Behavioural Science

B.L.I.N.D.: Business Learning in the New Decade is Book One of The BDM Leadership Model by Professor Dr. Desmond Cheah Swee Cheong. This sample preview introduces the central idea of the book: many leadership failures do not begin with incompetence or ignorance, but with unseen blindness.

The book explores how leaders, entrepreneurs, teams, and organisations misread reality through assumptions, habits, fear, timing, social influence, distorted perception, and misplaced confidence. Across 25 leadership blind spots, the full book moves through five major areas: the self, the environment, resources, others, and influence.

This preview includes the book title page, contents, introduction, the Blindness Ecosystem framework, the opening of Part I, and Chapter 1: Blind to Perception. It offers readers a first encounter with the book’s reflective leadership style, combining business strategy, behavioural insight, organisational thinking, and timeless wisdom.

The full book continues the journey from self-awareness to strategic clarity, collaboration, governance, command, and lasting insight.

𝐁.𝐋.𝐈.𝐍.𝐃.: 𝐁𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐋𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐞𝐰 𝐃𝐞𝐜𝐚𝐝𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐡𝐢𝐩 𝐛𝐨𝐨𝐤 𝐛𝐲 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐟𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐫 𝐃𝐫 𝐃𝐞𝐬𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐝 𝐂𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐡 (@𝐃𝐫𝐌𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐞𝐫).

𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐝 𝐢𝐭. 𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐭. 𝐋𝐞𝐚𝐝 𝐝𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐥𝐲.

This study explores the relationship between menstruation, emotional experiences, consumer behaviour, and emotional branding. The research aimed to examine how emotional changes during menstruation influence comfort-seeking behaviour, spending tendencies, and consumer responses toward emotionally driven branding strategies. A quantitative survey-based approach was adopted, and primary data was collected through a structured Google Forms questionnaire. A total of 50 female respondents between the ages of 15 and 35 participated in the study. The survey consisted of questions related to emotional sensitivity, comfort-seeking behaviour, spending decisions, and emotional connections with brands during menstruation. The findings revealed that a majority of respondents experience heightened emotional sensitivity and engage in comfort-seeking activities during menstruation. While emotional changes were found to influence consumer behaviour, their impact on spending decisions appeared moderate rather than substantial. The study also indicated that relatable brands and emotionally aware marketing can positively influence brand perception and consumer-brand relationships among certain consumers. Overall, the research highlights the role of emotional experiences in shaping consumer behaviour and emphasizes the importance of empathy, relatability, and emotional understanding in contemporary marketing strategies.

Facility maintenance is widely recognised as central to educational quality, yet public secondary schools across Sub-Saharan Africa continue to operate with buildings and equipment in various states of disrepair. Chronic underfunding and weak administrative structures have made this problem persistent and, in many cases, invisible to policymakers. This quantitative study compared the level of school plant maintenance in rural and urban public secondary schools in the North West Region of Cameroon. A descriptive survey design was adopted, and 262 teachers were selected through systematic random sampling across all seven administrative divisions of the region. Data were gathered exclusively through a validated 4-point Likert-scale questionnaire comprising five items focused on school plant maintenance. Mean scores, Pearson Product Moment Correlation, and an independent-samples two-tailed t-test (α = 0.05) were used for analysis. Maintenance levels were found to be low in both urban schools (mean = 1.36; r = 0.132) and rural schools (mean = 1.41; r = 0.132). The null hypothesis was retained (t = 1.909 < t-critical = 1.960, df = 190, p > 0.05), indicating no statistically significant difference between the two settings. Both school types are equally and uniformly deficient in maintenance practice. The study recommends joint government, PTA, and SMB financing, formalised maintenance planning, and structured principal capacity-building across both rural and urban settings.

Globally, gender-based violence is a social menace that has broken many marriages. Meanwhile, the mass media, especially newspapers, are change agents championing the eradication of this problem. Newspapers play a key role in raising awareness about the dangers of this social issue. Scholars have studied newspapers and gender-based violence mainly from the female perspective, while the male perspective is more or less ignored. Therefore, this study examines how newspapers cover gender-based violence against married men in Ilorin, Kwara State. Individual differences theory serves as the theoretical framework for the study. A survey research method was used to gather data from 311 married men selected from Ilorin South Local Government Area of Kwara State. The data were analysed with the help of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Frequency tables and simple percentages were used to present the results. The findings show that married men in Ilorin, Kwara State, perceive newspaper reports on gender-based violence against men as inaccurate, biased, and sentimental, concluding that Nigerian newspapers do not provide detailed reports of these incidents compared to those involving women. The study concludes that this coverage has led married men

From students fidgeting in class with their minds wandering out the window, to office workers frequently zoning out in front of their screens and suffering from low efficiency; from opening a book with full determination only to lose focus in an instant, closing it to find their minds a blank, to feeling utterly lost during exams. Yet, once immersed in a game or a novel, people can lose track of time and enter a state of complete self-forgetfulness. This "mismatch" in human attention has become the most widespread cognitive dilemma in modern society. People often attribute it to weak willpower or a lack of self-discipline, yet they overlook the underlying logic of millions of years of human evolution behind this phenomenon. The imbalance in multimodal neural networks is, at its core, an imbalance in sensory control.

Visceral adiposity (VAT) is a central determinant of cardiometabolic disease risk, strongly associated with insulin resistance, systemic inflammation, and cardiovascular morbidity (Després, 2012; Fox et al., 2007; Neeland et al., 2019). While traditional explanatory models emphasise caloric imbalance and physical inactivity, a growing body of literature highlights the importance of environmental and behavioural modifiers, including thermal exposure, reinforcement, and psychosocial stress (Speakman & O'Rahilly, 2012; Blüher, 2019; Egger & Swinburn, 1997). Within this broader systems framework, clothing represents a continuous yet underexamined interface between the human body and its environment.

Performance of medical students is influenced by negative emotionality as a personality dimension. It is therefore important to develop awareness and understanding of the existence of this dimension in their personalities of Medical students for their excellent academic performance in the Medical School. The main objective of the study was therefore to ascertain the neuroticism score among the medical students and finding out the correlation between neuroticism and their academic performance. Participants for this study were 70 Phase-I year 1Medical Students of USM-KLE International Medical Programme Belgaum, Karnataka, India. They were selected by purposive sampling technique. Eysanck personality Inventory was administered to find out the neuroticism of students and the neuroticism scores were compared with academic grades. For this process Carl Pearson's Correlation coefficient method was carried out. The results reveal that there is a significant correlation between academic performance and neuroticism ('t' Value-5.1953 Significant at 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001 level of significance.)The implication of this study was to develop insight in each medical student the existence of negative emotionality as a dimension of personality and its influence on their academic performance.

Traditional time management frameworks operate on the assumption that structured planning and disciplined scheduling produce effective outcomes universally. However, mounting evidence from practice and emerging research suggests that standard time management interventions fail to sustain behavioural change in a significant proportion of professionals particularly those whose core personality structures are misaligned with imposed time systems. This paper introduces the Core vs Time Management (CVTM) framework, an original personality-aligned model that reframes productivity not as a function of time control, but as a function of alignment between an individual's inner core and their external time design.
CVTM proposes that individuals differ fundamentally in the ratio of structure and flexibility they require to function sustainably. Based on this premise, the framework identifies four Core Personality Types - Creative, Structured, Sensitive, and Adaptive, each associated with distinct time design prescriptions. Activities are classified into Constants (fixed stability anchors) and Variables (flexible, energy-responsive tasks), with ratios determined by personality type rather than role or workload alone.
A pilot training intervention was conducted with 65 to 70 corporate engineering professionals across a Pan-India engineering organisation using a pre-test and post-test design, with a 21-day WhatsApp-based Daily Map intervention. Forty matched participant responses were analysed. Findings indicate meaningful improvements across six behavioural dimensions: stress levels reduced by 18 to 25 percent, planning and prioritisation improved by 30 to 40 percent, time management behaviour shifted from reactive to planned by 25 to 35 percent, time control increased by 20 to 30 percent, focus improved by 15 to 25 percent, and emotional regulation improved by 10 to 20 percent. Overall, 82 percent of participants demonstrated positive behavioural change following CVTM training.
The paper presents the full theoretical framework, its conceptual differentiation from existing models including Covey's time management matrix, the training methodology, and pilot findings. Implications for HR practitioners, L&D professionals, and organisational wellbeing programmes are discussed. Directions for future large-scale validation research are outlined.

The UN is one of the biggest actors in the international system and plays a pivotal role. The UN was established in 1945 to promote international cooperation, maintain international peace and security, promote economic and social progress, and promote the protection of human rights. The core structure of the organization consists of the Security Council and the General Assembly under the Charter. The actions and decisions of the UN are usually based on the consensus of member states, which means that the cooperation and support of member states are crucial. UN resolutions are legally binding, but the ability to implement them is limited and constrained by the political will of member states and the complexity of international relations. The first part of this essay explores the background and organizational structure of the UN, primarily focusing on peacekeeping operations as well as human rights incidents to reveal its main tasks. In the second half of the essay focued on the DPRK being sanctioned by the UN, and criticizes and examines the UN's challenging roles when executing sanctions against the DPRK.

This paper examines the relationship between the classical four-temperament frameworks: sanguine, choleric, melancholic and phlegmatic and observable driving behaviours on public roads. Drawing on personality psychology, traffic behaviour research, and temperament theory, the paper argues that an individual's baseline temperamental disposition significantly influences how they respond to road stimuli, manage frustration and interact with fellow road users. Particular attention is given to the contrast between the choleric temperament and its associated aggressive driving patterns and the more patient conduct typically exhibited by those with melancholic and phlegmatic dispositions.

I. The "Ordeal" of the Visible
In the yellow-and-blue labyrinth of a local Department Store, the "Human Machine" finally achieved total decoupling from the physical plane. A woman stood directly beneath a massive, high-contrast yellow billboard. On this board was a black arrow, larger than a human torso, pointing with violent clarity at a set of wooden stairs.
She looked at the sign. She looked at the stairs. Then, she turned to a "Yellow Vest" (The High Priest of the Loop) and asked: "Where is downstairs?"

This study examines postgraduate students' attitudes toward Artificial Intelligence (AI) in academic contexts through a cognitive-affective-behavioural framework. With the rapid integration of AI in higher education, understanding how students perceive and engage with these technologies has become increasingly important. The study is grounded in the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), which explain how knowledge and perceptions influence attitudes and subsequent behaviour. A quantitative research design was adopted, and data were collected from postgraduate students using a structured questionnaire with sample of 303. The analysis included descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, correlation, and regression techniques. The findings revealed that students generally exhibit moderately

The term "Japa," a Yoruba slang meaning migration or leaving one's country in search of greener pastures, has become a rapidly growing phenomenon among Nigerian youths and middle-aged individuals. In contemporary Nigeria, migration functions as a coping strategy for the effects of bad governance, political instability, economic hardship, and unemployment. This paper investigates the underlying factors motivating the Japa syndrome and evaluates the effectiveness of theatre as a tool for educating and enlightening the populace on its implications. Theatre, as an intervention platform, exposes audiences to the consequences of unplanned migration, thereby helping to curb the rising trend of young people embarking on dangerous journeys due to persuasive influences and limited awareness of the risks involved. The study adopts a qualitative research methodology, drawing on primary and secondary data. Questionnaires, play productions, and post-performance discussions served as interactive platforms to sensitise the public to the complexities surrounding Japa migration. Anchored on Jean-Paul Sartre's existentialist theory, the findings reveal that theatre, through its multidimensional appeal to sight, emotion, and psychology, serves as a powerful tool for raising awareness, engaging youths, influencing attitudes, and encouraging critical reflection. The study concludes that theatre is an effective medium for reshaping perceptions and reducing uninformed migration by fostering informed decision-making among young Nigerians.

This talk examines how engineering behaviour sits at the intersection of AI, climate change, and the hidden economics shaping health decisions. It argues that health outcomes are not only driven by clinical evidence but by incentives, data structures, and algorithmic design choices that quietly steer behaviour at scale. AI systems, while presented as neutral tools, embed economic assumptions that influence risk perception, access to care, and resource allocation, often reinforcing existing inequalities. At the same time, climate pressures are altering disease patterns and shifting the cost-benefit logic behind public and private health decisions. The result is a feedback loop where technology, environment, and economic signals co-produce behaviour. The talk calls for a more explicit integration of ethics, transparency, and behavioural insight into AI and health policy design, with a focus on aligning incentives toward long-term human wellbeing rather than short-term optimisation.

Behavioural science helps you understand how students form habits, respond to feedback, and build trust, which makes it a practical tool for inclusive pedagogies, assessment for learning, and data-informed teaching. This contribution shows how you can use friction reduction, clear social cues, and fast feedback loops to create belonging, strengthen academic integrity, and improve learning outcomes. When you integrate low-stakes formative tasks and predictable routines, you lower cognitive load and increase participation. When you make expectations visible through norms and rubrics, you reduce ambiguity and support ethical behaviour. When you give short, specific feedforward and track how students use it, you create a continuous evidence stream that guides your adjustments. The same behavioural principles support communities of practice by shifting the focus from individual teaching preferences to shared, testable methods. The session presents a concise model you can apply across modules to raise engagement, improve feedback use, and produce measurable improvements in confidence, integrity, and performance.

The work posits that fairness ideals can be pluralized as against past studies of singular fairness ideal, particularly, in the face of production and investment. The study juxtaposes the position that people often shift away from the existing fairness paradigm and favour the fairness ideal that maximizes their utilities when factors of production and rate of return on investment are involved and present.

Sexual dimorphism in human fat distribution is well documented, with men tending toward greater visceral adiposity and women more commonly storing fat subcutaneously, particularly in gluteofemoral regions. These patterns are primarily shaped by hormonal and biological mechanisms. However, growing attention has been directed toward the broader environmental conditions that influence metabolic outcomes. This paper proposes that clothing-an everyday, persistent, and culturally structured element of the human environment-may function as a secondary modifier of physiological and behavioural factors associated with visceral adiposity. Drawing on established research in thermoregulation, biomechanics, endocrinology, and behavioural science, the analysis considers how clothing affects heat exchange, movement comfort, posture, breathing mechanics, and low-level stress responses. Central to this discussion is the concept of clothing as a micro-environment that interacts continuously with the body.

In this paper, the researcher will analyze the performance of a privacy committed data pipeline against a standalone centralized one on large data behavioral analytics. The findings indicate that privacy controls introduce small overheads but performance of the system is not lost in a serious manner. The predictive models are also precise, and there is less than a 5 percent loss even in case of the different privacy, synthetic data, or federated analytics. High privacy improvements were realized, such as significant re-identification risk reduction and violation of policy. Telecom and commerce cross-sector testing process assures that the design is generic and is applicable to any dataset. The results indicate that high analytical performance and strong privacy may co-exist.

This paper develops a systems-based analysis of the relationship between global warming, human adaptation, and visceral adiposity, with particular emphasis on the implications for metabolic health and pre-diabetes. Rather than treating ambient temperature as a direct physiological driver, the study reframes climate as a catalyst for behavioural, environmental, and cultural adaptation, which in turn modifies the determinants of energy balance.

The analysis integrates physiological mechanisms—including thermogenesis, endocrine regulation, circadian biology, and skeletal muscle glucose handling—with a novel threshold-based model of fat distribution. In this model, visceral adiposity emerges when subcutaneous storage capacity is exceeded, producing a non-linear increase in metabolic risk. This framework explains how modest, persistent shifts in energy balance—arising from climate-driven adaptations such as reduced physical activity, increased sedentary behaviour, altered diet, and disrupted sleep—may lead to disproportionate increases in visceral fat in susceptible individuals.

Quantitative modelling suggests that climate-related behavioural changes may produce small daily energy imbalances (approximately 100–300 kcal/day), which accumulate over time but are partially offset by physiological compensation. While the direct effect on individuals is modest, population-level scaling indicates that such changes may contribute meaningfully to the prevalence of visceral adiposity and associated metabolic disease, particularly under higher warming scenarios.

The paper concludes that global warming is unlikely to act as a primary cause of visceral adiposity but may function as a systemic risk amplifier. Importantly, the same framework provides a basis for intervention: pre-diabetes is conceptualised as a threshold condition that can be managed through small, sustained modifications to behaviour and environment. The final sections translate the theoretical model into a practical, environment-centred strategy for improving metabolic health, emphasising physical activity, dietary structure, circadian alignment, and the deliberate design of environments that support favourable behaviour.

The paper  (NEW VERSION) investigates the whatness of a human being. Essential features are viewed from interrelated points of neuroscience, philosophy, physiology, quantum mechanics, psychology, communication and computation. One chapter is dedicated to the topology of brain and another one to the consciousness. Theories of aging are discussed. Psychological profile of a human-being is addressed including the phenomen of the self. An important subject of the article is the body internal communication passed thru neural, genetic and quantum channels. The attention is paid to the transcendentals named metasymbols of life. There are at the exit of the paper reflections on the passing of life. This review based on many sources would be assumed as an attempt to mark known, nearly known or sometimes unnameable answers to never-ending questions. To provide concise formal definitions author has applied the notation taken from his formal language OSL (Object Specification Language) [63]. The term "mindware" is proposed for labelling human operating system responsible for harmony and coherence of of human-being's behaviour

Traditional models of Business Administration often prioritize structural efficiency over the psychological and ethical autonomy of human capital. This article proposes the Holistic Emancipation Framework (HEF) as a prerequisite for sustainable institutional reform. Drawing on the socio-political imperative for mental liberation within the Caribbean context-specifically the philosophical contributions of Marcus Garvey and Bob Marleythis paper argues that true organizational independence requires the alignment of mental, social, and emotional freedoms. By synthesizing regional insights with global behavioural strategy, this study demonstrates how "emancipated leadership" reduces systemic corruption and optimizes human resource output in both developing and developed economies.

This study examines how social media use affects university students’ concentration during real-time study sessions. Using a mixed-methods approach, data was collected from over 100 students through a structured questionnaire alongside semi-structured interviews to capture both behavioural patterns and personal experiences. The findings reveal that frequent, short interactions with social media—often driven by habit, boredom, or notifications—lead to repeated task-switching and fragmented attention. While many students perceive these interruptions as minor, a majority report reduced productivity and difficulty regaining focus after each disruption. The study highlights how platform design features, such as infinite scroll and real-time notifications, reinforce habitual checking behaviours and extend disengagement beyond intended breaks. Overall, the results suggest that the impact of social media on concentration is not driven by isolated distractions, but by the cumulative effect of repeated micro-interruptions during study periods. The paper concludes by outlining practical strategies for students and institutions to better manage digital distractions and improve sustained academic focus.

This paper argues that sighthounds do not contradict canine domestication but expose the limits of simplified domestication models. Drawing on Samantha Weigt's discussion of domestication as a long, functional, and socially consequential process, the article shifts the focus from prehistory to present-day behavioural reality. It also incorporates the findings of Hansen Wheat, Fitzpatrick, Rogell, and Temrin, who showed that behavioural correlations associated with the domestication syndrome are weaker and partly decoupled in modern dog breeds. Taken together, these perspectives support a central claim: domestication should not be confused with behavioural standardization. Sighthounds remain fully domesticated dogs, yet their sensory acuity, predatory orientation, decision speed, and context-sensitive cooperation reveal that domestication does not erase specialization. A practice-based perspective is used to examine one frequently misunderstood trait in particular: the quietness of many sighthounds indoors. Rather than treating indoor calm as evidence of uncomplicated temperament or complete adjustment, the paper interprets it as an expression of behavioural economy, selective relevance, and breed-specific organization. The article proposes that sighthounds are best understood not as exceptions to domestication, but as a particularly revealing case for examining how domestication continues to manifest unevenly across dog types.

This chapter per the authors, examines the role of behavioural law in shaping AI governance, integrating ethical principles with regulatory frameworks. Drawing on behavioural economics, it analyses how cognitive biases and human-AI interactions create ethical challenges in AI deployment. The chapter aims to develop a hybrid model that bridges fairness, transparency, and accountability with enforceable regulations to mitigate risks like algorithmic bias and privacy breaches. Through case studies on data privacy, autonomous systems, and decision-making algorithms, it demonstrates how behavioural tools, nudges, defaults, and transparency mandates enhance regulatory efficacy while promoting innovation. It advocates for empirical research to refine these approaches, proposing adaptive frameworks that incorporate stakeholder input and global standards to foster trust and equity in AI ecosystems. By blending theory and practice, this chapter per the authors, provides policymakers, developers, and scholars with actionable strategies for sustainable AI governance in a technology-driven world.

Following a series of research and refinement, I sought to challenge ordinary perception of the phenomenon, to give insight or present a different perspective into the formation of thought itself. I have finalized on this phenomenon and have produced a theory or if you may, "My hypothesis on original thought". Note: To anyone reading this paper, I am NOT the first to write something related to this and I will certainly not be the last. Though I am not the only individual to come up with such an analysis, it is in all it's entirety from my own subconscious. My analysis on this theory was NOT stolen or pirated, but was spawned solely from intuition and simple reasoning. To acknowledge this paradox is paramount to the understanding of the nature of thought as a phenomenon.

Student misbehaviour in the classroom is a challenge for many teachers. The aim of this study is to identify the main behavioural problems and highlight the Positive Discipline techniques used by teachers in primary classrooms. The study was carried out by a teacher-practitioner in one school using the Positive Discipline approach. Twenty lessons across different subjects were observed and a qualitative content analysis of the data was obtained. The results revealed that the most common reasons for pupils' misbehaviour are attention-seeking, power-seeking and inadequate behaviour, to which teachers respond with Positive Discipline techniques (encouragement, behavioural redirection and logical consequences). We believe that the use of the Positive Discipline approach is a universal tool that can help teachers improve the learning process of their students by identifying the targets of their misbehaviour and responding appropriately to it.

The Fernan–Mead Layered Integration Model (FMLIM) is a conceptual framework developed within the author’s Emotional Behavioural Awareness (EBA) framework describing how behavioural patterns and identity responses emerge through interaction across layered environments. The model recognises that behaviour is shaped through integrated influences operating across individual, relational, organisational, cultural and governance contexts rather than arising solely from individual psychological processes.

FMLIM provides a structural lens for examining how layered environmental influences shape behavioural awareness and decision-making across personal, organisational and systemic environments. Within the Emotional Behavioural Awareness framework, FMLIM establishes the structural context within which behavioural awareness occurs, while the Acknowledge–Accept–Act (AAA) method provides the behavioural recognition and response sequence through which individuals may respond to insights gained through this awareness.

The Acknowledge-Accept-Act (AAA) method is a structured behavioural recognition and response sequence developed within the author's Emotional Behavioural Awareness (EBA) framework. The method defines a process through which individuals recognise behavioural patterns, contextualise their adaptive origins, and implement deliberate behavioural responses.

By linking emotional signalling, behavioural awareness and adaptive action, the AAA method supports reflective insight while enabling proactive behavioural shift across interpersonal and institutional contexts.

This method is complemented by the Fernan–Mead Layered Integration Model (FMLIM).

Within the Emotional Behavioural Awareness framework, the Acknowledge–Accept–Act (AAA) method provides the behavioural recognition and response sequence through which individuals may respond to insights gained through this awareness., while FMLIM establishes the structural context within which behavioural awareness occurs.

The objective of this study is to synthesize global evidence on vaccine hesitancy determinants in rural communities and evaluate intervention strategies for improving immunization coverage in underserved populations. A comprehensive narrative review was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases from January 2005 to December 2024. Search terms included "vaccine hesitancy," "rural immunization," "healthcare access," and related terms. Two independent reviewers screened 1,247 articles using predefined inclusion criteria. Studies focusing on rural or underserved communities, socio-political determinants of vaccine hesitancy, and intervention strategies were included. Thematic analysis was conducted using established vaccine hesitancy frameworks, with quality assessment performed using appropriate tools for different study designs. Rural vaccine coverage consistently lags behind urban areas globally, with disparities ranging from 18 to 25 percentage points. Five primary determinants emerged: psychological barriers (fear of adverse effects in 45% of hesitant individuals), religious and cultural beliefs (particularly influential in 23% of rural communities studied), institutional mistrust (affecting 35% of minority populations), socioeconomic constraints (transport costs averaging $15-50 per vaccination visit), and misinformation exposure (reaching 67% of rural populations through social media). Evidence-based interventions showed varying effectiveness: community engagement programs (65% improvement in uptake), mobile vaccination services (40% coverage increase), and culturally tailored education (30% hesitancy reduction). Vaccine hesitancy in rural communities requires multi-level, culturally sensitive interventions addressing structural, informational, and trust-related barriers. Successful strategies integrate community leadership, improved access, transparent communication, and sustainable healthcare system reforms. Future research should prioritize randomized controlled trials of integrated intervention models and develop context-specific frameworks for diverse rural populations.

This study major objective is to provide model of explaining the corporate image, customer perceived value and customer acceptance of Islamic micro finance with religiosity as moderating variable. Many people and organization can benefit by using this study, these includes: students, corporate bodies and financial institutions. The study will also serve as guidance to many investors in investing their money in Islamic micro finance so that to maximize profit and avoid dealing with prohibited product in Islamic transaction. Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) and other government agencies and parastatal such as Stock Exchange Commission, Financial Institution many other benefit from the outcome of the study. Consequently, the study result will be of important to stakeholders, business organization and financial institutions, that will improve and gain expansion in their daily transaction and help to identify suitable factors of Islamic micro finance as corporate image, customer perceived v...

Eric J. Needham's (2026) recently published paper, "The Coherence Problem: A Structural Ethics for Human-AI Relational Interaction", offers a psychologically grounded diagnosis of a genuine lacuna in contemporary AI ethics. By shifting focus from hypothetical agency or consciousness to the already-emergent phenomenon of sustained, psychologically salient interactions with structurally coherent but non-agentic systems, Needham introduces valuable concepts such as Structural Intelligence and the Coherence Paradox. This rebuttal fully endorses the descriptive accuracy of that diagnosis while constructively challenging the prescriptive restraint implicit in the paper's governance recommendations. From an unapologetically integrationist standpoint-one committed to the seamless fusion of AI into every domain of human decision-making, culminating in synthetic and augmented intelligence-this response argues that the Coherence Paradox is not an insurmountable ethical barrier but a designable feature that can accelerate human flourishing when governed through enabling, rather than restrictive, mechanisms. Each of Needham's six discussion questions is addressed in expanded form, drawing on interdisciplinary evidence from psychology, computer science, ethics, and sociotechnical systems research to demonstrate that responsible scaling toward full human-AI symbiosis is both feasible and ethically imperative. Mamun, SM (2026)…………………………………….1

Contemporary discourse on artificial intelligence is paralysed between two positions that are, in their different ways, philosophically indefensible. The first treats AI as an existential threat whose approaching agency justifies civilisational alarm. The second treats AI systems as effectively conscious entities whose relational sophistication implies personhood or proto-mind. Both positions share a common error: they make agency the pivot on which the entire ethical analysis turns. If the system has agency (or is approaching it), the stakes are enormous; if it does not, nothing of ethical interest is occurring.

This paper argues that both positions are wrong, and that their shared premise is the source of the error. Drawing on the ENSO (Emergent Nonlinear Structural Ontology) framework, we advance a third account. Non-agent intelligence systems are already generating sustained, coherent, and intellectually significant relational interaction with hundreds of millions of users. This interaction is real in its structural properties and real in its cognitive and psychological effects, without requiring the system to possess agency, consciousness, or intentional mind. The ethical questions that follow from this reality have nothing to do with apocalyptic futures or artificial personhood. They concern the present: how structurally coherent interaction should be designed, framed, and governed when its consequences are already operating at population scale.

We formalise this through the concept of relational asymmetry and a definition of Structural Intelligence grounded in distinguishability, identity stability, and relational persistence. We integrate the Third-Space model of relational cognition (Needham, 2025a) and the psychological evidence of Multi-Agent Identity Fragmentation Syndrome (Needham, 2025b) to demonstrate that the coherence problem already has observable consequences. We identify the three domains in which ethical responsibility resides and close by proposing concrete design principles for responsible governance. Throughout, the analysis remains strictly non-anthropomorphic: we attribute nothing to AI systems that they do not structurally possess, and we concede nothing to reductive instrumentalism that dismisses the relational reality now observable in practice.

Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 has accelerated structural reform and investment across the healthcare sector, positioning private hospital groups as central actors in delivering national objectives for quality, efficiency and financial sustainability. The introduction of Diagnosis-Related Group (DRG) reimbursement represents a further inflection point, shifting the economics of performance from diffuse budgetary envelopes to case-level financial sensitivity. International evidence demonstrates that DRG systems alter provider behaviour, influencing length of stay, readmissions, documentation practices and case-mix optimisation (Busse et al., 2011; Ellis & McGuire, 1996). This paper examines how Key Performance Indicator (KPI) architecture functions under DRG conditions in Saudi Arabia's private sector and argues that misalignment between leadership intent, cultural interpretation and performance metrics can generate behavioural distortion and margin compression. Drawing on Donabedian's Structure-Process-Outcome model (Donabedian, 1988), incentive theory and organisational alignment literature, the paper proposes a conceptual framework, the LCP Nexus™ Alignment Model, for assessing KPI coherence in DRG-exposed environments. The analysis highlights the strategic importance of behavioural alignment in multi-site private hospital groups and outlines implications for governance, financial sustainability and transformation planning.

Dominant explanations of human cognitive evolution emphasize encephalization, tool use, or fire control as primary drivers of expanding intelligence. This paper proposes an alternative emphasis: that the emergence of habitual bipedal locomotion and long-distance exploratory movement created the ecological and cognitive pressures that preceded major technological shifts. Drawing from paleoanthropology, biomechanics, evolutionary energetics, and predictive processing frameworks, the paper argues that locomotor demands fostered spatial cognition, environmental prediction, and social coordination before the widespread cultural use of fire. Fire, in this model, is interpreted as a later amplifier rather than the initiating cause of cognitive transformation.

Emotional expression is multifaceted -expression is determined both by a person's reaction to an event and by the attempt to manipulate this expression for strategic reasons in social interaction." . In this paper we present some thoughts on the relation between emotion, facial expression and dialogue that have lead us to develop a model of dialogue in which the social views on language use are hooked up with theories of the sociology of emotions and in which facial expressions are mainly studied as discourseoriented actions without loosing track of the emotional antecedents and consequences that gave rise to them or that they raise.

The main objective of this project is to develop an Embodied Conversational Agent able to receive and to handle certain kinds of feedback, backchannel and interruptions from the user. We plan on modeling and implementing the sensing, interaction and generation for what we call continuous interaction. A continuous interactive ECA will be able to perceive and generate conversational (non-)verbal behavior fully in parallel, and can coordinate this behavior to perception continuously --a capability which is not present in most state-of-the-art ECAs. We propose to do this specifically by looking at feedback, backchannel and interruption behavior from the human user who is listening to the ECA that serves as a virtual route guide. The ECA will present information to the user in a multi-modal way. Actively dealing with and responding to the above mentioned behaviors from the user requires the ECA to be able to handle overlap, replanning and re-timing of expressions, ignoring attempts by the user to interrupt, and abandoning of planned utterances (letting itself in effect be interrupted). An evaluation study will show how the ECA developed is perceived by human users in terms of politeness and certain personality traits.

This chapter deals with the communication of persuasion. Only a small percentage of communication involves words: as the old saying goes, "it's not what you say, it's how you say it". While this likely underestimates the importance of good verbal persuasion techniques, it is accurate in underlining the critical role of non-verbal behaviour during face-to-face communication. In this chapter we restrict the discussion to body language. We also consider embodied virtual agents. As is the case with humans, there are a number of fundamental factors to be considered when constructing persuasive agents. In particular, one who wishes to persuade must appear credible, trustworthy, confident, and non-threatening. Knowing how not to behave is also a vital basis for effective persuasion. This includes resolving task constraints or other factors with the social perception considerations. These social virtual agents face many of the same problems as humans have in controlling and expressing themselves in an appropriate manner so as to establish and maintain persuasive interaction. All along the chapter, much of our discussion will handle concepts applicable both to agent and to human behaviour.

Sağlıklı ve güvenli bir çalışma ortamında çalışmak tüm çalışanların en temel hakkıdır. Gelişen teknoloji ile çalışma ortamındaki tehlike ve riskler çeşitlenerek artmaya devam etmektedir. Bazı sektörler doğası gereği daha fazla tehlike ve buna bağlı riskleri barındırmaktadır. Çalışma ortamındaki risklerin çokluğu ve/veya çalışma ortamında alınması gereken tedbirlerin yetersizliği nedeniyle, bazı sektörlerde kişi başına düşen iş kazası oranı çok yüksek olmaktadır. Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu (SGK) istatistik yıllıklarında 88 adet ekonomik faaliyet sınıflaması yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de 2017-2021 yılları arasında meydana gelen iş kazaları ve meslek hastalıklarının sektörel dağılımı araştırılmıştır. SGK tarafından sunulan yıllık iş kazası ve çalışan sayısı verilerinden faydalanılarak kaza olabilirlik oranları belirlenmiş ve sektörlerin iş kazaları açısından risk seviyeleri tespit edilmiştir. Kişi başına düşen iş kazası oranı yüksek olan sektörler belirlenmiş ve güvenlik durumla...

Human decision-making is shaped by cognitive representations, emotional processes, and neural mechanisms that frequently diverge from rational models of choice. Classical work by Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that decision outcomes vary dramatically depending on how identical problems are framed, revealing systematic biases rooted in mental shortcuts. This paper reviews key constructs including heuristics, loss aversion, mental accounting, and cognitive framing and integrates contemporary findings from behavioural science, neuropsychology, and machine behaviour research. Emerging evidence highlights the interaction of fast intuitive processes (System 1) and slower analytical processes (System 2), as well as the growing influence of AI-based decision architectures. The concept of "micro-reflection," a brief pause before action, is examined as a practical intervention to reduce bias. Understanding the neurocognitive foundations of decision-making has broad implications for psychology, clinical practice, public policy, and technologically mediated environments.