Biomedical electronics

The development of pervasive healthcare and personalized monitoring systems has accelerated the need for compact, reliable, and energy-efficient biomedical sensing platforms. Traditional single-parameter sensors are large, power-hungry, and unsuitable for modern wearable or implantable applications. Mixed-signal System-on-Chip (SoC) architectures present an optimal solution, enabling tight integration of heterogeneous sensors and on-chip signal processing with minimal power overhead. This paper presents a comprehensive design of a reconfigurable mixedsignal SoC that accommodates diverse biomedical sensors while supporting adaptive signal conditioning, noise mitigation, and efficient data conversion. The proposed system integrates modular analog front-ends for voltage, current, resistance, and capacitance sensors using reconfigurable switched-capacitor circuits and a programmable gain amplifier. A digital processing back-end handles calibration, filtering, and communication. Low-voltage design (1.8 V) and optional energy harvesting enhance autonomy, enabling continuous monitoring of key physiological parameters such as temperature, glucose, pH, and protein concentration. The proposed architecture demonstrates potential for scalable and intelligent health-monitoring microsystems.

Implantable biomedical devices intended for remote follow-up of Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) are often based on MEMS pressure sensors and the corresponding CMOS electronics, which are responsible for powering, signal conditioning and data transmission. This kind of heterogeneous systems achieves reduced dimensions and consumption by monolithic integration on the same silicon substrate. The objective of this work is to analyze and fully characterize several Capacitor-Controlled Oscillator (CCO) topologies that can be used for the aforementioned implantable applications, by comparison of their most relevant performance parameters. The results will allow the design optimization of low-power wireless implants, aimed at a future development of embedded systems with real-time data acquisition. Five topologies have been chosen for the evaluation: a standard ring oscillator; a current-starved ring oscillator; a Lee-Kim fully-differential oscillator; a coupled Sawtooth oscillator, and a mod...

We present results of simulations performed as part of the development of a gamma-ray detector module comprising a nonpixellated scintillator and pixellated photodiode detector. The simulations have been carried out to determine the effect of surface treatment and dimensions of the scintillator on the ability to determine the two-dimensional position of interaction. A set of 32 different combinations of surface treatments have been considered for each crystal size. Scintillator dimensions considered have been 25 25 ( 3-6 mm 3 ). For scintillator thicknesses at the low end of this range, an average accuracy of 0.5-0.6 mm is achievable for many different surface treatments. At the higher end of the thickness range, 6 mm, the average accuracy reduces to around 0.7 mm and is more dependent on the surface treatment.

We present a novel approach to Parkinson's Disease's (PD) tremor suppression based on a self-tunable Dynamic Vibration Absorber (DVA). The self-tuned DVA was designed, mathematically modeled, simulated and experimentally validated. For the experimental validation a wood beam, coupled to a vibration exciter, was used as an oscillating body. The control law for self-tuning was implemented and its effectiveness was investigated through experiments. Two types of input data were used to test the system performance. The first one was sinusoidal oscillations, where the input frequency could be varied; and the second a PD's waveform collected by sensors in patients and reproduced by the vibration exciter. The final self-tunable DVA system was able to suppress oscillations in the order of 98% and, maximum, 60%, respectively. This self-tunable DVA presents some biomedical advances and novelties. It has the ability to change its resonant frequency and better adapt itself to the patients inconstant tremor. Also, in a self-tunable DVA based on its mass, the components are lighter and smaller allowing clinical appliance in PD patients.

This paper presents the design and fabrication of a radio-frequency (RF) transceiver fabricated in a UMC RF 0.18 µm CMOS process. The RF transceiver was built to operate at the 2.4 GHz ISM band. The receiver has a sensibility of-60 dBm and consumes 6.3 mW from a 1.8 V supply. The transmitter delivers an output power of 0 dBm with a power consumption of 11.2 mW. The application is a wireless wearable electroencephalogram (EEG) braincap. Wireless EEG allows patients to wear the brain cap and maintain their mobility while simultaneously having their electrical brain activity monitored. A solution of an individual EEG module composed by an electrode, processing electronics and an antenna, allows a plug-and-play electrodes solution.

Deformable electronic devices that are impervious to mechanical influence when mounted on surfaces of dynamically changing soft matters have great potential for next-generation implantable bioelectronic devices. Here, deformable field-effect transistors (FETs) composed of single organic nanowires (NWs) as the semiconductor are presented. The NWs are composed of fused thiophene diketopyrrolopyrrole based polymer semiconductor and high-molecular-weight polyethylene oxide as both the molecular binder and deformability enhancer. The obtained transistors show high field-effect mobility >8 cm V s with poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) polymer dielectric and can easily be deformed by applied strains (both 100% tensile and compressive strains). The electrical reliability and mechanical durability of the NWs can be significantly enhanced by forming serpentine-like structures of the NWs. Remarkably, the fully deformable NW FETs withstand 3D volume changes (>1700% and reverti...

Life is precious. Many people among us lose their life due to heart attack. This is because of their unbalanced diet, age, less physical activity and many other factors. Today, the leading cause of death in the world is heart attack. Heart attack is not easy to detect and symptoms of heart attack varies from male to female. To overcome and help our society from heart diseases and attack, we are developing such a system which will help to decrease the death rate and detection of heart attack through a wearable device.

This paper presents the design and fabrication of a radio-frequency (RF) transceiver fabricated in a UMC RF 0.18 µm CMOS process. The RF transceiver was built to operate at the 2.4 GHz ISM band. The receiver has a sensibility of-60 dBm and consumes 6.3 mW from a 1.8 V supply. The transmitter delivers an output power of 0 dBm with a power consumption of 11.2 mW. The application is a wireless wearable electroencephalogram (EEG) braincap. Wireless EEG allows patients to wear the brain cap and maintain their mobility while simultaneously having their electrical brain activity monitored. A solution of an individual EEG module composed by an electrode, processing electronics and an antenna, allows a plug-and-play electrodes solution.

Hands are the main environmental manipulator for the human being. After losing a hand, the only alternative for the victim is to use a prosthesis. Despite the progress of science, the modern prosthesis has the same age-old problem of accurate force estimation. Among different kinds of force, clench force is the most important one. Because of this importance, this paper presents a hardware system that has been designed and implemented to estimate the desired clench force using surface Electromyography signals recorded from lower-arm muscles. The implementation includes a two-layer artificial neural network with a surface electromyography integrator. The neural network was trained with the Levenberg-Marquardt back propagation algorithm and was implemented in a field programmable gate array using an off-chip training method. The results from 10 datasets, recorded from five subjects, show that the hardware model is very accurate, with an average mean square error of 0.003. This suggests that the proposed design can mimic the behavior of clench force that a real limb does, and therefore this intelligent system could be a useful tool for any application related to prostheses. Keywords Artificial neural network Á Biomedical electronics Á Biomedical equipment Á Biomedical signal processing Á Field programmable gate arrays Á Prosthesis & Sheikh Shanawaz Mostafa

We present a novel approach to Parkinson's Disease's (PD) tremor suppression based on a self-tunable Dynamic Vibration Absorber (DVA). The self-tuned DVA was designed, mathematically modeled, simulated and experimentally validated. For the experimental validation a wood beam, coupled to a vibration exciter, was used as an oscillating body. The control law for self-tuning was implemented and its effectiveness was investigated through experiments. Two types of input data were used to test the system performance. The first one was sinusoidal oscillations, where the input frequency could be varied; and the second a PD's waveform collected by sensors in patients and reproduced by the vibration exciter. The final self-tunable DVA system was able to suppress oscillations in the order of 98% and, maximum, 60%, respectively. This self-tunable DVA presents some biomedical advances and novelties. It has the ability to change its resonant frequency and better adapt itself to the patients inconstant tremor. Also, in a self-tunable DVA based on its mass, the components are lighter and smaller allowing clinical appliance in PD patients.

This paper presents an ultrasonically powered microsystem for deep tissue optogenetic stimulation. All the phases in developing the prototype starting from modelling the piezoelectric crystal used for energy harvesting, design, simulation and measurement of the chip, and finally testing the whole system in a mimicking setup are explained. The developed system is composed of a piezoelectric harvesting cube, a rectifier chip, and a micro-scale custom-designed light-emitting-diode (LED), and envisioned to be used for freely moving animal studies. The proposed rectifier chip with a silicon area of 300µm × 300µm is implemented in standard TSMC 0.18µm CMOS technology, for interfacing the piezoelectric cube and the microLED. Experimental results show that the proposed microsystem produces an available electrical power of 2.2mW while loaded by a microLED, out of an acoustic intensity of 7.2mW/mm 2 using a (1mm) 3 crystal as the receiver. The whole system including the tested rectifier chip, a piezoelectric cube with the dimensions of (500µm) 3 , and a µLED of 300µm × 130µm have been integrated on a 3mm × 1.5mm glass substrate, encapsulated inside a bio-compatible PDMS layer and tested successfully for final prototyping. The total volume of the fully-packaged device is estimated around 2.85mm 3 .

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Aim: The purpose of this article is to present the concept of the EvaCopNet system and the results of research on the applied solutions for the automatic measurement of basic vital signs, transmission of received measurements to the calculating unit which analyses the level of threat to life and supports the process of determining the order of medical evacuation.Introduction: In the case of mass events, where the number of victims exceeds the emergency rescue potential of qualified assistance units, increasing the sense of security for both the injured and the rescuers is possible through a monitoring device (marking) vital signs of the victim and sending infor-mation on-line directly or via the UAV to the command post included in the evacuation and rescue process.In many countries, systems of medical emergency evacuation of all people injured in an event are being created and developed. The presented system is designed to support the process of evacuation and rescue of the injured....

This paper presents the design and fabrication of a radio-frequency (RF) transceiver fabricated in a UMC RF 0.18 µm CMOS process. The RF transceiver was built to operate at the 2.4 GHz ISM band. The receiver has a sensibility of-60 dBm and consumes 6.3 mW from a 1.8 V supply. The transmitter delivers an output power of 0 dBm with a power consumption of 11.2 mW. The application is a wireless wearable electroencephalogram (EEG) braincap. Wireless EEG allows patients to wear the brain cap and maintain their mobility while simultaneously having their electrical brain activity monitored. A solution of an individual EEG module composed by an electrode, processing electronics and an antenna, allows a plug-and-play electrodes solution.

Deformable electronic devices that are impervious to mechanical influence when mounted on surfaces of dynamically changing soft matters have great potential for next-generation implantable bioelectronic devices. Here, deformable field-effect transistors (FETs) composed of single organic nanowires (NWs) as the semiconductor are presented. The NWs are composed of fused thiophene diketopyrrolopyrrole based polymer semiconductor and high-molecular-weight polyethylene oxide as both the molecular binder and deformability enhancer. The obtained transistors show high field-effect mobility >8 cm V s with poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) polymer dielectric and can easily be deformed by applied strains (both 100% tensile and compressive strains). The electrical reliability and mechanical durability of the NWs can be significantly enhanced by forming serpentine-like structures of the NWs. Remarkably, the fully deformable NW FETs withstand 3D volume changes (>1700% and reverti...

This paper presents the design and fabrication of a radio-frequency (RF) transceiver fabricated in a UMC RF 0.18 µm CMOS process. The RF transceiver was built to operate at the 2.4 GHz ISM band. The receiver has a sensibility of-60 dBm and consumes 6.3 mW from a 1.8 V supply. The transmitter delivers an output power of 0 dBm with a power consumption of 11.2 mW. The application is a wireless wearable electroencephalogram (EEG) braincap. Wireless EEG allows patients to wear the brain cap and maintain their mobility while simultaneously having their electrical brain activity monitored. A solution of an individual EEG module composed by an electrode, processing electronics and an antenna, allows a plug-and-play electrodes solution.

A low-voltage tinnitus detection system using log-domain technique has been introduced in this paper. The design offers the advantages of resistorless design, electronic tunability of performance characteristics, and less complexity than the reported ones. The performance of the tinnitus detector has been verified by HSPICE simulation software using the parameters of TSMC CMOS 130 nm process.

In this study, a prototype EEG recording and analysis module for biomedical research applications is designed. The design of the system consists of an analog and a digital part. The system has two signal channels, but it can be extended to six channels construction. The analog module involves the following units; an input instrumentation amplifier, gain adjustable amplifier, band-pass filter, and a driven-right-leg-(DRL) circuit. The digital board consists of A/D converter and RS232 communication unit. In order to test system, the circuit simulation and the real-time EEG measurements are implemented. The proposed EEG system can be used in our department's biomedical laboratory.

Analysis of electric fields generated inside the microchannels of a microfluidic device for electrical lysis of biological cells along with experimental verification are presented. Electrical lysis is the complete disintegration of cell membranes, due to a critical level of electric fields applied for a critical duration on a biological cell. Generating an electric field inside a microchannel of a microfluidic device has many advantages, including the efficient utilization of energy and low-current requirement. An ideal microchannel model was compared with a practical microchannel model using a finite element analysis tool that suggests that the overestimation error can be over 10%, from 2.5 mm or smaller, in the length of a microchannel. Two analytical forms are proposed to reduce this overestimation error. Experimental results showed that the high electric field is confined only inside the microchannel that is in agreement with the simulation results. Single cell electrical lysis was conducted with a fabricated microfluidic device. An average of 800 V for seven seconds across an 8 mm-long microchannel with the dimension of 100 μm × 20 μm was required for lysis, with electric fields exceeding 100 kV/m and consuming 300 mW.

In this study, a novel method based on the voice intensity of a speech signal is used for automatic pathology detection with continuous speech. The proposed method determines the peaks from the speech signal to form a voice contour. The area under the voice contour allows us to discriminate between normal and disordered subjects. In the case of disordered subjects, the calculated area under the voice contour is lower than that for a normal subject due to the malfunctioning of vocal folds, which makes the voice weaker and breathier. Some long-term features such as shimmer and jitter are based on the accurate estimation of fundamental frequency, which is itself a difficult task, especially for disordered speech signals. The proposed features do not need to estimate the pitch period or fundamental frequency during the calculation of the voice contour, and they provide a single value for the whole utterance similar to other long-term features. The voice disorder database used in this study includes 71 normal subjects, and the same number of disordered subjects. Each disordered subject has one of the following voice disorders: vocal folds cysts, laryngopharyngeal reflux disease, vocal folds polyps, unilateral vocal folds paralysis and sulcus vocalis. The accuracy of the proposed method is 100%.

This paper presents the development of a wireless wearable sensor for the continuous, long-term monitoring of cardiac activity. Heart rate assessment, as well as heart rate variability parameters are computed in real time directly on the sensor, thus only a few parameters are sent via wireless communication for power saving. Hardware and software methods for heart beat detection and variability calculation are described and preliminary tests for the evaluation of the sensor are presented. With an autonomy of 48 hours of active measurement and a Bluetooth Low Energy radio technology, this sensor will form a part of a wireless body network for the remote mobile monitoring of vital signals in clinical applications requiring automated collection of health data from multiple patients.

This paper presents an ultrasonically powered microsystem for deep tissue optogenetic stimulation. All the phases in developing the prototype starting from modelling the piezoelectric crystal used for energy harvesting, design, simulation and measurement of the chip, and finally testing the whole system in a mimicking setup are explained. The developed system is composed of a piezoelectric harvesting cube, a rectifier chip, and a micro-scale custom-designed light-emitting-diode (LED), and envisioned to be used for freely moving animal studies. The proposed rectifier chip with a silicon area of 300µm × 300µm is implemented in standard TSMC 0.18µm CMOS technology, for interfacing the piezoelectric cube and the microLED. Experimental results show that the proposed microsystem produces an available electrical power of 2.2mW while loaded by a microLED, out of an acoustic intensity of 7.2mW/mm 2 using a (1mm) 3 crystal as the receiver. The whole system including the tested rectifier chip, a piezoelectric cube with the dimensions of (500µm) 3 , and a µLED of 300µm × 130µm have been integrated on a 3mm × 1.5mm glass substrate, encapsulated inside a bio-compatible PDMS layer and tested successfully for final prototyping. The total volume of the fully-packaged device is estimated around 2.85mm 3 .

Rehabilitation aims to bring back the patient's physical, sensory, and mental capabilities that were lost due to injury, illness, and disease, and to support the patient to compensate for deficits that cannot be treated medically (http://www.ehendrick.org/healthy, June 2010). After the Spinal Cord Injury (SCI), stroke, muscle disorder, and surgical operation such as knee artroplasticy, patients need rehabilitation to recover their movement capability (mobilization) (

New technologies in the field of tele-health using biosensor systems for non-invasive vital signs monitoring of patients, especially elderly people who need long-term care, and marginalized areas with hard to reach health care services are emerging. A study involving a self-care approach within the cardiac domain, where late detection increases the likelihood of patient disability or of premature death is proposed. In the study the application of e-health biosensors platform in medical services is experimented. The study resulted into the synthesis of vital signs from various body positions with biosensors that does not require a full coupled system. A model for the prevention of cardiovascular disease management based on noninvasive personal health monitoring systems with easy access for everybody, at any time or location is designed. A personal vital sign system such as ECG sensor which contain the functionality, allows recording anywhere and at any time a diagnostic quality ECG and analyzing it "on-board" by comparing it to a reference ECG, is modelled. The model called Mobile Health for the Elderly Persons (MOHELP) which relies on with application in estimation and control of boolean processes based on noisy and incomplete measurements is designed. This enabled a reliable recommendation from a digital artificial intelligence-based diagnosis, which can support an elderly person to take timely and correct decisions upon his (her) health status.

Creation of emboli in the aortic root and changes in flow distribution between supra-aortic arteries and descending aorta can lead to stroke and perfusion related tissue damage during cardiopulmonary bypass. A thorough understanding of how the angle of cannulation affects the overall success of cardiopulmonary bypass during cannulation of the ascending aorta is needed. Previous simulation research has observed the effect of outflow cannula position by changing the location of the cannulation site to the subclavian artery and other vessels, as well as positions for innovative cannula designs. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the success of the procedure while using a straight cannula, modulating the angle of cannulation below horizontal in the frontal plane. A simplified geometry of the aorta was used. The success of the procedure was quantified by observing wall shear stress, normal stress, intra-fluid shear stress, and flow distribution. A numerical study was performed to solve the Reynolds Averaged Naiver Stokes governing equations, which were used in conjunction with a constant density fluid to simulate blood, and a realizable two-layer k-ε turbulence model.

New technologies in the field of tele-health using biosensor systems for non-invasive vital signs monitoring of patients, especially elderly people who need long-term care, and marginalized areas with hard to reach health care services are emerging. A study involving a self-care approach within the cardiac domain, where late detection increases the likelihood of patient disability or of premature death is proposed. In the study the application of e-health biosensors platform in medical services is experimented. The study resulted into the synthesis of vital signs from various body positions with biosensors that does not require a full coupled system. A model for the prevention of cardiovascular disease management based on noninvasive personal health monitoring systems with easy access for everybody, at any time or location is designed. A personal vital sign system such as ECG sensor which contain the functionality, allows recording anywhere and at any time a diagnostic quality ECG and analyzing it "on-board" by comparing it to a reference ECG, is modelled. The model called Mobile Health for the Elderly Persons (MOHELP) which relies on with application in estimation and control of boolean processes based on noisy and incomplete measurements is designed. This enabled a reliable recommendation from a digital artificial intelligence-based diagnosis, which can support an elderly person to take timely and correct decisions upon his (her) health status.

The auditory-based method is commonly used in the
assessment of voice disorders. This method is subjective in the
sense that the evaluation result depends on the listener and a
great deal of expertise is required to obtain reproducible
evaluations. Automatic assessment of disordered voices provides
a support for clinicians to establish a better assessment of the
disorder. The main concern of this article is the clinical
evaluation of disordered voices by using an automatic
classification method based on Hidden Markov Models (HMMs).
The HMM classification technique is based on a learning theory
that uses Baum-Welch algorithm, a special case of the EM
algorithm. The descriptors that are used as inputs to the HMM
classifier are the cepstral MFCC coefficients. The performances
of the classification method that is supervised, in terms of
classification accuracy are investigated using a database
consisting of a concatenation of two Dutch-speaking sentences
produced by 28 normophonic and 223 dysphonic speakers

Aim: The purpose of this article is to present the concept of the EvaCopNet system and the results of research on the applied solutions for the automatic
measurement of basic vital signs, transmission of received measurements to the calculating unit which analyses the level of threat to life and supports
the process of determining the order of medical evacuation.
Introduction: In the case of mass events, where the number of victims exceeds the emergency rescue potential of qualified assistance units, increasing
the sense of security for both the injured and the rescuers is possible through a monitoring device (marking) vital signs of the victim and sending information
on-line directly or via the UAV to the command post included in the evacuation and rescue process.
In many countries, systems of medical emergency evacuation of all people injured in an event are being created and developed. The presented system
is designed to support the process of evacuation and rescue of the injured. It includes the following technical solutions: a micromodule marking FT (FlagTag), a radio and organisation module for the Mesh network using unmanned aerial vehicles and a Q-Find victim location module, as well as a software
integrator module. The authors described the functions and direction of development of the micromodule marking the injured – FT.
Conclusions: An analysis of events in which the EvaCopNet system can be used as well as the conducted field tests confirm the validity of the systems’ functionality
and of the adopted solutions, and also demonstrate its great application potential. The developed solutions and components of the EvaCopNet system
are designed in such a way that it can be developed along with technical and technological progress as well as knowledge of mass events that may occur.
Implications for the practice: The EvaCopNet system is a unique technological solution, on the basis of which a fully functional evacuation and rescue
system can be developed with elements of monitoring of injured people during disasters or natural disasters. The use of the system in real rescue operations
will make it possible to decrease the number of the rescuers directly involved in observation of and supervision over the injured; on the other hand,
the rescue operation supervisor will be able to direct additional forces to proximate actions in the danger zone. The system is dedicated to entities of the
National Firefighting and Rescue System – State Fire Service and the Volunteer Fire Service.

Computer network technologies have been growing explosively. Teaching computer networking principles can be enhanced using simulation through the use of interactive (not statistical based) simulation. The curriculum is based on the theory that through networking simulation programs, students are able to graphically implement the concepts learned in their coursework. With networking simulation tools, students can construct, tune, and analyze network performance while reinforcing their understanding of networking theory. Network simulation tools save money by offering the user a tool to enhance the design and integration of networks. There are many network simulation tools that allow users to model LANs, MANs, and WANs on the market. This paper describes our approach to develop computer network laboratory that enhances the understanding of a computer network course. Different computer network simulation tools have been considered and COMNET III has been selected as the tool of choice. Five labs have been developed. COMNET III is a network simulation tool that allows students and networking professionals to model, tune, and analyze the performance of various types of networks. It fosters what COMNET refers to as a "building-block approach" by utilizing a GUI interface that is comprised of "blocks" or objects representing many of the objects used in real networks. The user has the ability to adjust the objects' parameters using either default, constant, or algebraic values to better model the objects' functions

A new realized current stimulation device, capable to
simultaneously drive two independent channels, is presented in
the paper. Device is battery powered and microprocessor
controlled. Ultra small current from 30 μA to 2 mA DC current
could be applied to both channels independently. Applied current could be set by front panel as well as application time. During the stimulation applied currents on both channels are monitored.
Internal software PI current regulators are implemented into the
system providing 5% accuracy of applied current. Realized
currents during the stimulation are presented onto the separated LED displays for both channels. System is capable to be connected to the remote supervision system (PC, or Human
machine interface) by USB cable.