Bioprocess Engineering

Soil fertility depletion is at stake both local and global scale, putting pressure on food security, poverty alleviation and ecosystem services under threat to smallholder farmers agriculture livelihoods in ginger and turmeric cultivation. The diseases outbreak  in ginger cultivation Kaduna state, Nigeria has resulted N20 billion https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6NmuPvY4EzE economic loss in the past two years today (2023-2025). The ginger diseases (Ginger blast, Bacterial streak leaf blight, Ginger virus disease, Ginger nematode disease etc.) requires agriculture biotechnology ‘bespoke solution’ for disease management, soil resiliency and restoration to improve the farmers agriculture livelihoods. Aratibiotech regenerative agriculture research and development in ginger and turmeric bespoke solutions are: ARATI PGR (Plant Growth Regulator), ARATI Baja biofertilizer, ARATI Biopesticide, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3o7_vlpWvps&t=1334s, and ARATIDIN (Postharvest Management) innovation as integrated nutrient management and human capacity development via farmer field schools (FFS) that  raise labour productivity on farms, https://www.aratiagro.org/arati-soil-health-sch.html  incomes and reduce poverty that impacts on foods system outcome and adapting to climate change. The global ginger market is expected to reach about US$ 6.29 billion by 2030.

Keywords | Ginger diseases, Ginger smallholder farmers, Regenerative agriculture, Ginger bespoke solution, PC3R technology® and Agriculture 7.0

Bulk, porous oil-bearing materials acquire various degrees of densification under varying influences of equipment and process parameters with direct bearings on yield during compressive abstraction of oil from such materials. Effects of both aspect ratio and compression cycle on the course of densification were investigated. Mechanical response and oil expression indices were analysed for variances and treatment means were compared using Duncan's multiple range test. All influence factors had significant effects on mechanical response and oil yield. Significant improvements in achievable deformation and specific energy demand were obtained through repeated induction of compressive stress; compression cycle correlated positively with both deformation and energy demand. Margin for the expenditure of energy became wider as pressure ratio at the oil point became lower. This study reveals that performance of compression schemes may be significantly enhanced through careful application of the pressure ratio.

The effects of important process parameters on mechanical response during the densification of an industrial food powder were investigated and important phenomena described using the power rule. The factors studied had highly significant effects on mechanical response. The effects of the models in predicting the behaviour of the system were also highly significant. The findings are of relevance to processing and handling of food powders.

Key words: applied pressure, strain, deformation, compressibility, bulk density.

Compressive expression of oil from bulk seeds is a self-limiting process and commonly adopted techniques for optimising oil recovery result in alterations of the product and its quality. In this study, effects of select magnitudes of compressive stress and repetitive strain on mechanical response and performance during cold compressive expression of oil from sesame seeds were investigated and responses modelled using forward stepwise regression technique. Significant gains in oil yield and performance were achieved through repeated induction of strain and by increasing magnitudes of the applied stress. Cumulative improvement in the performance of the scheme over existing single cycle compression techniques ranged between 34.1 – 161.9 % over the range of treatments investigated. Corresponding improvement in mechanical response was also achieved. Specific mechanical energy demand was less with every additional compression cycle. The pressure ratio at the oil point during each compression cycle was an important indicator of recoverable oil.
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
A technique for maximising the yield of oil from oilseeds and efficiency during cold compressive expression is presented which may be incorporated in the design of compression devices or similar systems which would permit repeated induction of stress with a view to optimising process efficiency without denaturing the product or altering its quality. The pressure ratio at the oil point is also presented which is a fitting indicator of requisite stress for optimising yield and performance.

KEYWORDS: Oilseeds, stress, repetitive strain, void capacity

The biological process for OMW treatment is based on an aerobic detoxification step followed by methanization step and aerobic post-treatment. The first aerobic detoxification step of OMW supplemented with sulfate and ammonium was carried out by the growth of Aspergillus niger in a bubble column. This step decreased OMW toxicity and increased its biodegradability because of phenolic compounds degradation. Growth of A. niger resulted in 58% COD removal, with prpduction of biomass containing 30% proteins (w/w). Filtration of OMW was enhanced by this fermentation because the suspended solids were trapped in the mycelium. The filtrate liquid was then methanized using an anaerobic filter packed with flocoor. This reactor showed a short start up and a good stability. COD removal was around 60% and the methane yield (1 CH,/g COD removed) was close to the theoretical yield. The anaerobic filter effluent was treated in an activated sludge fluidized reactor containing olive husk as a packing material. Husks were maintained in fluidization state by the aeration. This step induces COD removal at 45% and sludge (up to 2 g/dm3). The entire process allowed a global COD reduction up to 90%; however; the black colour due to polyphenolic compounds with high molecular weight persisted.

The conventional penicillin submerged culture has several drawbacks: filamentous fungi solidify into pellets or become pulpy, which has so far had bad effects on the separation of penicillin from the broth, on the monitoring and controlling of the culture system as well as on the productivity of penicillin. By using polyurethane foams as a carrier for the fungi Penicillium chrysogenum, the authors have studied a novel cultivation method for this microorganism. The following results were obtained: 1. The effect of urethane foams on the growth characteristics of Penicillium chrysogenum was studied. It was found that the microorganism crept into the carrier, then formed a biofilm of 0.45 mm in thickness on the surface layer of the carrier. 2. The use of urethane foams had the effect of improving not only the mass transfer rates of various nutrients, but also that of oxygen in the culture system. Six times as much penicillin could be produced as is obtainable by traditional cultivation methods. 3. An operational strategy for the addition of polyurethane foams to the culture medium could be developed.

In order to improve the cultivation properties of a traditional continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR), we introduced a circulation unit made of four inorganic membranes in stainless steel tubes in parallel configuration, the so-called Tubular Bioreactor (TBR). Furthermore, the TBR outlet tube, which has a restriction nozzle at the end, was installed on top of the fermentor vessel, thereby creating a strong jet flow into the reactor and thus improving the mixing and the oxygen transfer rate. The kLa could be increased by approximately 50%. This setup was used for cultivations of recombinant Escherichia coli in a minimal medium and high cell density. More than 50 g dry cell mass/din 3 was obtained. Simultaneously, we have produced an elongated form of human insulinlike growth factor II, which was a secreted fusion protein utilizing the E. coli secretion system based on staphylococcus protein A. The product could be recovered continuously through the TBR-membrane.

This document constitutes a defensive publication disclosing the industrial applications of the Distributed Rotational Flow Platform (DRFP), derived from Korean Patent KR 10-2340860. The disclosure is structured across two application tracks. Track A addresses aquatic circulation systems, covering live fish transport tanks, live fish holding tanks, recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), and deep-sea fishing vessels, with flow geometries optimized for dissolved oxygen distribution, dead zone elimination, and reduced physiological stress in live aquatic organisms. Track B addresses low-shear process mixing applications in bioreactors and chemical process engineering, employing streamlined flow geometries with surface roughness in the range of Ra 0.8–6.3 μm to minimize cell damage and maintain process integrity. A cross-application restriction policy is defined, prohibiting interchangeable use of Track A and Track B geometries. The RR-HDP sub-embodiment is included. Eight key performance indicators (KPIs) are disclosed, encompassing dissolved oxygen dispersion, dead zone ratio, survival rate, cortisol level, and power consumption. All disclosed implementations are placed into the public domain to preclude independent patent claims on the described industrial applications.

This document constitutes a prior art disclosure of the Distributed Rotational Flow Platform (DRFP), a fluid dynamics device derived from the inventive principles of Korean Patent KR 10-2340860. The DRFP generates a stable, centrally converging rotational flow field within an enclosed fluid volume through distributed inlet geometry and controlled angular momentum. This disclosure covers the core hardware architecture and five principal embodiments: spherical(reference diameter 200 mm), cylindrical (80 mm), toroidal, frustoconical, and multi-array (three-unit) configurations. Four operational modes are defined — active suction, passive induction, hybrid, and reconfigurable — enabling adaptation across a range of fluid handling applications. All structural parameters, dimensional rationale, and fabrication considerations are disclosed herein to establish the public domain status of the described implementations. This document is published in conjunction with Zenodo(DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20337260) and is intended to preclude independent patent claims on the disclosed hardware forms.

This research investigates the levels of heavy metal contamination in soils exposed to raw and peroxide-aeration recycled cassava processing effluent and potential impact on soil quality and environmental health. Cassava processing effluent treated using the peroxide-aeration treatment method in a fabricated pilot scale plant. The treated effluent was thereafter subjected to potted experiment to determine its effect on heavy metal contamination at different concentrations (25, 50, 75 and 100%), groundwater as well as raw effluent. The treatment was applied on 10 kg soil pots at the rate of 0.9 L/day over a period of 90 days. Heavy metal content in the soil was analysed using recommended laboratory methods. The maximum values of Cr, Ni, Fe, Pb and Zn ion pollution reduction of 85.00, 86.29, 71.69, 57.03 and 88.73% respectively was recorded during the treatment, it was however observed that there was a total removal of heavy metals when the treated effluent was supplied at 25% concentration. Cr, Ni and Fe concentration in the soil after the treatment were however observed to be not significantly (p > 0.05) different for control, 25 and 50% treated effluent concentrations. Enrichment factor (EF) of heavy metals in the soil ranged from 1.01 to 2.73 showing that the considered heavy metal concentrations measured were due to a combination of both the soil parent material and the cassava processing wastewater. The study concludes that treatment at 25% concentration resulted in the best attenuation of heavy metal pollution soil although higher concentrations also gave acceptable pollution levels. O. A. Omotosho (B) • A.

In this work the concept of bubble-free oxygenation that was able to ensure oxygen supply and carbon dioxide extraction for a chemostat culture of Escherichia coli was experimentally demonstrated. It was operated at the dilution rate of 0.275 h-1 under atmospheric pressure and at 35.5 ~ Foralkyl, a commercial perfluorocarbon, added in the influent medium under emulsified form and at 50% volumic fraction, was able to provide 0.17 g Odl/h and extract 0.23 g COfll/h for a culture at 0.74 g/1 of biomass. This oxygen supply was close to the maximum oxygenation Foralkyl was theoretically able to provide at this pressure when imposing a minimum oxygen concentration of 1 rag/1 in the water phase. The quantification of transfer was not done from a direct measurement of oxygen transfer rates because conventional oxygen concentration measurement by membrane polarographic probe in an emulsion was not judged reliable. This evaluation was done by referring to conventional aerated culture whose measurable parameters (biomass and product concentrations) were found unaffected when shifting to the novel oxygenation device.

Wasliyah yang telah banyak memberikan arahan baik pada perkuliahan mapun dalam penulisan makalah ini, sehinga dapat diselesaikan dengan baik dan tepat waktu. Kami menyadari bahwa makalah ini tidak luput dari segala kekurangan,dan masih jauh dari sempurna. Untuk itu kami sangat mengharapkan kritik dan sarannya guna kesempurnaan dan sebagai pertimbangan karya tulis yang akan datang . Terima Kasih. Wassalamu`alaikum wr wb.

Wasliyah yang telah banyak memberikan arahan baik pada perkuliahan mapun dalam penulisan makalah ini, sehinga dapat diselesaikan dengan baik dan tepat waktu. Kami menyadari bahwa makalah ini tidak luput dari segala kekurangan,dan masih jauh dari sempurna. Untuk itu kami sangat mengharapkan kritik dan sarannya guna kesempurnaan dan sebagai pertimbangan karya tulis yang akan datang . Terima Kasih. Wassalamu`alaikum wr wb.

Wasliyah yang telah banyak memberikan arahan baik pada perkuliahan mapun dalam penulisan makalah ini, sehinga dapat diselesaikan dengan baik dan tepat waktu. Kami menyadari bahwa makalah ini tidak luput dari segala kekurangan,dan masih jauh dari sempurna. Untuk itu kami sangat mengharapkan kritik dan sarannya guna kesempurnaan dan sebagai pertimbangan karya tulis yang akan datang . Terima Kasih. Wassalamu`alaikum wr wb.

Wasliyah yang telah banyak memberikan arahan baik pada perkuliahan mapun dalam penulisan makalah ini, sehinga dapat diselesaikan dengan baik dan tepat waktu. Kami menyadari bahwa makalah ini tidak luput dari segala kekurangan,dan masih jauh dari sempurna. Untuk itu kami sangat mengharapkan kritik dan sarannya guna kesempurnaan dan sebagai pertimbangan karya tulis yang akan datang . Terima Kasih. Wassalamu`alaikum wr wb.

The on-line measurement of the relevant sNs parameters and the control conception for three production Ks, Ns processes for fine chemicals by fermentation and Ki, 6HNS biotransformation at the 15 m 3 scale were developed. The Ko2 models describe the bioprocesses which successfully result r6uNs, X,~n~ in fully automated manufacturing steps. Modelling also S6HNS proved to be a valuable tool for a better insight into gii.Ns

Laporan ini membahas analisis produk bioteknologi berupa Biokul Yogurt Plain sebagai produk fermentasi susu yang mengandung bakteri probiotik. Produk ini memiliki karakteristik semi-padat, rasa asam khas fermentasi, serta mengandung mikroorganisme hidup seperti Streptococcus thermophilus dan Lactobacillus. Proses pembuatannya meliputi pasteurisasi, homogenisasi, inokulasi starter, dan fermentasi. Dalam bidang farmasi, yogurt berperan sebagai pangan fungsional yang membantu menjaga kesehatan pencernaan, meningkatkan daya tahan tubuh, serta mendukung keseimbangan mikrobiota usus. Analisis juga mencakup aspek komposisi, manfaat, harga pasar, lokasi penjualan, serta evaluasi SWOT dari produk tersebut.

Abandoned mine tailings pose significant environmental risks due to their potential to release toxic metals through the production of Acid Mine Drainage. These tailings are remnants of ore processing and often contain heavy metals and other contaminants that can leach into surrounding water bodies and soils. Geochemical characterization is essential to assess their stability and potential for contaminant release over time. This study evaluates the acid-generating capacity and metal leaching potential of the Kototeasua tailings dam at Obuasi. A total of thirty (30) tailing samples were collected from different sections of the tailings dam. The samples were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) to determine their elemental composition. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis was conducted to assess their mineralogical characteristics. The Acid Base Accounting (ABA) test was performed to estimate the potential for AMD generation. Column leaching test was conducted over a 20-week period. Leachates were collected weekly, and their physicochemical parameters, along with chemical composition, were analyzed. Correlation analysis was conducted to identify key factors influencing contaminant release. The XRD results showed that the samples contained quartz, muscovite, albite, chlorite and dolomite minerals with quartz been dominant in composition both before and after the leaching test. The mean concentration of Fe was high in the samples and in the leachates. Elevated As and Fe levels were observed under circumneutral pH conditions, with carbonate buffering dominating geochemical control, suggesting that near-neutral pH does not eliminate the potential for metal mobility and environmental risk. The findings are directly relevant to tailings management in Ghana, indicating that near-neutral drainage does not preclude As and Fe release, and thus continuous groundwater protection and monitoring measures are required.

Recent literature and patents have evidenced poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) copolymers P(3HB-co-3HHx) as a new biomaterial for medical applications. A Burkholderia sacchari recombinant, harboring Aeromonas sp. genes phaPCJ was previously constructed with the objective of having a safe organism capable of producing high levels of the copolymer using as the main substrate xylose, a pentose released after hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse, an agro-industrial by-product of sugar and ethanol mills abundant in Brazil. This study evaluated the production of P(3HB-co-3HHx) from xylose and hexanoate in bioreactor by the recombinant B. sacchari LFM344 pBBR1MCS-2::phaPCJTSM81 to subsidize the production of this material with different levels of 3HHx. The parameters obtained were maximum specific growth rate (µmaxX =0.18 h-1), efficiency in converting xylose to 3HB monomers (Y3HB /xyl = 0.40 g.g-1) and hexanoate to 3HHx monomers (Y3HHx /Hex = 0.89 g.g-1). Conditions were applied to obtain predetermined values ​​of 3HHx monomers in the copolymer at the end of the process. Cells were able to accumulate 7.34 g.L-1 of cell dry weight (CDW) as PHA total. The monomer 3HHx content in the copolymers ranged from 10 to 40 mol%. The molar fractions were obtained from continuous feed batch strategies. These data show the possibility of obtaining copolymers at the end of the bioprocess with high levels of monomer composition with a simple and low-cost strategy.

High cell density (HCD) fed-batch cultures are widely perceived as a requisite for high-productivity polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) cultivation processes. In this work, a reactive pulse feed strategy (based on real-time CO 2 or dissolved oxygen (DO) measurements as feedback variables) was used to control an oxygen-limited fed-batch process for improved productivity of medium chain length (mcl-) PHAs synthesized by Pseudomonas putida LS46. Despite the onset of oxygen limitation half-way through the process (14 h post inoculation), 28.8 ± 3.9 g L -1 total biomass (with PHA content up to 61 ± 8% cell dry mass) was reliably achieved within 27 h using octanoic acid as the carbon source in a bench-scale (7 L) bioreactor operated under atmospheric conditions. This resulted in a final volumetric productivity of 0.66 ± 0.14 g L -1 h -1 . Delivering carbon to the bioreactor as a continuous drip feed process (a proactive feeding strategy compared to pulse feeding) made little difference on the final volumetric productivity of 0.60 ± 0.04 g L -1 h -1 . However, the drip feed strategy favored production of non-PHA residual biomass during the growth phase, while pulse feeding favored a higher rate of mcl-PHA synthesis and yield during the storage phase. Overall, it was shown that the inherent O 2 -limitation brought about by HCD cultures can be used as a simple and effective control strategy for mcl-PHA synthesis from fatty acids. Furthermore, the pulse feed strategy appears to be a relatively easy and reliable method for rapid optimization of fed-batch processes, particularly when using toxic substrates like octanoic acid.

The rheology of high-cell density (HCD) cultures is an important parameter for its impact on mixing and sparging, process scale-up, and downstream unit operations in bioprocess development. In this work, time-dependent rheological properties of HCD Pseudomonas putida LS46 cultures were monitored for microbial polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production. As the cell density of the fed-batch cultivation increased (0 to 25 g•L -1 cell dry mass, CDM), the apparent viscosity increased nearly nine-fold throughout the fed-batch process. The medium behaved as a nearly Newtonian fluid at lower cell densities, and became increasingly shear-thinning as the cell density increased. However, shear-thickening behavior was observed at shearing rates of approximately 75 rad•s -1 or higher, and its onset increased with viscosity of the sample. The supernatant, which contained up to 9 g•L -1 soluble organic material, contributed more to the observed viscosity effect than did the presence of cells. Owing to this behavior, the oxygen transfer performance of the bioreactor, for otherwise constant operating conditions, was reduced by 50% over the cultivation time. This study has shown that the dynamic rheology of HCD cultures is an important engineering parameter that may impact the final outcome in PHA cultivations. Understanding and anticipating this behavior and its biochemical origins could be important for improving overall productivity, yield, process scalability, and the efficacy of downstream processing unit operations.

Demand for freshwater is increasing rapid due to population growth and climate change. A potential solution to this problem is the use of biodesalination, which involves the removal of salt from seawater and brackish water using biological agents. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of using Chlorella vulgaris, a green microalga, to remove salt from seawater to produce fresh water. The effects of salinity, light intensity, and nutrient concentration on the growth and salt removal efficiency of C.vulgaris were examined. Our results showed that C. vulgaris was able to grow and remove salt from seawater under salinities of approximately 24ppt and nutrient concentrations of 50%. The highest salt removal efficiency was achieved at a desalination setup involving C. vulgaris and seawater concentration of 1:5 ratio. We also evaluated the economic feasibility of biodesalination using C. vulgaris by estimating the production costs and comparing them with those of conventional desalination technologies. Our results showed that biodesalination using C.vulgaris is potentially a cost-effective and sustainable alternative to conventional desalination technologies. In conclusion, our study demonstrated the potential of C. vulgaris for the biodesalination of seawater, which could contribute to meeting the growing demand for fresh water.

Aromatic plants and spice are well known for their beneficial properties on human health. A considerable amount of literature
is present where the studies are mainly focused on the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the plant extracts.
Essential oils are one of the plant extracts mainly consists of volatile and non-volatile parts having numerous applications
in multiple industries. They are widely used in perfumery and pharmaceutical industries. Now days, they have a very high
commercial value due to its therapeutic properties. The therapeutic properties are related to bioactive compounds present
in these essential oils. Numbers of review articles have reported about their strong radical scavenging capacity and ability to
inhibit lipid peroxidation, especially in food and cosmetic products. They are complex mixtures of volatile compounds such as
terpenes (mostly monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes), phenolics and alcohols. However, the essential oils are highly complex
and may include oxygenated compounds. The variability among their chemical composition reported in various studies made
their comparison very difficult. The other main concern in interpretation of the published results is the variation found among
the analytical methods used for the determination of antioxidant capacity of these Essential oils. These antioxidant assays
differ from each other in terms of reaction mechanisms, oxidant and target species, reaction conditions. Therefore, a multipletest
and a simultaneous chemical characterization must be taken into account whenever assays of these essential oils are
performed. Furthermore, prooxidant property of essential oils is also reported which is related to proteins and DNA damage
at cellular level. All these factors must be taken into account when the antioxidant properties of essential oils are considered.
However, seeing the current trends towards green consumerism and results published in support of the antioxidant properties
of these essential oils, it will be a potent alternative of synthetic antioxidants.

Abstract: The conversion of starch to sugar can be achieved by hydrolysis process. The two-step enzymatic hydrolysis of sweet sorghum was performed by commercially available α-amylase and glucoamylase. An optimisation study was carried out to optimise the factors ...

A new concept of Power line Communication. Now human operators do the Meter reading for the consumption of Electricity from house to house and building to building. It requires huge number of labor and takes more time to complete the process. Reading error is a common cause of human operator. Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) becomes an executable option to overcome the problems of huge time taking to get the meter readings, the measured values are in kilo watt-hours (kWh) by energy meter. The supply status of the consumer reading unit we identified the disk rotation of the energy meter. The main advantage of this system is a low cost system that produces very encouraging results and it can be implemented upon existing electro-mechanical meters so there is no need to purchasing new meters AMR is the remote collection of consumption data from customer’s utility meters over power line. Power-Line Communication (PLC) carries data on a conductor that is also used simultaneously for AC elect...

Bacillus subtilis A10 isolated from orchard soil, Kahramanmaras, Turkey. The enzyme synthesis was observed between pH 7.0-11.0, with an optimum 37°C. The amylase was purified by fractional ammonium sulfate precipitation and sephadex G-100 column. Analysis of the enzyme with sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) revealed a single band which was estimated as 46.9 kDa. The enzyme presented an optimum activity at pH 8.5 and 45°C. Its thermal stability between 20-50°C was about 89.5% for 30 min. The pH stability was observed between pH 7.0 and 10.0 with an average of 84.9% of retaining activity for 15min. The activity of the enzyme was inhibited by SDS and EDTA by 48.4 and 75.9%, respectively. On the other hand, Na 2 SO 3 and -Mercaptoethanol did not effect the enzyme activity. This alkaliphilic amylase is suitable for waste-paper, starch and bioethanol industries.

A transient model for bioleaching of copper sulphide minerals in heaps/dumps with forced aeration was developed for a bed formed by particles of different particle sizes. Equations for the transport of oxygen, mass balance for copper and ferric ions, and heat transport were considered. The reaction in the particles was described by the shrinking core model. The present work considers two principal objectives. First, the possibility to find some “average radius” that represents the performance of a heap with a distribution of particle size was studied. Two possible average radii were tested. The first one is the “weight average radius” where the weight fraction for each size is used as weighting factor. The second one is the “surface average radius” where the weighting factor is the specific surface fraction for each size. The simulations show that it is not possible find such average radius. This means that the performance of the heap can not be determined using an “average radius”,...

PRODUCTION of blue-green pigment and failure to ferment any of the usual coliform test sugars except, occasionally, glucose are generally regarded as character- istic of Pseudomonas pyocyanea, the most commonly isolated of the Pseudomonas species. In this paper experiments are described showing that under suitable conditions Ps. pyocyanea gives a typical fermentation pattern which also differen- tiates it from Ps. fluorescens, not always an easy task. In the course of these fermentation tests red and brown strains of Ps. pyocyanea were collected and these fit into Gessard's (1918) scheme as well as the blue-green species; this paper describes results giving excellent agreement between Gessard's colour-typing scheme and the fermentation reactions. Seventy-five strains of Ps. pyocyanea were isolated in the Bland-Sutton Institute, mainly from routine laboratory examinations of urine and faeces; 7 strains of Pseudomonas species were kindly given by the Curator of the National Collection of Bacterial Plant Pathogens at Cambridge, 9 by the Director of Water Examination of the Metropolitan Water Board, 11 strains by Dr. B. W. Lacey of the Westminster Hospital and 26 cultures were obtained from the National Collection of Type Cultures. The total finally realised 99 strains ofpyocyanea, 5 fluorescens and 25 strains including 11 other species and 10 unidentified. All these strains were kept as stabs in broth agar and subcultures were made on broth agar slopes as required. Fermentation Tests Sugar media.-Preliminary tests with sugars in 1 per cent peptone water showed that about 80 per cent of the pyocyanea strains produced some acid from glucose, giving a pH of 3-6-5. But since it was also observed that the pH of the control cultures was usually as high as 9 5 and that free ammonia could be detected in the air over fluid cultures the possibility that acid from other fermented sugars was being neutralised could not be overlooked. After testing various synthetic and other media a 1/20 dilution of peptone-free broth in distilled water was found satisfactory, 48-hour cultures grown in oxygen having a final pH of about 7-8. Two per cent solutions of the chosen sugars were made in the 1/20 diluted infusion broth without added peptone, containing a final concentration of phenol red indicator of 0-002 per cent (added as an aqueous solution since Ps. pyocyaneca readily produces acid from traces of alcohol). The pH of these solutions was adjusted to 7-6 and they were sterilised by steaming for 30 min. on three successive days. If necessary the pH was adjusted before use by a few drops of freshly boiled 0 1 N-NaOH. Samples of these sugars giving positive fermentation reactions were tested for purity, and especially for the absence of glucose, by paper chromatography.

The study was carried out to evaluate the physicochemical, rheological and sensory properties of corn-based salad cream. Standard analytical methods were used in measuring the physicochemical composition and rheological property; while a 9-point Hedonic scale was used to evaluate the sensory characteristics of the salad cream. The values of pH varied between 4.5 and 5.5; while the control had a pH of 5.5. The formulated salad creams as well as the control sample had moisture content above 40 %; while protein and fat contents of the samples ranged from 0.88 % to 7.00 % and 1.70 % to 11.28 % respectively. The control had protein content of 8.75 % and fat content of 0.68 % in that order. Total available carbohydrate in the formulated samples ranged from 26.17 to 39.79 % and 27.57 % in the control sample. The titratable acidity for the samples ranged from 1.31-1.63 while the control was 1.55. The ash content values for sample ranged from 1.60 to 7.70 % while the control was 4.10 %. The values obtained for dry matter were in the range of 48.20 to 59.90 % and 49.80 % for samples and control respectively. Fiber in the samples and control sample were 2.15 to 8.75 % and 8.50 respectively. The formulated salad cream and the sample used as control have energy in the range of 170.7 to 234.2 kcal/g and 1151.4 kcal/g respectively. The value for viscosity of the various formulations of salad cream ranged from were 2.85-3.47 Pa.s. The control sample value was 20.50 Pa.s. Values for colour in the various formulated salad creams were 2.0 to 2.4 Hazen while that of the control was 2.6 Hazen. The mean scores of flavours, taste, aroma, texture, colour and overall acceptability of the salad cream samples prepared from yellow corn flour compared with a commercial salad cream shows flavour range of 6.4 to 6.6. Taste ranged from 6.6 to 6.8, aroma ranged from 6.6 to 7.2. Texture attribute ranged from 4.2-6.8 while the average score for colour range from 4.30-8.50 was observed in the samples. The sample F02 had the highest value (6.0) for overall acceptability while F03 had the least value of 5.8. Sample F02 was preferred by the Panellist to the control sample. This implies that comparable salad cream can successfully be produced from yellow corn flour.

Resumen: El presente trabajo es el desarrollo de un complemento para MSExcel® denominado TurboMix. Éste se basa en la respuesta dinámica de los fluidos a mezclar y permite el dimensionamiento de tanques agitados con turbinas de cuatro palas de 45° de inclinación. El software ajusta un modelo que permite relacionar el número de bombeo como una función de Reynolds para diferentes valores de la relación D/T. Los resultados se comparan con los obtenidos mediante software comercial y mediante los métodos gráficos convencionales, encontrando desviaciones menores a 2.15%.

A high cell density p~ocess for C. utilis prod~~tion on mo~asses was de.veloped. A demon~~ration plant producinj. 70.8 kg h-I was operated In 1990 and 1991. C. uuhs was contmuously cultzvated at cell densltles of 80 to 110 kg m-In an especial 10.5 m 3 jet loop fermentor having an oxygen transfer rate of 350 mol O2 m-3 h-I at 1.1 WM. The yeast was concentrated by a rotary filter yielding a 24% solids yeast cake, which is continuously thermolysed. The thermolysed product-which can be used as a natural flavor enhancer for food and fed -had a protein digestibility higher than 90%. The technology requires 20% less in capital investment and consumes only one third of the water involved in fermentation, if compared with conventional yeast production processes, being therefore a highly competitive alternative.

Antibiotics are of great importance in medicine, that are harmful to the growth and metabolic activities of bacteria. Ever increasing search is going on in the hope that agents' superior to these and other antibiotics now in use might be isolated. Present study seeks to screen bacteria with antibiotic producing potentials from termite mounds. Eight (8) termite mound samples were collected from the study sites (Shamawa, Dundaye, G/Yaro and Gumburawa), processed and bacteria were isolated and identified using culturing methods, gram staining and biochemical characterization methods. The isolates were further tested for antibiotic production using crowded plate techniques on muellar-hilton agar. Morphological and cultural studies shows that twenty gram positive and six gram negative bacteria species were identified namely Bacillus spp, Citrobacter freundii, Enterococcus cloacae, Enterococcus faecalis, E. coli, K-pneumoniae, Pseudomonas spp, Staph aureus, Staph lentus and Staph ureae. Eleven bacteria species out of the fourteen isolates showed antibiotic production activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis and 3 were not active against the test organism. These include E. coli and Pseudomonas spp. The zone of inhibition formed are Bacillus cereus 4 mm, Bacillus subtilis 5 mm, Bacillus megaterium 2 mm, Citrobacter freundii 4 mm, Enterococcus cloacae 2 mm, and Enterococcus faecalis 2 mm respectively. The result of this research indicates that termites mound may be used as a source of antibiotic producing bacteria.

Ethnobotanical and biochemical studies are useful to discover new drugs. Biochemical screening is an important step in the detection of the bioactive components existing in medicinal plants that are used in traditional medicine. Throughout history, human civilizations have kinetically circumvented plants which have influenced a lot to the humanity. Plants have the facility to endanger diverse variety of phytochemical and biochemical compounds which can be acclimated to perform different biological functions. Many of these phytochemicals have salutary effects on long-term health when consumed by the human and can be efficaciously used to treat human diseases. Alternative medicine has become popular these days as it is gaining practices across the globe. The present study is to focus on the determination of effective combination of plant based extracts for antioxidant property by adopting bio guided assisted methods. Three medicinal plants commonly used in traditional and herbal formulations for various types of ailments were selected based on their efficacy on diabetes mellitus (DM). They are the fruits, bark of Aegele marmelos, fruit of Musa paradisiaca and aerial parts of Ocimum sanctum. All the samples were subjected to biochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant activity by DPPH radical scavenging. The anti-oxidant activity of the bio guided combination of the extracts enables us to derive the effective polyherbal combination for the activity. The antioxidant activity was found to be maximum of the methanolic extracts of all three plants emphasizing that methanol has been the best solvent for extraction. Moreover due the presence of phenolic compounds in these plants they exhibited antioxidant activity and thus are beneficial in the treatment and management of Diabetes mellitus.

The key parameters that affect Cyanothece 51142 growth kinetics were investigated and optimised. These include the light intensity, temperature, nitrogen source and growth conditionphotoautotrophic and photoheterotrophic. The Cyanothece 51142 strain was shown to grow effectively using 10% volume CO 2 volume air 1-10% CO 2 and 71% N 2 within the supplied gas mixture-as its carbon and nitrogen sources respectively. Even under continuous illumination, the cyanobacterium maintained its periodically alternating growth, pH and pO 2 profiles, confirming light-independence of the metabolic shift behaviour. The cyanobacterial growth rate at least doubled when CO 2 was replaced by glycerol or nitrate salt was supplied instead of N 2. In the presence of glycerol or nitrate, the oscillating behaviour of cells no longer exists, suggesting their inhibitive nature. However, as soon as a cyanobacterial culture has consumed all of these substrates, it reinstates a diurnal cycle. With increasing light intensity, from 23 to 320 μmol/m 2 /s 1 , the photoautotrophic specific growth rate of Cyanothece 51142 strains consistently increases with no sign of photoinhibition, while there was little effect on the final biomass concentration of the culture, beyond 92 μmol/m 2 /s. The latter is most likely due to the significant light attenuation, induced by the dense culture. The transition from photo limitation into a saturation regime was determined to be at an average irradiance of 347 μmol/m 2 /s. In terms of temperature, the optimal value to cultivate Cyanothece 51142 under photoautotrophic growth conditions was found to be 35 0 C and clear evidence of photoinhibition was detectable at 40 0 C.

Black tea comes from perfectly fermented tea leaves and is one of Indonesia's main export commodities. The high level of black tea exports requires producers to produce high-quality products. One way to realize quality and safe products is by implementing Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP). The purpose of this study was to determine the application of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) in black tea processing at PT XYZ. The research method was carried out by collecting primary and secondary data. Primary data were obtained through direct observation and practice in the field, as well as interviews with related parties. While secondary data is obtained through records and archives such as libraries and references to other supporting sources, The variables observed were company location, buildings, sanitation facilities, production equipment, raw and supporting materials, production processes, personnel hygiene, waste handling, production support facilities, and product packaging....