Bandpass Filters

This study proposes a new design of low-cost dual-bandpass filter for worldwide interoperability and microwave access (WiMAX) band at 3.50 GHz and mobile communications band at 1.19 GHz. A high pass filter and a stopband filter make up the new dual-bandpass filter structure. Different theoretical studies were carried out for the design of the proposed filter. This filter’s base is a RO5880 substrate with a dielectric permittivity constant of 2.2, loss tangent of 0.0009 and 1.6 mm thickness. High mashing density was used to validate the various simulated structures while accounting for two numerical methods: the moment technique and the finite integration method. The final circuit's overall dimensions are 60×178,3 mm2.

Reflectance measurements of human skin are widely limited over the millimeter wave (MMW) band in literature. This is due to the cost and technical difficulties of the experimental setup. This paper proposes homogenous and multilayer skin models for estimating the reflectance of the forearm and palm of the hand skin over the MMW band 30-100 GHz. The simulation results demonstrate that the differences in reflectance between the homogenous and multilayer models of forearm skin are limited to 0.014, indicating that the thin stratum corneum (SC) layer in the multilayer skin models has a minimal impact on the interaction with MMW of the forearm skin. However, in the palm of hand skin, there is a substantial difference in reflectance calculations between the homogenous and the multilayer skin models in the range of 0.099 to 0.143. These differences are attributed to the presence of a thick SC layer in the palm of the hand. Thus, the simulation results suggested that two-layer should be used for the palm of hand skin as it better captures the reflectance characteristics of this region. The importance of having those models are in calculating the skin reflectance that can be used for the non-invasive diagnosis of skin conditions.

Indonesia sebagai negara kepulauan memiliki tantangan besar dalam pemerataan infrastruktur komunikasi akibat kondisi geografis yang luas dan tersebar. Penelitian ini menganalisis karakteristik satelit yang digunakan di Indonesia berdasarkan orbit, fungsi, tujuan, serta frekuensi operasional, kemudian membandingkannya dengan sistem komunikasi wireless terrestrial gelombang mikro. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi literatur dengan mengumpulkan data dari buku, jurnal ilmiah, laporan pemerintah, dan dokumen operator satelit nasional. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa satelit, khususnya pada orbit Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO), memiliki keunggulan dalam cakupan area yang luas dan sangat sesuai untuk wilayah kepulauan, meskipun memiliki latensi lebih tinggi dan biaya investasi besar. Sementara itu, komunikasi wireless terrestrial gelombang mikro menawarkan latensi rendah dan efisiensi biaya untuk konektivitas regional, tetapi terbatas oleh kondisi line-of-sight dan hambatan geografis. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa kombinasi sistem satelit dan wireless terrestrial gelombang mikro merupakan solusi optimal untuk mendukung konektivitas nasional di Indonesia.\n\nKata kunci: satelit, komunikasi microwave, GEO, wireless terrestrial, telekomunikasi Indonesia.

Penelitian ini membahas analisis mendalam mengenai infrastruktur satelit di Indonesia (seperti SATRIA-1 dan Telkom-4) yang menggunakan orbit GEO. Studi ini juga mengevaluasi performa wireless terestrial gelombang mikro sebagai jaringan backhaul untuk mengatasi kendala geografis dalam pemerataan akses informasi digital di wilayah 3T.

Laporan ini membahas tantangan besar dalam membangun infrastruktur telekomunikasi di Indonesia, yang geografisnya terdiri dari banyak pulau dan pegunungan ekstrem. Karena sulit menarik kabel serat optik ke seluruh pelosok, teknologi nirkabel menjadi solusi yang paling masuk akal. Penelitian ini fokus pada bagaimana satelit dan sistem gelombang mikro (microwave) bekerja sama untuk menutupi kebutuhan data nasional. 
Dari hasil analisis, penggunaan satelit di orbit GEO dengan frekuensi C-Band terbukti paling cocok untuk iklim tropis kita karena tahan terhadap gangguan hujan (rain fade). Namun, karena jarak satelit yang sangat jauh, muncul masalah latensi atau delay sinyal. Di sinilah sistem wireless terestrial berperan penting untuk memangkas latensi hingga di bawah 10 ms agar akses data bisa lebih cepat dan responsif. Kombinasi keduanya tidak hanya memperluas jangkauan sinyal, tetapi juga menjaga agar jaringan tetap aman dan stabil jika terjadi gangguan fisik atau bencana alam.

We report on the development of some of the key technologies that will be needed for a large-format Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) interferometer with many hundreds of wideband W-band (75-110 GHz) receivers. A scalable threebaseline prototype interferometer is being assembled as a technology demonstration for a future ground-or space-based instrument. Each of the prototype heterodyne receivers integrates two InP Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (MMIC) low-noise amplifiers, a coupled-line bandpass filter, a subharmonic balanced diode mixer, and a 90 • local oscillator phase switch into a single compact module that is suitable for mass production. Room temperature measurements indicate bandaveraged receiver noise temperatures of 500 K from 85-100 GHz. Cryogenic receiver noise temperatures are expected to be around 50 K.

This paper presents a compact microstrip bandpass filter exhibiting a wide stopband, high selectivity and easily tunable passband. The filter comprises of asymmetric resonator structures, which are interconnected by an inter-digital capacitor to enable the realization of a wide bandwidth with high rejection level. High selectivity and easily tunable passband are obtained by optimizing the parameters of the interdigital capacitor. The filter has high out-of-band rejection 30 dB, less than 0.6 dB of insertion-loss, up to 5.5 GHz spurii free and more than 15 dB of return-loss. Full-wave electromagnetic simulator ADS TM based on Method of Moment technology is used to analyze and optimize the prototype bandpass filter. The proposed technique was verified practically to validate the design methodology. The experimental results of the prototype circuit are presented and a good agreement was obtained comparing with the simulation results. The dimensions of the proposed filter are 3224 mm 2 . The filter's characteristics and compact size make it suitable for wireless communication systems.

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Active Q-switching of an all-fiber ring laser by utilizing a novel in-fiber acousto-optic tunable bandpass filter (AOTBF) is reported. Transmission characteristics of the AOTBF are controlled by amplitude modulation of the acoustic wave, it exhibits a 3-dB power insertion loss, 0.91 nm of optical bandwidth, and 28 dB of nonresonant light suppression. Cavity loss modulation is achieved by full acousto-optic mode recoupling cycle induced by traveling flexural acoustic waves. When the acoustical signal is switched-on, cavity losses are reduced, and then laser emission is generated. Additionally, by changing the acoustic wave frequency, a wide wavelength tuning range of 30.7 nm is achieved from 1542 to 1572.7 nm. Best Q-switched pulses were obtained at 1.1 kHz repetition rate, with a pump power of 242 mW, at the optical wavelength of 1569.4 nm. A maximum pulse energy of 8.3 J at an average output power of 9.3 mW was achieved, corresponding to optical pulses of 7.8 W peak power and 1 μs temporal width.

We experimentally demonstrate a very large dynamic optical reflection modulation from a simple unpatterned layered stack of phase-change materials ultrathin films. Specifically, we theoretically and experimentally demonstrate that properly designed deeply subwavelength GeSbTe (GST) films on a metallic mirror produce a dynamic modulation of light in the near-infrared from very strong reflection (R > 80%) to perfect absorption (A > 99, 97%) by simply switching the crystalline state of the phase-change material. While the amplitude of modulation can lead to an optical contrast up to 10 6 , we can also actively "write" intermediate levels of reflection in between extreme values, corresponding to partial crystallization of the GST layer. We further explore several layered system designs and provide guidelines to tailor the wavelength efficiency range, the angle of operation and the degree of crystallization leading to perfect absorption.

In this paper, the bandwidth enhancement of bandpass filter (BPF) is proposed by utilizing defected microstrip structure (DMS). The initial micro strip BPF which is designed to have the bandwidth 1GHz with the center frequency of 3.5GHz is deployed on FR4 Epoxy dielectric substrate with overall size and thickness of 14mm x 24mm and 1.6mm, respectively. The proposed filter consists of two parallel coupled lines centred by ring-shaped, to enhance the bandwidth response, an attempt is carried out by applying DMS on the ligne center with a ring-shaped of initial filter. Here, the proposed DMS is constructed of the arrowhead dumbbell. Some parametrical studies to the DMS such as changing to obtain the optimum geometry of DMS with the desired bandwidth response. From the characterization result, it shows that the utilization of DMS on to the microstrip ligne of filter has widened 3dB bandwidth response up to 1.8GHz ranges from 2.55GHz to 4.35GHz yielding an enhanced wideband response for various wideband wireless applications.

This article presents a band-pass Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) filter based on Complementary Split Ring Resonators (CSRRs). By etching Square Complimentary Split Ring Resonators on the surface of the substrate integrated waveguide. The bandpass filter is treated by two methods. The first method concerns the use of three square single ring CSRRs cells are etched in the top plane of the SIW, the simulated results of this filter have shown that the passband is from 7.267 GHz to 9.933 GHz, while the insertion loss is -1.11 dB within 31% bandwidth around 8.6 GHz and input return loss in the passband is better than -8.91 dB. The second method concerns the use of three square double rings CSRRs cells are etched on the top plane of the SIW, the simulated results of this filter have shown that the passband is from 7.34 GHz to 9 GHz, while the insertion loss is -0.47 dB within 20.31% bandwidth around 8.17 GHz and the return loss in the passband is better than -15 dB. All the structures are designed on a single substrate of RT / Duroid 5880 permittivity 2.2. The compatibility with planar circuits is provided via a specific microstrip transition (microstrip tapered transitions).

A well-optimized substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) filter can significantly enhance the performance of modern technologies, including wireless communication systems, radar, and sensors. The frequencies of 5 and 6 GHz play a crucial role in these applications. Metaheuristic algorithms such as genetic algorithm (GA), artificial bee colony (ABC), and differential evolution (DE) are effective for designing SIW filters specifically tailored to these needs. This paper evaluates the performance of evolutionary optimization techniques in the design of substrate integrated waveguide filters. The optimization focuses on achieving optimal impedance matching within the frequency range of 4 to 8 GHz. The attenuation constant serves as the cost function, guiding the optimization process to ensure reliable and accurate results from each algorithm. The filter parameters derived from the most efficient algorithm are verified using ANSYS HFSS, resulting in two bands with S11=-45 dB and S21=-0.2 dB in the first band, and S11=-28 dB and S21=-0.5 dB in the second band. Additionally, two transmission zeros with rejections of-23 and-12 dB are achieved at 6.4 and 7.08 GHz, respectively. These results highlight the practicality of SIW technologies in designing microwave circuits, particularly for internet of things (IoT) applications.

Advancements in ultra-wideband reconfigurable band-pass filters (BPF) with notch band function are required for modern communication systems operating across a broad frequency spectrum. This paper introduces an innovative design of a reconfigurable UWB BPF with notch functionality covering two separate operating states: 1st operating frequency band of 3.7 GHz-13 GHz with good insertion and return losses, at approximately 0.9 dB/58 dB respectively, and the 2nd operating frequency band from 2.7 GHz to 15 GHz incorporating 5.1 GHz-5.3 GHz notch band with insertion and return losses of 1.3 dB/57 dB respectively, using PIN/Varactor switches. Subsequently, a notch filter is strategically integrated into the design to suppress unwanted frequencies, enhancing the filter's selectivity and interference rejection capabilities. An experimental prototype for the reconfigurable filter with PIN diodes was fabricated to validate the effectiveness of the proposed design, demonstrating its suitability for UWB communication applications. Notably, the filter exhibits UWB characteristics, with a broad passband covering a wide frequency range with notch filtering to attenuate interfering signals. The compact size of the filter design 23.4 mm × 8.7 mm ensures practical integration into communication systems.

Liquid crystal spatial light modulators, lenses, and bandpass filters are becoming increasingly capable as material and electronics development continues to improve device performance and reduce fabrication costs. These devices are being utilized in a number of imaging applications in order to improve the performance and flexibility of the system while simultaneously reducing the size and weight compared to a conventional lens. We will present recent progress at Sandia National Laboratories in developing foveated imaging, active optical (aka nonmechanical) zoom, and enhanced multispectral imaging systems using liquid crystal devices.

We report on the development of some of the key technologies that will be needed for a large-format Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) interferometer with many hundreds of wideband W-band (75-110 GHz) receivers. A scalable threebaseline prototype interferometer is being assembled as a technology demonstration for a future ground-or space-based instrument. Each of the prototype heterodyne receivers integrates two InP Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (MMIC) low-noise amplifiers, a coupled-line bandpass filter, a subharmonic balanced diode mixer, and a 90 • local oscillator phase switch into a single compact module that is suitable for mass production. Room temperature measurements indicate bandaveraged receiver noise temperatures of 500 K from 85-100 GHz. Cryogenic receiver noise temperatures are expected to be around 50 K.

Background: Greenhouses are pivotal to sustainable agriculture as they provide suitable conditions to support the growth of crops in unusable land such as arid areas. However, conventional greenhouse cover materials such as glass, polycarbonate (PC), and polyethylene (PE) sheets are limited in regulating internal conditions in the greenhouses based on environmental changes. Quantum and nonlinear metamaterials are emerging materials with the potential to optimize the covers and ensure appropriate regulation. Objective: This comprehensive review investigated the performance optimization of greenhouse covers through the potential application of nonlinear and quantum metamaterials as nanoadditives, examining their effects on electromagnetic radiation management, crop growth enhancement, and temperature regulation within greenhouse systems. Method: The scoping review method was used, where 39 published articles were examined. Results: The review revealed that integrating nano-additives ensured that the greenhouse covers would block harmful near-infrared (NIR) radiation that generated heat while also optimizing for photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) to promote crop yields. Conclusions: The insights also indicated that the high sensitivity of the metamaterials would facilitate the regulation of the internal conditions within the greenhouses. However, challenges such as complex production processes that were not commercially scalable and the recyclability of the metamaterials were identified. Future work should further investigate pathways to produce hybrid greenhouse covers that integrate metamaterials with conventional materials to enhance scalability.

A compact parallel coupled line microstrip bandpass filter (BPF) for sub-6 GHz fifth generation (5G) applications is designed operating between edge frequencies of 3.40 and 3.80 GHz. The design is designed and simulated by means of the Advanced Design System (ADS) software using the flame retardant-4 (FR-4) board as the substrate. The BPF design applies the insertion loss method (ILM) to generate a parallel coupled line filter structure that performs passband permission and unwanted noise attenuation below 3.40 GHz and above 3.80 GHz, respectively. Consistent and relevant performances in terms of matching impedance, return loss (S11), insertion loss (S21), voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), far field radiation pattern, gain, directivity, and radiated efficiency promise the microstrip BPF design has a potential for sub-6 GHz 5G applications.

The proposed work, a filtenna for s band application is implemented. It is designed by embedding an Interdigital band pass filter (IDBPF) and leaf shaped antenna which are operated in S band. The IDFBPF is having seven resonators with one end shorted through dual vias. It offers a bandwidth of 1.3GHz from 1.65GHz to 2.95GHz.  A Dumbbell shaped DGS (Defected Ground Structure) provided in ground to improve the filter characteristics.  Measured pass (BRL) band return loss (S11) & insertion loss (S12) are -18dB & -4.6dB correspondingly. Further, leaf shaped antenna is designed based on modified polar transformation equation; it has 2.7 GHz bandwidth from 1.3 GH to 3 GHz and has a gain of -5.45dBi, and return loss (S11) of -19.5 dB. The filtenna is obtained by integrating the IDBBPF in the fodder line of the leaf designed antenna. The final model has 1.2 GHz operating bandwidth from 02.30 GHz to 03.50 GHz with peak arrival damages at 2.4GHz and 3.1GHz with -20dB and-24dB respectively. Th...

The infrared camera(IRC) onboard ASTRO-F is designed for wide-field imaging and spectroscopic observations at near-and mid-infrared wavelengths. The IRC consists of three channels; NIR, MIR-S and MIR-L, each of which covers wavelengths of 2-5, 5-12 and 12-26 micron, respectively. All channels adopt compact refractive optical designs. Large format array detectors (InSb 512x412 and Si:As IBC 256x256) are employed. Each channel has 10x10 arcmin wide FOV with diffraction-limited angular resolution of the 67cm telescope of ASTRO-F at wavelengths over 5 micron. A 6-position filter wheel is placed at the aperture stop in each channel, and has three band-pass filters, two grisms/prisms and a mask for dark current measurements. The 5 sigma sensitivity of one pointed observation is estimated to be 2, 11 and 62 micro-Jy at 4, 9, 20 micron bands, respectively. Because ASTRO-F is a low-earth orbiting satellite, the observing duration of each pointing is limited to 500 seconds. In addition to pointed observations, we plan to perform mid-infrared scanning observation. Fabrications of the flight-model of NIR, MIR-S, and the warm electronics have been mostly completed, while that of MIR-L is underway. The performance evaluation of the IRC in the first end-to-end test (including the satellite system) is presented.

This contribution presents compact structures for the implementation of transmission zeros using the zero shifting property. First, two open-loop resonators operating at different resonances are employed. Then, one of the open-loop resonators is substituted by a ( 4) short-circuited transmission line, thus resulting into a more compact structure. Properties of these configurations are discussed, and two manufactured prototypes have been sucessfully tested. The results show the usefullness and validity of the new structures with high rejection capabilities.

En este artículo se presenta una nueva familia de filtros de microondas, implementados en tecnología híbrida guiaonda-microstrip. Estos filtros combinan por primera vez la resonancia de la cavidad que encapsula al circuito, con la resonancia proporcionada por una línea microstrip impresa, obteniéndose diseños con máxima selectividad, compactos y ligeros, ideales para aplicaciones por satélite. Se incluyen también dos ejemplos de diseño de éstos novedosos filtros, que han sido fabricados y analizados, obteniéndose unos resultados satisfactorios que demuestran el valor práctico de la tecnología presentada.

Graphene has become one of the most essential materials in recent years due to its numerous advantages and benefits. Because of its features, graphene is becoming more widespread in a variety of applications, particularly in electrical devices. In this research, graphene thick film paste (GTP) has been used to fabricate a microstrip bandpass filter (BPF). To obtain graphene nanoparticle powder, graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized from nanoparticle graphite using the Improved Hummers Method (IHM). The graphene oxide (GO) was chemically reduced to reduced graphene oxide or graphene (rGO) using ascorbic acid as the reducing agent. The structural and morphological properties of three nanoparticle powders, G, GO, and rGO, were investigated. An X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) (Rigaku Miniflex) with a diffraction angle of 10 • to 60 • was used to differentiate and determine the structure of crystalline materials. Thermal stability of the samples was identified using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The synthesized rGO has been used to fabricate BPF circuit. The obtained nanoparticle rGO was mixed with an organic carrier composed of linseed oil, m-xylene, and α-terpineol to form GTP. The GTP was screen printed on RT duroid 5880 substrates to form BPF circuit. The BPF circuit that was created was tested for paste-to-substrate adhesion. Then, the fabricated BPF circuit was tested using vector network analyzer (VNA) and compared with conventional BPF to obtain scattering parameter results which include return loss, insertion loss, and bandwidth. The graphene BPF circuit demonstrated a good performance with return loss and insertion loss at -27.481 dB and -0.725 dB, respectively, and a bandwidth of 1.5916 GHz while conventional return loss was -26.750 dB and insertion loss value the same as graphene which is -0.725 dB and bandwidth 0.7077 GHz. From the result graphene BPF showed better result than conventional BPF.

Using the empirical Green's function (EGF) method, we have estimated source time functions for earthquakes, industrial blasts, nuclear explosions, and mining tremors covering the magnitude range 0.9 -6.6. The results show that, for events with magnitudes less than 2.5 or greater than 4.5, the time duration of the source time function can discriminate earthquakes from explosions. For large magnitude events source duration is longer for earthquakes than explosions, but at small magnitudes explosions have longer duration. For the remaining magnitude range (2.5 to 4.5) the earthquake, explosion and mining tremor populations overlap in the source duration vs. magnitude plane. However, the source time functions themselves display features that are indicative of event type, such as source directivity, spall phases, and multiple pulses in industrial blasts and mining tremors. Therefore, we conclude that source time functions inferred by the EGF method are potentially useful for regional event discrimination under a CTBT, and we recommend that further work be done to develop effective EGF-based discriminants for events in the magnitude range 2.5 to 4.5.

compact ultra-wide-stopband microwave bandpass filter is introduced in this work using an L-shaped quarter-wavelength resonator and stepped impedance resonators. The bandpass filter (BPF-I) is designed at 2.1 GHz (f) using an L-shaped quarter-wavelength line. The lowpass filter is developed at 4 GHz using stepped impedance resonators. The introduced ultra-wide-stopband filter is created through integrating the BPF-I and the lowpass filter. Filter size reduction is achieved through the L-shaped quarter-wavelength line, while the ultra-wide-stopband is attained through the stepped impedance resonators. The mathematical analysis of the introduced ultra-wide-stopband bandpass filter is conducted through the extraction of ABCD and S-parameters. The lumped elements equivalent circuits are realized for the introduced filter, and their S-parameters are plotted. The introduced filter is fabricated on an FR4 substrate, and its S-parameters are measured. The comparison of mathematical analysis, EM simulated, circuit simulated, and measured results, showing good agreement. Measurements show a 140.4% fractional bandwidth (FBW), better than 20 dB return loss, higher than 28 dB rejection up to 30 GHz (14.3f) in the out-of-band with many transmission zeros, and 0.8 dB insertion loss. 0.23g x 0.37g is the overall dimension of the introduced filter.

The final aim of this work is to perform rapid classification of tagged cardiac MR images as normal and abnormal. In the proposed technique, images are first analyzed using harmonic phase analysis and synthetic tags are computed over the myocardium. Cubic curves are fitted to these tags and curve parameters are compared at various regions of the myocardium. In this initial study, the ratios of curve parameters between normal and diseased hearts, such as dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and heart with infarcted regions, are evaluated. If the initial segmentation problems are solved, this method could be a very fast and automatic screening tool for identifying diseased locations in tagged MRI.

This article describes the development of a compact microstrip bandpass filter (BPF) for multiple wireless communication utilizations. The proposed bandpass filter consists of metamaterial unit cells that are symmetrical in shape. The design process involves the placement of four symmetrical split-ring resonators (SRRs) on the top plane of the BPF. It exhibits improved filter characteristics through the implementation of these SRRs. The filter was modeled and fabricated and its performance was evaluated using a Vector Network Analyzer. The designed bandpass filter shows a 5 GHz bandwidth covering the frequency band spanning from 1 to 5.2 GHz, with a quality factor value of 1.85 across 1.9 GHz, 3.3 across 3.3 GHz and 5.1 across 5.1 GHz. The metamaterial analysis was carried out using ANSYS ELECTRONIC DESKTOP. The proposed filter measures 20 × 18 × 1.6 mm3, which is significantly smaller than current filters. The designed bandpass filter occupies 50% of the space of a conventional fil...

A new approach for designing a diplexer for dual-band bandpass filter (BPF) using a parallel coupled microstrip line filter is presented in this paper. The proposed diplexer consists of two fundamental resonant modes and the resonant characteristics has been investigated usingAdvanced Design System (ADS) 2011 software. To validate the design and analysis, two band-pass BPF were fabricated and measured. It shown that the measured and simulated performance are in good agreement. A dual-band response BPF that operates at 2.4 GHz and 5.75 GHz is designed and implement for IEEE 802.11a/b/g applications. Keyword-bandpass filter (BPF), Chebyshev filter, low pass filter (LPF), coupled microstrip line filter

Herein, a new methodology using a 3D Electromagnetic (EM) simulator-based Support Vector Regression Machine (SVRM) models of base elements is presented for band-pass filter (BPF) design. SVRM models of elements, which are as fast as analytical equations and as accurate as a 3D EM simulator, are employed in a simple and efficient Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA) to optimize an ultra-wideband (UWB) microstrip BPF. CSA performance is verified by comparing it with other Meta-Heuristics such as Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). As an example of the proposed design methodology, an UWB BPF that operates between the frequencies of 3.1 GHz and 10.6 GHz is designed, fabricated and measured. The simulation and measurement results indicate in conclusion the superior performance of this optimization methodology in terms of improved filter response characteristics like return loss, insertion loss, harmonic suppression and group delay.