binding protein type I (CRBP-I), a small cytosolic binding protein for retinol and retinaldehyde, is specifically restricted to preadipocytes in white adipose tissue. The absence of CRBP-I in mice (CRBP-I-KO mice) leads to increased adiposity. Despite increased adiposity, CRBP-I-KO mice remain more glucose tolerant and insulin sensitive during high-fat-diet feeding. 3T3-L1 cells deficient in CRBP-I or mouse embryonic fibroblasts derived from CRBP-I-KO mice had increased adipocyte differentiation and triglyceride (TG) accumulation. This was due to increased expression and activity of PPAR gamma, while other transcription factor pathways in early and late differentiation remained unchanged. Conversely, the overexpression of CRBP-I in 3T3-L1 cells results in decreased TG accumu...

Cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP) type III (CRBP-III) belongs to the family of intracellular lipid-binding proteins, which includes the adipocyte-binding protein aP2. In the cytosol, CRBP-III binds retinol, the precursor of retinyl ester and the active metabolite retinoic acid. The goal of the present work is to understand the regulation of CRBP-III expression and its role in lipid metabolism. Using EMSAs, luciferase reporter assays, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we found that CRBP-III is a direct target of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ). Moreover, CRBP-III expression was induced in adipose tissue of mice after treatment with the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone. To examine a potential role of CRBP-III in regulating lipid metabolism in vivo, CRBP-III-deficient (C-III-KO) mice were maintained on a high-fat diet (HFD). Hepatic steatosis was decreased in HFD-fed C-III-KO compared with HFD-fed wild-type mice. These differences were partly explained by ...

lular retinol-binding protein (CRBP) type III (CRBP-III) belongs to the family of intracellular lipid-binding proteins, which includes the adipocyte-binding protein aP2. In the cytosol, CRBP-III binds retinol, the precursor of retinyl ester and the active metabolite retinoic acid. The goal of the present work is to understand the regulation of CRBP-III expression and its role in lipid metabolism. Using EMSAs, luciferase reporter assays, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we found that CRBP-III is a direct target of peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor-␥ (PPAR␥). Moreover, CRBP-III expression was induced in adipose tissue of mice after treatment with the PPAR␥ agonist rosiglitazone. To examine a potential role of CRBP-III in regulating lipid metabolism in vivo, CRBP-III-deficient (C-III-KO) mice were maintained on a high-fat diet (HFD). Hepatic steatosis was decreased in HFD-fed C-III-KO compared with HFD-fed wild-type mice. These differences were partly explained by decreased serum free fatty acid levels and decreased free fatty acid efflux from adipose tissue of C-III-KO mice. In addition, the lack of CRBP-III was associated with reduced food intake, increased respiratory energy ratio, and altered body composition, with decreased adiposity and increased lean body mass. Furthermore, expression of genes involved in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation in brown adipose tissue was increased in C-III-KO mice, and C-III-KO mice were more cold tolerant than wild-type mice fed an HFD. In summary, we demonstrate that CRBP-III is a PPAR␥ target gene and plays a role in lipid and whole body energy metabolism.

La situation des femmes entrepreneures a beaucoup évolué au cours des années et l’importance de soutenir l’activité des femmes entrepreneures n’est plus à démontrer. Plusieurs auteurs soulignent la nécessité d’adopter une approche différenciée compte tenu des obstacles auxquels elles font face, lesquels nécessitent de considérer leur contexte spécifique. À travers une étude exploratoire menée en Afrique du Sud et au Rwanda, cet article porte sur l’adéquation entre les services de soutien offerts aux femmes entrepreneures et leur réalité spécifique. Sur la base d’un modèle combinant le contexte, les stratégies de soutien et la performance des entreprises créées par les femmes, la recherche permet d’illustrer la mésadaptation des services de soutien caractérisés par une approche générique et androcentrique, une logique stéréotypée de la performance et un manque de considération pour l’influence de la situation familiale sur le cheminement entrepreneurial. Dans le but d’alimenter la ré...

This article depicts a personal narrative and experience based on the observation and exposure of an ancient Newar tradition of honouring ageing and wellness in the native land of Nepal. Furthermore, this paper illuminates a shared pedagogy of holistic ageing-wellness physically, mentally, spiritually, and emotionally in both Newar and Anishinaabe cultures. In Newar culture, a ritualistic ceremony honours old age called "Bura Janko." It recognizes the foundation of intergenerational relationships that respect the spirituality and wisdom of the Elder. By examining the 5,000-year-old Bura Janko traditions in Nepal in conjunction with ancient Anishinaabe tradition Medicine Wheel teachings and ceremonies among First Nations Anishinaabe communities in Northern Ontario, we hope to highlight cross-cultural connections between the ancient Indigenous cultures' optimal ageing processes. Through cultural and spiritual-based ceremonies, the quality of life and active use of the wisdom of the Elders are enhanced to optimize the ageing timeframe. In turn, these culturally based celebrations contribute to the reduction of stigma and trauma associated with cognitive decline. It is the inactivity that may lead to loneliness and social isolation in Indigenous ageing populations. The Bura Janko celebrations preserve the ancient tradition of families and communities bonding by honouring ageing as a divine status phenomenon in contemporary Newar societies. There are five times that a Bura Janko ritual celebrates beyond the rites of passage in life. These are: 1) Bhima-Ratha-Rohan (to turn 77 years, seventh months, seventh days and seventh hours

THE STUDY of a grouip of people living in Bartlett and Cameron, Tex., reported lhere is one of several related studies designed to provide information on the effects of exces- sive amounts of fluoride occurring naturally in a water supply. Previous investigations (1-3) indicate a need for additionial iniformation on the effects of pro-

respective cells and vasculature, as well as to the control of body fluid volume and composition. It is published 12 times a year publishes original manuscripts on a broad range of subjects relating to the kidney, urinary tract, and their AJP -Renal Physiology

With growing amount of experimental data, the number of known protein structures also increases continuously. Classification of protein structures helps to understand relationships between protein structure and function. The main classification methods based on secondary structures are SCOP, CATH and TOPS, which all classify under different aspects, and therefore can lead to different results. We developed a mathematically unique representation of protein structure topologies at a higher abstraction level providing new aspects of classification and enabling for a fast search through the data. Protein Topology Graph Library (PTGL; ) aims at providing a database on protein secondary structure topologies, including search facilities, the visualization as intuitive topology diagrams as well as in the 3D structure, and additional information. Secondary structure-based protein topologies are represented uniquely as undirected labeled graphs in four different ways allowing for exploration under different aspects. The linear notations, and the 2D and 3D diagrams of each notation facilitate a deeper understanding of protein topologies. Several search functions for topologies and sub-topologies, BLAST search possibility, and links to SCOP, CATH and PDBsum support individual and largescale investigation of protein structures. Currently, PTGL comprises topologies of 54 859 protein structures. Main structural patterns for common structural motifs like TIM-barrel or Jelly Roll are pre-implemented, and can easily be searched.

Absorbance signals were recorded from cut single skeletal muscle fibers stained with the nonpenetrating potentiometric dye NK2367 and mounted in a three-vaseline-gap voltage clamp. The characteristics of the optical signals recorded under current and voltage-clamp conditions were studied at various wavelengths between 500 and 800 nm using unpolarized light. Our results indicate that the absorbance signals recorded with this dye reflect potential changes across both the surface and T system membranes and that the relative contribution of each of these membrane compartments to the total optical change is strongly wavelength dependent. A peak intensity change was detected at 720 nm for the surface membrane signal and at 670 nm for the T system. Evidence for this wavelength-dependent separation derives from an analysis of the kinetics and voltage dependence of the optical signals at different wavelengths, and results obtained in detubulated fibers. The 670-nm optical signal was used to ...

It is a living fact that culture, religion and modernism are in constant struggles. Witchcraft, though a global phenomenon, seems to be perceived and treated in a unique way within the Hausafolk. Consequently, that gives it a new shape and portrays it as having unique characteristics symbolizing the socio-cultural stand of the Hausa in that regard. This paper is geared towards investigating the phenomenon of witchcraft otherwise known as maita in the Hausafolk. It also pays attention to the recent religious influence, which has brought a significant transformation in the perception of the subject in question. The methodology employed for the research is ethnography, in which it is based on the description and analyses of witchcraft in the light of Hausa culture and religion. The paper learned that the primitive Hausa's position on witchcraft and their responses to it were barbaric. However, religious teachings have helped considerably in enlightening the Hausa on the subject, though with a lot of tensenesses, especially within the rural areas. Finally, the paper suggests among others that, there shall be a greater effort towards educating and enlightening the Hausa against their wrong perception of the notion. This could be done through public lectures, publications, rural visits and through the media to mention but few.

Depolarization-activated outward K+ currents in isolated adult rat ventricular myocytes were characterized using the whole-cell variation of the patch-clamp recording technique. During brief depolarizations to potentials positive to -40 mV, Ca(2+)-independent outward K+ currents in these cells rise to a transient peak, followed by a slower decay to an apparent plateau. The analyses completed here reveal that the observed outward current waveforms result from the activation of two kinetically distinct voltage-dependent K+ currents: one that activates and inactivates rapidly, and one that activates and inactivates slowly, on membrane depolarization. These currents are referred to here as Ito (transient outward) and IK (delayed rectifier), respectively, because their properties are similar (although not identical) to these K+ current types in other cells. Although the voltage dependences of Ito and IK activation are similar, Ito activates approximately 10-fold and inactivates approxima...

Le présent article aborde un certain nombre de questions à caractère méthodologique concernant la condition des femmes des groupes tribaux 1 dans le contexte historique et culturel indien, où les études sur le changement social sous-estiment l'importance des femmes de ces groupes. Il présente une analyse de la situation des femmes chez les Saharia, une tribu pauvre et peu nombreuse de l'Inde centrale. L'accent est mis sur les contraintes culturelles* que subissent ces femmes dans le processus de développement économique, car une meilleure compréhension de ces contraintes est nécessaire au succès des programmes de développement conçus à leur intention. Le rôle actuel des femmes dans les communautés indigènes et leurs réactions aux nouveaux changements sont aussi mis en rapport avec la position de celles-ci dans la culture traditionnelle et les relations sociales et politiques qui la caractérisent. Selon le recensement de 1991, 70 millions de personnes appartiennent à l'une ou l'autre des 400 tribus qui existent en Inde, soit 8,08 p. 100 de la population. Les Saharia constituent l'une des Scheduled Tribes de l'Inde et font aussi partie des 73 Groupes tribaux primitifs (Primitive Tribal Groups) (PTG), définis selon trois critères : un niveau technologique pré-agricole; un faible taux d'alphabétisation; une population stagnante ou en baisse. Les Saharia vivent principalement dans l'Etat du Madhya Pradesh (dans les districts de Morena, Gwalior, Shivpuri et Guna), en Inde centrale; au recensement de 1981 3 , le groupe comptait 261 821 personnes. Sous la confédération marhatha, cette région faisait partie de l'État princier de Gwalior, qui demeura en grande partie entre les mains de la Central India Agency sous l'administration britannique. Avant cela, le Gwalior a connu plusieurs souverains rajput et moghol. Des spécialistes pensent que la population saharia, auparavant maîtresse de cette région, aurait été repoussée vers les montagnes et les forêts de l'intérieur et dépossédée de ses terres fertiles (Saxena 1964 : 25-30). On classe les Saharia dans le groupe * Traduit de l'anglais par Catherine Zekri et Huguette Dagenais. 1. Les termes tribes, tribal groups, tribal women, tribal men employés dans la version orignale en anglais font référence à des catégories administratives de l'État indien, elles-mêmes héritées de la colonisation britannique. C'est la raison pour laquelle, dans la traduction française, nous avons conservé ces termes, même s'ils ne sont plus en usage aujourd'hui en sciences sociales, où l'on parle plutôt de communautés ou de groupes « autochtones ». 2. L'expression « contraintes culturelles » comprend ici à la fois les aspects propres à la culture tribale et ceux qui sont acquis du fait d'interactions avec d'autres cultures, qui font obstacle actuellement au développement économique des communautés indigènes. 3. Les États voisins du Rajasthan et de l'Uttar Pradesh comprennent aussi une population saharia.

Cet article analyse la contribution du patrimoine culturel immatériel du protestantisme haïtien (PCIPH) à la dynamique du développement social communautaire en Haïti. Il part du constat que, malgré l’importance sociohistorique du protestantisme dans la société haïtienne, sa dimension patrimoniale reste insuffisamment intégrée aux politiques de développement. La problématique centrale interroge ainsi les mécanismes par lesquels une politique de patrimonialisation pourrait renforcer la cohésion sociale, l’engagement communautaire et le développement local.
Sur le plan méthodologique, l’étude adopte une approche mixte à dominante qualitative, combinant entretiens, observations participantes, analyse documentaire et exploitation de données quantitatives issues d’institutions religieuses et publiques. L’étude s’appuie sur un cadre constructiviste et une démarche hypothético-déductive.
Les résultats montrent que le PCIPH (Patrimoine Culturel Immatériel du Protestantisme Haïtien) constitue une ressource importante de capital social, humain et symbolique. Sa valorisation institutionnelle favorise la mobilisation des acteurs religieux, la transmission des valeurs communautaires et la consolidation de la mémoire collective. L’article met également en évidence le rôle déterminant des mécanismes de communication participative dans la sauvegarde et la diffusion du patrimoine protestant.
En conclusion, l’étude confirme qu’une politique structurée de patrimonialisation du protestantisme haïtien pourrait constituer un levier stratégique du développement social communautaire en Haïti.

The generation of by-products from fruit and vegetable (F&V) processing industries poses opportunities and challenges, containing essential nutrient sources necessary for human health. The present study comprehensively analyzes the nutrient compositions and fatty acid content of by-products derived from apples, pomegranate, beetroot, carrots, and tomatoes. The proximate composition varied significantly across samples, with protein content (1.23-29.56 g/100g), fat (0.08-0.52 g/100g), ash (0.51-6.26 g/100g), moisture (3.28%-5.43 %), soluble dietary fiber (5.19-14.09 g/100g), insoluble dietary fiber (14.14-52.59 g/100g), and total dietary fiber (19.33-61.91 g/100g), respectively. Among these, BP indicated the lowest values, except for ash content. The analysis of vitamins revealed TP as the highest source, while BP was the lowest among most of the parameters. Moreover, mineral analysis exhibited CP as the highest in Ca, Zn, and Mg, while AP showed the richest Fe, Ca, Zn, P, and Mn levels. The significant variation in free sugars and fatty acid content was evaluated using HPLC and GC-FID systems. Finally, the present findings demonstrate that F&V by-products may be utilized as an efficient nutritional source, with potential application in nutraceuticals and functional foods, reducing environmental impact and promoting sustainability. This could contribute to the prevention of non-communicable diseases and protect overall human health.

Marriage remains one of the most significant institutions in human society. Across cultures, it serves as a foundation for family stability, moral regulation, and social harmony. In African societies specifically, marriage is considered essential because it protects the morals of the people, discourages adultery and fornication, and promotes responsible living among couples (Yahaya, 2009). Within the Hausa folk of Northern Nigeria, the success of a family is widely understood to depend largely on the marital relationship between husband and wife—a relationship that itself hinges critically on the selection of a compatible spouse.

This book examines a fundamental question: What role does education play in the selection of marriage partners among Hausa communities?

Drawing on established scholarship, the authors note that selection of a marriage partner is one of the most important decisions individuals make during their lifetime. O'Neil (in Oguegbe & Onuecheta, 1995) explained that education is an important factor in marriage partner choice across many societies. Buss and Schmit (1993) found that women consistently express a preference for marriage partners who possess educational qualifications similar to their own. Similarly, Kalmijn (2001) revealed that college graduates prefer to marry fellow college graduates.

Against this theoretical backdrop, the book investigates the relationship between educational status and marriage partner selection specifically within the Hausa folk of Northern Nigeria. The study focuses on undergraduate students at Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto—a population uniquely positioned at the intersection of traditional marriage values and modern educational attainment.

La pandemia de COVID-19 pone en evidencia la importancia de los aspectos psicológicos y de salud mental para la prevención y afrontamiento de sus consecuencias. En este contexto se requiere de un modelo de Seguridad Psicológica (SP) que fundamente teórica y metodológicamente su gestión en una situación de emergencia sanitaria. El problema de la SP, visto desde una perspectiva transdisciplinar, intercepta aspectos relacionados con la epistemología y la sociología de la ciencia: análisis crítico del concepto a la luz de los aportes de otras disciplinas; relaciones entre el nivel de acceso al conocimiento y el funcionamiento de los equipos de trabajos; y contradicción entre la gestión neoliberal de la pandemia y la necesidad de un afrontamiento humanista. El objetivo del artículo es analizar, desde la perspectiva sociológica y epistemológica, la SP del personal de la salud en emergencias sanitarias, para lo cual se desarrolló una revisión narrativa. Como resultado, se presentan las ref...

Cet article porte un regard critique sur les recherches relatives aux abus physiques et à la négligence envers les enfants. Sans passer par une revue systématique de la littérature, l'auteur identifie les divers déterminants de la violence mis en évidence par trois principaux modèles -les modèles psychologique, sociologique et écologique -fait un bilan de leurs apports et de leurs limites à la construction d'une étiologie de la violence. En soulignant le petit nombre de recherches fondées sur une cueillette de données originales, les carences méthodologiques et le peu de concordance dans Ia (définition des variables mesurées, l'article propose de prendre du recul par rapport aux facteurs de risque identifiés et plaide en faveur d'une analyse systémique des déterminants de là violence. * Uauteur est chercheur au Département de Santé Communautaire, Centre Hospitalier de Verdun. Les premiers efforts des chercheurs intéressés à l'analyse du phénomène des abus et négligences ont porté sur l'étude des caractéris-

In order to study the effects of drought stress and foliar application with salicylic acid on yield and its components and percentage of essential oil of Nigella sativa L., a field experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications at research farm of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman during growing season of 20132014. The main factor was drought including three levels: no tension (90 percent field capacity), moderate tension (70 percent field capacity) and severe tension (50 percent field capacity). The other factor included four concentrations of salicylic acid: zero (foliar application with distilled water), 5, 10 and 15 Micro molar salicylic acid for foliar application. The results showed that there were significant differences between traits including: the number of grains per plant, 1000 seeds weight, harvest index, essential oil and grain yield with applying drought and salicylic acid. The foliar application with salicyl...

The light-activated guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic GMP) phosphodiesterase (PDE) of frog photoreceptor membranes has been assayed by measuring the evolution of protons that accompanies cyclic GMP hydrolysis. The validity of this assay has been confirmed by comparison with an isotope assay used in previous studies (Robinson et al. 1980. J. Gen. Physiol. 76: 631-645). The PDE activity elicited by either flash or continuous dim illumination is reduced if ATP is added to outer segment suspensions. This desensitization is most pronounced at low calcium levels. In 10(-9) M Ca++, with 0.5 mM ATP and 0.5 mM GTP present, PDE activity remains almost constant as dim illumination and rhodopsin bleaching continue. At intermediate Ca++ levels (10-7-10-5M) the activity slowly increases during illumination. Finally, in 10(-4) and PDE activity is more a reflection of the total number of rhodopsin molecules bleached than of the rate of the rhodopsin bleaching. At intermediate or ...

The light-activated cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) of frog photoreceptor membranes has been assayed in isolated outer segments suspended in a low-calcium Ringer's solution. Activation occurs over a range of light intensity that also causes a decrease in the permeability, cyclic GMP levels, and GTP levels of isolated outer segments. At intermediate intensities, PDE activity assumes constant intermediate values determined by the rate of rhodopsin bleaching. Washing causes an increase in maximal enzyme activity. Increasing light intensity from darkness to a level bleaching 5 x 10(3) rhodopsin molecules per outer segment per second shifts the apparent Michaelis constant (Km) from 100 to 900 microM. Maximum enzyme velocity increases at least 10-fold. The component that normally regulates this light-induced increase in the Km of PDE is removed by the customary sucrose flotation procedures. The presence of 10(-3) M Ca++ increases the light sensitivity of PDE, and maximal activation...

The starlet sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis, is a basal metazoan organism that has recently emerged as an important model system in developmental biology and evolutionary genomics. StellaBase, the Nematostella Genomics Database (), was developed in 2005 as a resource to support the Nematostella research community. Recently, it has become apparent that Nematostella may be a particularly useful system for studying (i) microevolutionary variation in natural populations, and (ii) the functional evolution of human disease genes. We have developed two new databases that will foster such studies: StellaBase Disease () is a relational database that houses 155 904 invertebrate homologous isoforms of human disease genes from four leading genomic model systems (fly, worm, yeast and Nematostella), including 14 874 predicted genes from the sea anemone itself. StellaBase SNP () is a relational database that describes the location and underlying type of mutation for 20 063 single nucleotide polymorphisms.

Tous droits réservés © Société canadienne d'histoire de l'Église catholique, 2013 Ce document est protégé par la loi sur le droit d'auteur. L'utilisation des services d'Érudit (y compris la reproduction) est assujettie à sa politique d'utilisation que vous pouvez consulter en ligne. Cet article est diffusé et préservé par Érudit. Érudit est un consortium interuniversitaire sans but lucratif composé de

In their short report on the utility of a point-of-care malaria rapid diagnostic test (RDT) in HIV-infected adults, Mills and others conclude that "the rapid diagnostic test accurately ruled "in or out" malaria." 1 However, at a positive predictive value of 70.6% and a lower confidence limit of 44.0%, it is difficult to state that the test accurately rules in malaria. At the "rule out" side, there is a moderate sensitivity of 85.7%, again with a disappointing lower confidence limit of 57.2%, which is caused by the low number of malaria cases. The high negative predictive value is probably caused by low pre-test probability (or malaria prevalence) in the study population (14 of 246, 5.6%). Thus, the probability of not having malaria before the test was already 94.4%, and the diagnostic gain offered by the RDT is limited to 4.7%. Malaria is a life-threatening disease that requires prompt and adequate treatment. Two of 14 cases were missed; the confidence limits indicate that it might have been six. Rapid diagnostic tests can miss not only low parasite densities such as in the present study, 2 but also high parasite densities caused by the prozone effect. A cautious conclusion of this study might be that RDTs might be potentially useful to rule out malaria, but that studies on larger samples and patient populations with higher malaria prevalence are necessary to confirm this finding. J. V an den E nde

Detrusor smooth muscle (DSM) hypertrophy induced by partial bladder outlet obstruction (PBOO) is associated with changes in the NH2-terminal myosin heavy chain isoform from predominantly SM-B to SM-A, alteration in the Ca2+sensitization pathway, and the contractile characteristics from phasic to tonic in rabbits. We utilized the SM-B knockout (KO) mouse to determine whether a shift from SM-B to SM-A without PBOO is associated with changes in the signal transduction pathway mediated via PKC and CPI-17, which keeps the myosin phosphorylation (MLC20) level high by inhibiting the myosin phosphatase. DSM strips from SM-B KO mice generated more force in response to electrical field stimulation, KCl, carbachol, and phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate than that of age-matched wild-type mice. There was no difference in the ED50for carbachol but the maximum response was greater for the SM-B KO mice. DSM from SM-B KO mice revealed increased mass and hypertrophy. The KO mice also showed an overexpression ...

Ce document est protégé par la loi sur le droit d'auteur. L'utilisation des services d'Érudit (y compris la reproduction) est assujettie à sa politique d'utilisation que vous pouvez consulter en ligne. Cet article est diffusé et préservé par Érudit. Érudit est un consortium interuniversitaire sans but lucratif composé de

L’article vise à explorer les compétences orthographiques d’élèves gitans de CE11 vivant dans l’extrême Sud de la France alors qu’il est communément admis que chez les personnes gitanes n’ayant pas de «culture de l’écrit», ces compétences sont quasiment absentes. Nous avons comparé la production libre réalisée dans le cadre des évaluations nationales des élèves gitans avec celle d’élèves non gitans, scolarisés dans un même milieu socio-économique. Nous montrons finalement que les élèves issus de la communauté gitane ne sont pas moins scripteurs que les autres, au contraire! Leurs productions écrites révèlent une compétence langagière plus solide que les élèves non gitans.

La présente recherche explore le développement de la compétence linguistique qui permet l’accord du verbe en nombre à l’écrit chez huit élèves scolarisés en français dans le sud-ouest de l’Ontario, un milieu francophone minoritaire. Grâce à une conceptualisation qui unit les travaux de chercheurs en langues première et seconde, et à l’analyse des données issues d’une activité de complètement et de productions écrites, nous avons fait émerger trois profils développementaux : le premier groupe de scripteurs fait montre d’une compétence opérationnelle en début d’étude, celle-ci demeurant relativement stable au gré des 13 mois de la recherche. Le deuxième groupe peine à orthographier la marque prototypique de la pluralité verbale au commencement de l’étude et exerce, du début à la fin, un contrôle orthographique lacunaire pour ce qui est de l’objet linguistique retenu. Le dernier groupe, analogue au regroupement précédent en début d’étude, présente un développement rapide au cours de la...

Le but cet article est d’examiner le développement de la compétence orthographique d’un groupe d’élèves créolophones (n = 11), suivis de la maternelle à la troisième année à travers une mesure d’orthographes approchées. Les résultats montrent que les sujets ont peu de connaissances des graphèmes orthographiques en maternelle. En première année, l’apprentissage formel concourt à l’émergence de la norme orthographique, notamment en ce qui a trait aux digrammes et aux trigrammes. À la fin de la troisième année, les sujets produisent une grande quantité de graphèmes orthographiques, mais on remarque une certaine difficulté à produire des phonèmes multigraphémiques.

Cet article examine les effets de la musique auprès d’élèves du début du primaire présentant des difficultés d’apprentissage en lecture et en écriture. Cinq recherches quasi expérimentales publiées de l’année 1997 à nos jours ont été recensées. Chaque études est résumée et commentée d’après la rigueur des approches méthodologiques choisies. Dans l’ensemble, les résultats démontrent que la formation musicale pourrait être une aide complémentaire à l’appropriation du langage écrit.