Audience Perceptions

The 1990s were the birth of the so-called rampage school shootings. In News Framing of School Shootings: Journalism and American Social Problems (2016), Michael McCluskey, a former journalist and current communication professor at The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, trains his sight on the macro-and microperspectives of rampage school shootings. His book includes a 10-chapter analysis of news coverage and social factors from 11 shooting events during 1996-2012. The result of this analysis produces a well-researched and informative text that examines various issues from News, Society and Violence (Chapter 1) to Popular Media, Moral Panics and Culture Wars (Chapter 5), and even still Heroism Archetypes (Chapter 9) and finally the Evaluation of News Discourse, Effects and Lessons (Chapter 10). The chapters offer a useful framework for understanding how school shootings affect "news coverage" and the subsequent "public discourse" (p. 2) between policy makers, stakeholders and those affected by the tragedy. For McCluskey, the speculation about causes and responses to "rampage" school shootings (p. 5) are linked in part to what he argues is the framing of nine problem definitions. These definitions are an attempt to find deeper meaning within the given tragedy. One of these definitions is the so-called rampage shooting. McCluskey adopts Katherine Newman's perspective that these shootings involve attacks on multiple parties selected at random, where schools in rural communities are the chosen target, because they are the heart and soul of public life in small towns (p. 5). While I understand the author's attempt to operationalize "rampage" shooting as a term of prominence, I think this limited scope may further exacerbate the challenge in understanding the importance of the larger context of school shootings. For victims and persons affected by school shootings, the notion of "rampage" potentially establishes a hierarchy of threat and/or victimization based on the "type" or "category" of the shooting. Does the Westside Middle School shooting (which happened just five miles from the community where the reviewer now lives and works), a shooting that might be categorized as a "rampage" shooting, assume a higher prominence in society, over a school shooting in an urban context, if all other factors are equal? McCluskey attempts to address this important question by examining the social construction of news, the evolution of news values in a given context and the framing that occurs within respective media organizations. It is worth noting that McCluskey points out that, as of 2011, there had been more school shootings in the United States (76) than the rest of the 775702N RJXXX10.

General journalistic principles guide the ways that gatekeepers evaluate the newsworthiness of events. These principles are adapted in the field of international communication and indicate some unique features, in particular, of international disasters reporting. The current research examined the presence, amount, and length of news coverage from 3 major U.S. newspapers on 292 global natural disasters from 2004 to 2014. Results showed that U.S. newspapers had a reasonable neglect of international disasters compared with domestic ones and a disproportional favor toward huge versus smaller size disasters. A systematic predicting model was evident: Severity was the most significant and the only consistent determinant of disasters reports, followed by the intensity of deviance. Geographic distance and degree of relevance between countries failed to predict any variance of news coverage. This finding might demonstrate a return to the news value that the newsworthiness of an event should ...

This study examined whether a debater's background nonverbal behavior affected audience perceptions of her and her opponent's likeability. Students watched one of four versions of a televised debate. In each, while the speaking debater appeared on the main screen, subscreens displayed her opponent's background nonverbal behavior. In one version, the nonspeaking debater displayed a neutral expression, whereas in the others she displayed occasional disagreement, nearly constant disagreement, or both agreement and disagreement. After viewing the debates, students rated the debaters' likeability. Analysis indicated that background behavior influenced perceptions of the nonverbal communicator but not of the speaking debater.

This study examined whether a debater's background nonverbal behavior affected audience perceptions of her and her opponent's likeability. Students watched one of four versions of a televised debate. In each, while the speaking debater appeared on the main screen, subscreens displayed her opponent's background nonverbal behavior. In one version, the nonspeaking debater displayed a neutral expression, whereas in the others she displayed occasional disagreement, nearly constant disagreement, or both agreement and disagreement. After viewing the debates, students rated the debaters' likeability. Analysis indicated that background behavior influenced perceptions of the nonverbal communicator but not of the speaking debater.

Background: In 2016, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) were reported to be responsible for 41 million of the world’s 57 million deaths. These deaths were reported to be associated with modifiable lifestyle behaviours, such as tobacco smoking, poor physical activity and diets of poor nutritional value. There could be a knowledge gap on NCD risk factors amongst non-health professionals. Knowledge of NCDs is, therefore, important for the implementation of preventive measures to onset of NCDs.Aim: This study aimed at describing perceptions and knowledge of school management teams about NCDs and strategies to prevent them.Setting: This study was conducted in Mt Frere, South Africa.Methods: This explorative qualitative study using a phenomenological data collection approach was conducted amongst purposively selected school authorities in 2016–2017 to understand their perceptions and knowledge about NCDs and what can be performed to prevent them. Two focus group discussions (FGDs) were cond...

This paper examined the perception of grade 1 pupils and their teachers towards WAPASA Application in the teaching and learning. The study employed the descriptive research design. A stratified random sampling of 210 pupils and a purposive sample of 12 teachers were from three purposively selected primary schools in Harare City. Of those, eight teachers and 196 pupils responded. Due to positive attitude of teachers and learner, it was concluded that WAPASA App is very useful for teaching and learning as it was perceived to be fun and interesting to use. Therefore, it can be used to support and enhance learning. If properly incorporated into the teaching and learning process, e-learning will play an important role for learning effectiveness. Therefore, it is recommended that, teachers should use the WAPASA App for maximized learning effectiveness. The Ministry of Education as well as directors of schools should provide in-service professional development workshops for teachers so tha...

Begin 2006 betrok Facilicom Services Group haar nieuwe hoofdkantoor in Schiedam. Het gebouw was ontwikkeld vanuit een totaalvisie op toegepast duurzaam ondernemen en geintegreerd facility management. In een gesprek met Paul Janssen, stafdirecteur marketing bij Facilicom, evalueert FMI het eerste lustrum van het schoolvoorbeeld van de facilitaire kantooromgeving.

... But both worked to overcome this and by the time Chantelle was 1 year old, her physical and social development seemed satisfactory. ... in Attachment in the Preschool Years: Theory, Research and Intervention (eds M. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti and EM Cummings). ...

Stories have been used as the first tools to influence on people's attitudes and lifestyles, but the mechanisms which the story plays its role plays is an attractive story. The purpose of this study was to study the neuropsychologic effects of the story in the human brain. With the use of modern measurement tools, researchers investigate the parts of the brain when become active they hear stories. In the present study, several sources such as google scholar Psych-Info, Web of Science between 2013 and 2017 were used. The results of this study were presented in two parts: first, an integrated pattern of various studies was presented to describe the story's performance. In the second part, Shahrzade as a storyteller (case study) was. In the discussion and conclusion, in addition to examining how the stories used in the modern world, based on the findings of the research, answered

General journalistic principles guide the ways that gatekeepers evaluate the newsworthiness of events. These principles are adapted in the field of international communication and indicate some unique features, in particular, of international disasters reporting. The current research examined the presence, amount, and length of news coverage from 3 major U.S. newspapers on 292 global natural disasters from 2004 to 2014. Results showed that U.S. newspapers had a reasonable neglect of international disasters compared with domestic ones and a disproportional favor toward huge versus smaller size disasters. A systematic predicting model was evident: Severity was the most significant and the only consistent determinant of disasters reports, followed by the intensity of deviance. Geographic distance and degree of relevance between countries failed to predict any variance of news coverage. This finding might demonstrate a return to the news value that the newsworthiness of an event should ...

This research discusses the issue of LGBT in the Malaysian society by asking the view of a former practitioner of the sexual orientation described as LGBT. Using the qualitative method of interview and textual analysis of the interview, the research ask the question of whether this sexual orientation is a natural phenomenon or an ideology propagated by certain quarters as is the practice in the contemporary time. The findings of the research through the interaction with the former practitioner of this sexual orientation show that the issue is a double edge sword which requires caution and understanding from the larger society. However, the research shows that it is not something that is insurmountable as is being portrayed in certain quarters.

The focus of the paper is a sophism based on the proposition ‘This is Socrates’ found in a short treatise on obligational casus attributed to William Heytesbury. First, the background to the puzzle in Walter Burley’s traditional account of obligations (the responsio antiqua), and the objections and revisions made by Richard Kilvington and Roger Swyneshed, are presented. All six types of obligations described by Burley are outlined, including sit verum, the type used in the sophism. Kilvington and Swyneshed disliked the dynamic nature of the responsio antiqua, and Kilvington proposed a revision to the rules for irrelevant propositions. This allowed him to use a form of reasoning, the \disputational meta-argument", which is incompatible with Burley’s rules. Heytesbury explicitly rejected Kilvington’s revision and the associated meta-argument. Swyneshed also revised Burley’s account of obligations, formulating the so-called responsio nova, characterised by the apparently surprisin...

The present study revealed association of having mentor with mentee job satisfaction and work life conflict among working women. Methods: A web-based survey was administered to 1,202 female managers and staff within large corporations; 757 responses (63.0%) were obtained, and 698 responses (58.1%) with full data were analyzed. Analysis of covariance was used to compare the mean score of job satisfaction and work-life conflict among mentees with informal mentor, formal mentor, informal and formal mentor, and non-mentees. Results: 48.1% of the study subjects hold mentors. Mentees with only informal mentors showed greater job satisfaction and lower work-life conflict than non-mentees, however, no significant differences emerged not only between mentees with only formal mentors and non-mentees but also between mentees with only informal mentors and only formal mentors. Conclusions: Results suggested effectiveness of having informal mentor for improving job satisfaction as well as decreasing work-life conflict of working women. The effectiveness of formal mentor needs to be examined with larger sample.

This paper presented a multimodal discourse analysis of some visual images in the political rally discourse of 2011 electioneering campaigns in Southwestern Nigeria. The data comprised purposively selected political visual artefacts from political rallies across the six Southwestern States in Nigeria (Osun, Oyo, Ondo, Ekiti, Ogun, and Lagos). The data were analyzed using Halliday’s (1985) systemic metafunctional principles and Barthes’ (1977) concepts of anchorage and relay. The study noted that, vests are the commonest type of semiotic artifact while caps, Ankara, and surrogate languages complement the use of vests for visual signification and meaning potentials in the discourse environment. The study also noted that, various political party colors reflect in almost all the visual images and they are suggestive of the ideology or level of commitment and political leanings of discourse participants. The study concluded that, semiotic resources or artefacts are an important aspect of...

Sekolah tinggi atau perguruan tinggi memiliki peluang untuk memupuk jiwa wirausaha pada generasi muda sebelum mereka mulai memasuki dunia kerja yang sesungguhnya. STMIK STIKOM Indonesia adalah sekolah tinggi berbasis teknologi informasi yang mendorong mahasiswanya untuk berwirausaha. Untuk dapat mengetahui efektivitas penyelenggaraan pendidikan kewirausahaan serta minat mahasiswa STMIK STIKOM Indonesia dalam berwirausaha maka dilakukan penelitian mengenai pengaruh kepribadian wirausaha, pengetahuan kewirausahaan, dan lingkungan pada minat berwirausaha mahasiswa STMIK STIKOM Indonesia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif yang menggunakan metode survei. Populasi dari penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa STMIK STIKOM Indonesia. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan kuisioner. Simple random sampling merupakan metode yang digunakan untuk menentukan jumlah sampel. Data yang dikumpulkan diolah dan dianalisis dengan analisis regresi berganda. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa ...

Non-formal learning in ICT refers to various situations that are not covered by the classical schooling system: either the students want to learn something that is not in the curricula offered by their schools, either they want to enhance the knowledge acquired at school. Moreover, nonformal methods offer a friendly environment oriented to learning and acquiring not only the desired competencies, but also cross-competencies like cooperation, critical thinking, innovation, entrepreneurship and other life and careeroriented skills. From this point of view, this paper will present a case study of a non-formal educational entity in ICT (Coding with Patience) which focuses on enhancing programming competencies of young people. This is a private initiative that promotes collaborative learning, aiming to offer equal opportunities through inclusive education. The present outcomes of the initiative will be compared with its objectives and further development directions will be detailed.

The aim of this study is to compare partially disaggregated structural models, using item parcels as indicators of latent variables, and path analysis models, assuming totally aggregated items make up measurements without errors of the constructs. Data come from two empirical studies: one focused on education and another one focused on health, in such a way we can prove the constructs evaluated do not interfere with methodological results showed. The results in both studies are consistent. On one hand, the use of items parcels as indicators of the constructs rather than path models increase the value of the parameters in absolute value, and residual variance is reduced. This is reflected in an increase of the explained variance by the models. Parcel construction method does not seem to be a relevant factor. On the other hand, goodness-of-fit indexes of path models show a better fit. Summarizing, latent variable models would be better fitted to reality, improving the percentage of explained variance, but losing fit due to the higher number of parameters to be estimated.

ABSTRACT Hearing voices that others do not hear is often considered diagnostic of mental illness. Although it is true that mentally ill individuals sometimes hear voices, it is equally true that individuals who are not mentally ill hear voices also. In fact, throughout the history of humankind, respected leaders and common folk alike have benefited from hearing inner voices. This article examines historical and contemporary accounts of inner voices, and reviews the terminology which has been used to describe these experiences. Seven different categories of inner voices are described. Pathological hallucinations and transcendent revelations are demonstrated to be 2 similar, yet distinct classes of inner voices which exist on a continuum, referred to as the "hallucination-revelation continuum." Finally, methods for cultivating transcendent inner voices are described. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

The phenomenon of flood after rainy season is not new for Pakistan but flood in 2010 is the biggest ever and effected & displaced millions of people from their homes. Role of photojournalist is very critical at the time of crisis as they can touch hearts by only one picture rather than using many words. Using Content Analysis technique the aim of study is to analyze photographic coverage of flood 2010 in national newspapers. The study is focused on prominent frames used in visual coverage of flood 2010. Moreover, the study also analyzed ethical issues like showing dead & mutilated bodies, grief and gender stereotyping; in photos of flood 2010. Both English (Dawn, The News, Express) and Urdu (Jang, Express, nawa-i-waqt); are analyzed which helped in establishing the difference in visual framing of both language media. Using census sampling method all photographs (2156 photos) including hard news photos, stand alone photos, and photographs with feature stories; in above mentioned newspapers are analyzed; from July 2010 when the crisis initially started to November 2010 are included in study. Major frames found in visual coverage of flood 2010 are human interest frames, economical frame and political frame. It was observed that Human Interest Frame is dominant in all newspapers. Political frame is more prominent in Urdu newspapers. There are very less photographs portraying dead and mutilated bodies. Visuals are gender stereotypes in a way that females are dominantly framed in passive roles. This study has tried to contribute to scarcity existing in visual framing research.

As ethnographic studies of the visual gatekeeping process at newsrooms are scarce and the increasingly digitised news era demands for reconsideration, this article focuses on the results of a qualitative study at the photo news desk of a Flemish newspaper in Belgium. Our aim has been to provide an update and a broadening of previous studies on visual gatekeeping processes, and the findings are based on observations, in-depth interviews and reconstructions of the visual selection process. Our results show that routine and organisational influences as the ‘newsroom culture’ and the ‘rhythm’ of the newspaper outweigh individual preferences of photo editors. In-house photographers are systematically preferred to wire photographs. The information value of photos prevails, but aesthetics and good taste add another layer of deliberation. In addition, layout policies explicitly steer photo editors in their decision-making process.

The phenomenon of flood after rainy season is not new for Pakistan but flood in 2010 is the biggest ever and effected & displaced millions of people from their homes. Role of photojournalist is very critical at the time of crisis as they can touch hearts by only one picture rather than using many words. Using Content Analysis technique the aim of study is to analyze photographic coverage of flood 2010 in national newspapers. The study is focused on prominent frames used in visual coverage of flood 2010. Moreover, the study also analyzed ethical issues like showing dead & mutilated bodies, grief and gender stereotyping; in photos of flood 2010. Both English (Dawn, The News, Express) and Urdu (Jang, Express, nawa-i-waqt); are analyzed which helped in establishing the difference in visual framing of both language media. Using census sampling method all photographs (2156 photos) including hard news photos, stand alone photos, and photographs with feature stories; in above mentioned newspapers are analyzed; from July 2010 when the crisis initially started to November 2010 are included in study. Major frames found in visual coverage of flood 2010 are human interest frames, economical frame and political frame. It was observed that Human Interest Frame is dominant in all newspapers. Political frame is more prominent in Urdu newspapers. There are very less photographs portraying dead and mutilated bodies. Visuals are gender stereotypes in a way that females are dominantly framed in passive roles. This study has tried to contribute to scarcity existing in visual framing research.

The article is devoted to the patterns of self-reflection's influence upon the mental states graded according to various criteria: modality, duration, sign, and level of arousal. It has been fixed that the influence of self-reflection upon the mental states was mediated by the cognitive and controlling components of self-reflection, and also connected both to the academic activity types (a lecture, seminar, exam) and students' field of study.

Abstract/This study surveyed Al-Jazeera viewers through a survey posted on the network's Arabic-language website to examine how credible Al-Jazeera viewers judge the network. Not surprisingly, Al-Jazeera viewers rated the network as highly credible on all measures. They rated CNN and BBC high on expertise, but ranked them low on trustworthiness. Consequently, BBC and CNN were also rated low on other credibility measures. Local Arab media were judged lowest on all credibility measures. Those who were younger and who ...

The phenomenon of flood after rainy season is not new for Pakistan but flood in 2010 is the biggest ever and effected & displaced millions of people from their homes. Role of photojournalist is very critical at the time of crisis as they can touch hearts by only one picture rather than using many words. Using Content Analysis technique the aim of study is to analyze photographic coverage of flood 2010 in national newspapers. The study is focused on prominent frames used in visual coverage of flood 2010. Moreover, the study also analyzed ethical issues like showing dead & mutilated bodies, grief and gender stereotyping; in photos of flood 2010. Both English (Dawn, The News, Express) and Urdu (Jang, Express, nawa-i-waqt); are analyzed which helped in establishing the difference in visual framing of both language media. Using census sampling method all photographs (2156 photos) including hard news photos, stand alone photos, and photographs with feature stories; in above mentioned newspapers are analyzed; from July 2010 when the crisis initially started to November 2010 are included in study. Major frames found in visual coverage of flood 2010 are human interest frames, economical frame and political frame. It was observed that Human Interest Frame is dominant in all newspapers. Political frame is more prominent in Urdu newspapers. There are very less photographs portraying dead and mutilated bodies. Visuals are gender stereotypes in a way that females are dominantly framed in passive roles. This study has tried to contribute to scarcity existing in visual framing research.

This research examines mass media depictions of major American natural disasters that occurred between 2000 and 2010. Results indicate that mass media cover natural disasters for shorter periods of time than they do other issues; that media coverage tends to focus on the current impact of disasters on humans, the built environment, and the natural environment; that disaster economics is an important topic; that disaster media coverage generally focuses on the state and region related to the event; and that disaster news is largely about what is happening now.

This research examines mass media depictions of major American natural disasters that occurred between 2000 and 2010. Results indicate that mass media cover natural disasters for shorter periods of time than they do other issues; that media coverage tends to focus on the current impact of disasters on humans, the built environment, and the natural environment; that disaster economics is an important topic; that disaster media coverage generally focuses on the state and region related to the event; and that disaster news is largely about what is happening now.