Bystander Intervention

Media priming is one of the most deeply-rooted and wide span theories in media studies. Previous research deploying this theory usually compared the effects of prosocial and anti-social media priming, while this study opted to compare the effects of prosocial fictional and non-fictional media content. Furthermore, the researcher attempts to examine the effects of media priming on situational altruism, as well as, measure the difference between exposure to fictional and non-fictional videos of heroic acts, when it comes to priming an actual helping behavior. An experiment was conducted using a staged manipulation of a sexual harassment situation, as a high cost help situation. The results were statistically insignificant possibly due to the relatively small sample, the one time exposure, or cultural aspects. Nonetheless, the study's frequencies show that those exposed to non-fictional videos have a higher likelihood of acting altruistically when they encounter a run-in with a naturalistic sexual harassment situation on college campus, than those exposed to fictional videos. Additionally, fiction has been found more likely to prime pleasure-based motivations and non-fiction primes pressure-based motivations. As for the bystander barriers, the findings show that those exposed to non-fiction experience them more than those exposed to fiction.

This policy memo is part of the Justice Check Framework, an applied research and policy translation initiative examining structural drivers of psychological harm, microaggressions, and institutional accountability in workplaces. The memo draws on empirical research, critical theory, and field-based observations to inform prevention-oriented policy reform. It is shared as a working policy document to invite scholarly dialogue, critique, and collaboration.

Across workplaces and institutions, formal complaint and grievance systems are widely assumed to protect workers from abuse, discrimination, and psychological harm. Evidence from applied research, workplace assessments, and lived experience indicates the opposite: many reporting systems are structurally unsafe and functionally inaccessible to those most at risk. This memo argues that complaint mechanisms frequently fail victims of microaggressions, bullying, and psychological harm due to fear of retaliation, power asymmetries, and weak enforcement. When reporting carries risk and offers no protection, silence becomes a rational survival strategy.

This article aims to study emotional response by viewers of on- line narrative advertisements. It compares the advertisement content and viewer’s emotional response to it. To this end, the authors have collected viewers’ comments on online narrative advertisements from Facebook, a prominent social network platform (SNP). Where upon, the comments were quantified using text analytics. National Council for Research (NRC) emotional lexicon were used for this purpose. Results show that, there is difference in intended and perceived emotions towards online narrative campaigns. From theoretical point of view, this work sheds light on transportation and gratification theories of consumer engagement in context of narrative advertisement. Results of the study are very promising in throwing light on the brand perception created via the narratives.

The IDS programme on Strengthening Evidence-based Policy works across seven key themes. Each theme works with partner institutions to co-construct policy-relevant knowledge and engage in policy-influencing processes. This material has been developed under the Empowerment of Women and Girls theme. The material has been funded by UK aid from the UK Government, however the views expressed do not necessarily reflect the UK Government's official policies.

IDS is a charitable company limited by guarantee and registered in England (No. 877338). The IDS programme on Strengthening Evidence-based Policy works across seven key themes. Each theme works with partner institutions to co-construct policy-relevant knowledge and engage in policy-influencing processes. This material has been developed under the Empowerment of Women and Girls theme. The development of this material has been led by IDS who holds the copyright.

IDS is a charitable company limited by guarantee and registered in England (No. 877338). The IDS programme on Strengthening Evidence-based Policy works across seven key themes. Each theme works with partner institutions to co-construct policy-relevant knowledge and engage in policy-influencing processes. This material has been developed under the Empowerment of Women and Girls theme. The development of this material has been led by IDS who holds the copyright.

Blaming 'open cans of tuna' to 'the harasser is a criminal', EMERGE Case Study 8, Promundo-US, Sonke Gender Justice and the Institute of Development Studies Disclaimers The results reported represent the views of the authors and not necessarily those of DFID. This volume and the broader EMERGE project have been made possible through support from DFID, under the Leadership for Change Programme. Grant reference number: PO 6223.

When I first commenced university studies in the mid-1970s, research on masculinity was still very undeveloped. Yet that time witnessed a flourish of social science theory and scholarship on social justice, class, gender, race, and culture. Similarly, the emergence of new forms of legal activism and critical criminology around the globe threw doubt on the positive imagery and equality and fairness claims made by criminal justice systems in liberal nations. Strands of neo-Marxism, post-structuralism, feminism, and new waves of critical studies of sexuality and race, set the tone for a rapid transformation. In the 1970s, researchers in sociology were immersed in studies of social class, state forms and capitalism, as well as cultural studies and gender studies, as newly expanding fields of interest. The interest in these topics and their approaches all reflected the 1970s/1980s influence of "new" social movements-second wave feminism, early Gay Liberation, anti-authoritarian Leftism, and the mobilisation of activists in support of Black and Indigenous rights.

Within the context of emergency situations, the terms witness or bystander are used to refer to individuals involved in oppressive incidents who are neither the victim nor the perpetrator. Among the different types of emergency situations, our study focuses on violence against women (VAW). In keeping with current efforts in the scientific literature on bystander intervention and the evidence currently available, the main focus of this study is to analyze some personal factors that reflect the characteristics or experiences of bystanders and that could have a bearing on their predisposition to help victims of VAW (i.e., empathy, a just world belief system, and expectations of self-efficacy) and later analyze the possible relationship between these personal characteristics and gender or previous experience as a VAW bystander. An opportunity sample of 546 Spanish participants (73.4% women and 26.6% men) between 18 and 56 years of age took part in this study and fill out a sociodemograp...

The prevention of sexual assault (SA) in the U.S. military is a significant priority. This study applied the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to a literature search that identified research evaluating SA prevention programs conducted within military settings. Only six studies published between 2005 and 2016 met criteria for inclusion in the review. Studies demonstrated high heterogeneity in the: (1) conceptual framework of the prevention approach; (2) target population and timing of administration; (3) study recruitment methods; (4) methodological design; (5) method of delivery, program dosage and theory of change; and (6) outcome administration and efficacy. Scientific rigor according to the Oxford Center for Evidence-based Medicine was also variable. Several gaps in the research base were identified. Specifically, research evaluating SA prevention programs have only been conducted among U.S. Army and U.S. Navy samples. Most studies did not examine whether program participation was associated with reductions in rates of sexual violence. Studies also lacked utilization of a long-term follow-up period. Additionally, studies did not reflect the types of SA prevention programs currently being implemented in military settings. Taken together, further research is needed to enhance the evidence base for SA prevention in the military, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the approaches currently being conducted with service members.

The purpose of this study was to gain consensus from experts on the best practices that might be taken into account when developing early bystander intervention training programs to reduce both workplace intimate partner violence (WIPV) and workplace bullying (WB). A U.S. nationwide panel of 17 experts completed the qualitative five-round modified Delphi study. The experts were leaders or managers from business, government, not-for-profit, and academic organizations who exceeded the criteria to participate in the study. Research included the collection of data electronically to answer the research question: What do experts with experience in the area of workplace violence (WV), WB, or WIPV agree constitute the best practices that might be considered when developing a bystander training program to address WIPV or WB? In Rounds 1 and 2, participants provided their demographics and initial opinions about best practices. Likert-type scales were used as follows: Round 3, to rate agreemen...

Sexual assault prevention and education programs have been working to develop successful ways to decrease sexual assault for almost to decades. Research has shown that despite efforts there has yet to be a program that effects statistics regarding campus sexual assault. This essay addresses several issues that explain why prevention programs have fallen short. It includes the study of victim blaming, the college party narrative, stranger rape, and bystander intervention. Examples from first hand reports of sexual assault and the study of BGSU prevention programs are used. The essay also addresses how our culture plays a role in sexual assault, and why there is a strong prevalence on college campuses. As a response to this research and essay, I have written poems. Each poem tackles an idea, images, or language, from the research. I use poetry as a response in hope of creating pathos, and to make a stronger connection between the research and the audience. SEXUAL ASSAULT PREVENTION ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES, USING COMMUNITY BASED PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH STRATEGIES TO CRAFT A CREATIVE RESPONSE 2 Table of Contents Decades Without Results; Sexual Assault Prevention Programs and Why They Don't Work….3 Poetry as a Response……………………………………………………………………………..10 Measuring Cups………………………………………………………………………………….13 Risk Reduction…………………………………………………………………………………...14

Sexual assault prevention and education programs have been working to develop successful ways to decrease sexual assault for almost to decades. Research has shown that despite efforts there has yet to be a program that effects statistics regarding campus sexual assault. This essay addresses several issues that explain why prevention programs have fallen short. It includes the study of victim blaming, the college party narrative, stranger rape, and bystander intervention. Examples from first hand reports of sexual assault and the study of BGSU prevention programs are used. The essay also addresses how our culture plays a role in sexual assault, and why there is a strong prevalence on college campuses. As a response to this research and essay, I have written poems. Each poem tackles an idea, images, or language, from the research. I use poetry as a response in hope of creating pathos, and to make a stronger connection between the research and the audience. SEXUAL ASSAULT PREVENTION ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES, USING COMMUNITY BASED PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH STRATEGIES TO CRAFT A CREATIVE RESPONSE 2 Table of Contents Decades Without Results; Sexual Assault Prevention Programs and Why They Don't Work….3 Poetry as a Response……………………………………………………………………………..10 Measuring Cups………………………………………………………………………………….13 Risk Reduction…………………………………………………………………………………...14

This study aimed to ascertain how the four domains of self-debasing cognitive distortion, namely personalisation, catastrophising, overgeneralisation and selective abstraction, could predict or inform emotional disturbance in the reactions of bystanders when witnessing bullying behaviour. We utilised purposive sampling to select 10 bystanders of school bullying for participation in the study and performed convenient sampling to select a research site. We conducted interviews that were recorded on a voice recorder and transcribed thereafter. Qualitative data was analysed through inductive thematic analysis. Our findings revealed that personalisation evoked bystanders' self-blame and feelings of guilt, catastrophising amplified their anxiety and fear, overgeneralisation induced and exacerbated their negative perception of school safety, and selective abstraction led to indirect co-victimisation. Based on our findings, we recommend that school psychologists, counsellors and behavioural healthcare service providers should teach victims of bullying, especially bystanders, how to recognise, challenge and reappraise negative and unhelpful thoughts and feelings related to their experiences.

This study investigates the role of active and passive bystander behaviors in workplace cyberbullying (WPCB) and their impact on employee innovation performance, filling a critical gap in the literature on bullying in digital work environments. A structured online survey collected data from 328 white-collar professionals. The structural equation modeling (SEM) technique was applied to test the relationships between WPCB, bystander behavior, social engagement, social withdrawal, and innovation performance. Active bystander interventions significantly mitigate the negative effects of WPCB by increasing employee social engagement and enhancing innovation performance. Conversely, passive bystanders exacerbate the harmful impacts of WPCB, leading to increased social withdrawal and a decline in innovation. WPCB's direct effect on innovation was found to be insignificant, but indirect effects through social behaviors were substantial. Organizations should promote active bystander behavior through targeted training and policy development, fostering a workplace culture that discourages cyberbullying and supports social engagement to enhance innovation. Addressing passive bystander behaviors and fostering a supportive work environment can reduce the prevalence of WPCB and its detrimental effects on individuals and organizational culture, contributing to healthier social interactions at work. This research offers novel insights into how bystander behavior moderates the relationship between WPCB and innovation performance, presenting a unique perspective on managing workplace conflict in the digital age.

The author explores how gendered and masculine cultures within policing undermine effective responses to domestic abuse (DA). She highlights how language often removes male accountability, and how policing's valorisation of dominance and male bonding fosters misogyny and poor victim support. Discretion is frequently misused, leading to inconsistent and dismissive responses. Carrillo calls for cultural change, greater accountability, and training to challenge sexism, engage men in prevention, and prioritise DA as a serious, life-threatening crime.

Many Western European countries have seen increasing tension between local communities and immigrant groups, especially Muslims, with mutual grievances. These tensions have been more apparent and stronger since 9/11/2001. Intensified by further terrorist attacks, the war on terror, and the fear of terrorism, negative attitudes toward Muslim populations have been increasing. While relevant to many European countries, this article focuses on the conditions and relationships between groups in the Netherlands, particularly in Amsterdam. Drawing on past work on the roots and prevention of violence and reconciliation between groups and on field experience, the article offers proposals to prevent violence and support for terrorism and foster positive group relations, such as humanizing other groups, dialogue and other practices to promote inclusive in the place of destructive ideologies, psychological healing from past woundedness, promoting pluralism, contact between groups, and the exploration of shared history. School practices and relations between children is an aspect of these proposals. It is hoped that the proposals and the analyses they are based on can give rise to actions that will prevent violence and foster positive relations between groups in the Netherlands, and will be applied to other settings as well. One consequence of terrorism and the war on terror has been an increase in previously existing tensions between the original national/ethnic groups and immigrant Muslim minorities in various European countries . The 9/11/2001 attacks; U.S. responses like the war on terror; subsequent terrorist attacks, especially in Europe, and their psychological impact; and political and social reactions in response to these events have led to the intensification and forceful public expressions of negative attitudes and of concerns about future relations

Sexual harassment remains a pervasive issue in societies worldwide, perpetuating gender inequalities and violating human rights. This paper critically examines the prevalence, impact, and strategies to combat sexual harassment. Through a comprehensive review of literature, legal frameworks, and case studies, this paper argues that urgent, comprehensive action is required to effectively combat sexual harassment. Various strategies and interventions, including legal reforms, organizational policies, and educational initiatives, are discussed to create safer and more equitable environments.

Workplace violence and harassment pose a significant obstacle to the implementation of all the International Labour Standards and is a threat to fundamental principles and right at work. Since its inception, the ILO has been working to prevent violence and harassment in the workplace through various labour standards. With the adoption of ILO Violence and Harassment Convention No. 190 in 2019, the struggle became more concrete. Today, Convention 190 serves as a powerful guide for states, workers, and employers’ organizations to establish zero-tolerance policies against violence and harassment. It provides realistic and actionable methods for preventing violence and harassment and supporting victims. It acknowledges that violence and harassment, including gender-based violence andharassment, exist in the workplaces and emphasizes the need to develop policies to address and prevent them in the workplaces as human rights violation.

This research, carried out as part of the "More and Better Jobs for Women" programme funded by Sweden and conducted by the ILO Office for Türkiye in collaboration with Özyeğin University, is the first in Türkiye to cover such a broad scope in terms of both the sectors and types of violence. In addition to findings on perceptions and experiences related to physical, psychological, sexual, and economic violence and discrimination in the workplace, this quantitative research also examines referral and support mechanisms. Based on the guidance provided by the research findings, policy recommendations have been developed for all actors in the world of work.

This study aimed to ascertain how the four domains of self-debasing cognitive distortion, namely personalisation, catastrophising, overgeneralisation and selective abstraction, could predict or inform emotional disturbance in the reactions of bystanders when witnessing bullying behaviour. We utilised purposive sampling to select 10 bystanders of school bullying for participation in the study and performed convenient sampling to select a research site. We conducted interviews that were recorded on a voice recorder and transcribed thereafter. Qualitative data was analysed through inductive thematic analysis. Our findings revealed that personalisation evoked bystanders' self-blame and feelings of guilt, catastrophising amplified their anxiety and fear, overgeneralisation induced and exacerbated their negative perception of school safety, and selective abstraction led to indirect co-victimisation. Based on our findings, we recommend that school psychologists, counsellors and behavioural healthcare service providers should teach victims of bullying, especially bystanders, how to recognise, challenge and reappraise negative and unhelpful thoughts and feelings related to their experiences.

Den här rapporten togs fram av CAST-konsortiet för ett projekt som medfinaniserades av Europeiska kommissionen och representerar konsortiets syn på kommunikationskampanjer för trafiksäkerhet. Denna syn har inte antagits eller på något sätt godkänts av Kommissionen och ska inte tolkas som en redovisning av Kommissionens syn. Europeiska kommissionen garanterar inte att uppgifterna i den här rapporten är korrekta och tar heller inget ansvar för något bruk av dem.

Science, and Technology prepared, does not refer to the motivation for recognizing one's responsibility as a bystander. This paper attempts to explain the responsibilities that bystanders have in the space of sexual violence from Judith Butler's theory of performativity. The public space in which sexual violence occurs can be understood as a place in which forces that exclude victims operate. Not only are harassment and victimization difficult to prosecute, but the process remains difficult for the victim, even after the harassment is reported to the police. In addition, harassment accusations are sometimes incorrectly deemed false. Such situations perpetuate the marginalization of women and those who are vulnerable to harassment. Ignoring sexual violence 論文

With the growth of technology and social media, many forms of bullying in Jamaican high schools have
intensified and remained covert, while promoting a climate of socio-cultural differences and relational
aggression. The purpose of this article is to use the insights and implications garnered from a covert
bullying study to share recommended transformational approaches and strategies that will reduce
bullying practices and negative socio-cultural differences within local school communities, while also
engendering a culture of equality and social justice.

Background and purpose Revascularisation treatment with thrombolysis must be initiated within 4.5 h following ischaemic stroke symptom onset. Despite its proven benefits, thrombolysis therapy is underused, with patient delay in presenting to hospital with symptoms identified as the leading barrier. This study aimed to examine help-seeking behaviour at stroke onset, in order to understand delays in accessing acute medical care for stroke symptoms. Methods 149 consecutive patients hospitalised with ischaemic stroke were interviewed at 72 h poststroke with the Stroke Awareness Questionnaire and the Response to Symptoms Questionnaire. Results Sixty per cent of stroke cases presented to the ED within 3.5 h of stroke onset. Knowledge of stroke symptoms and risk factors was poor, with 40% unable to correctly define a stroke. Bystander recognition of symptoms ( p=0.03) and bystander initiation of Emergency Medical Services was associated with ED presentation within 3.5 h ( p=0.03). Conclusions This study provides insights into patient response when a stroke occurs, with the presence and action of others highlighted as critical in fast response to stroke symptoms. Knowledge of stroke warning signs and risk factors was low among stroke survivors. Findings highlight the complexity of changing helpseeking behaviour during stroke onset, and provide directions for public education efforts to reduce prehospital delay.

Sexual violence is a persistent problem on the college campus. One method of addressing sexual violence is to endorse bystander intervention, whereby students are encouraged to interrupt potential sexual assault situations. Although initial research indicates that the Christian college campus provides a cultural context where fewer acts of sexual violence are committed, nothing is known about whether students on such campuses are more or less likely to intervene as a bystander. Five research questions were addressed in this study, which involved asking 851 students who attended three Christian institutions and one secular university to complete selfreport surveys about their sexual assault and bystander intervention experiences. The responses indicated that violence was less common at the Christian colleges than at the secular institution. We also found that both men and women are more willing to intervene to prevent sexual violence at Christian campuses than on the secular campus. Implications of these and other results are discussed. Sexual assault persists as a troubling problem on college and university campuses, despite decades of research and programs to address the issue (Cantor et al., 2015; Fedina et al., 2018; Fleck-Henderson, 2012; Foubert, 2011). Estimates of the incidence of sexual assaults on campuses vary based on methodological differences regarding samples, definitions, and time period (Cook et al., 2011; Krebs et al., 2011; McCallum & Peterson, 2017); however, researchers have consistently found that approximately one in four women report experiencing some form of sexual violence, defined as a range of unwanted sexual experiences of varying severity and intrusiveness from either known or unknown perpetrators (Adams-Curtis & Forbes, 2004) during their time as college or university students (Best, 2017;

The social justice roots and theory of the Mentors in Violence Prevention (MVP) model is presented, followed by an empirical study examining the influence of MVP in high school settings. Findings reveal students exposed to the MVP model are more likely to see forms of violence as being wrong and are more likely to take actions to intervene than students not exposed to the program. Findings support the premises on which MVP is founded.

Use of pornography is common among adolescents and young adults, with most men and a growing number of women viewing regularly. A vast body of research suggests pornography use is associated with multiple attitudinal and behavioral variables. One of those associations, for both men and women, is higher pornography use is correlated with a lower likelihood of intervening to prevent sexual assault. The present study explored how motives for viewing pornography related to male (n = 139) and female (n = 290) college students' willingness and efficacy to intervene to help prevent a sexual assault from occurring. We found that several motivations to view pornography were associated with suppression of willingness to intervene as a bystander, even after controlling for frequency of pornography use. This study joins others in suggesting an association between pornography use and callousness toward sexual violence.