California Archaeology

El concepto de transculturación, acuñado por Ortiz en 1978, describe un complejo proceso de intercambio y transformación cultural donde elementos de distintas tradiciones se fusionan, se resisten y se resignifican. Más allá de una simple adopción, la transculturación implica una dinámica de pérdidas, ganancias y creaciones, dando lugar a nuevas expresiones culturales híbridas. Este fenómeno, que va más allá de la aculturación, subraya la naturaleza mutable y dialéctica de las identidades culturales. Ortiz, en su análisis del Caribe y América Latina, reconoció la complejidad del mestizaje cultural, superando una visión inicial eurocéntrica. Este proceso, marcado por tensiones y negociaciones, ha generado sociedades culturalmente ricas y diversas, aunque también desiguales. La identidad cultural, lejos de ser estática, se configura y reconfigura constantemente en este diálogo intercultural, dando lugar a identidades híbridas y en constante evolución. El texto nos invita a reconocer y valorar la riqueza de las contribuciones culturales, sin obviar las injusticias históricas. La transculturación, más que un choque, representa una oportunidad para construir sociedades más justas y equitativas, donde la diversidad cultural se convierta en una fuente de enriquecimiento y creatividad.

People have influenced Earth's biodiversity for millennia, including numerous introductions of domestic and wild species to islands. Here, we explore the origins and ecology of the Santa Catalina Island ground squirrel (SCIGS; Otospermophilus beecheyi nesioticus), one of only five

On the California Channel Islands, scholars have suggested that mega droughts and climatic perturbations are causally linked to the emergence of hereditary leadership as groups of people consolidated their communities around the most productive habitats. Santa Catalina Island, one of eight islands in the Channel Islands archipelago, has been excavated for over a century, yet the majority of cultural materials from these expeditions have never been analyzed. Here we report the first comprehensive radiocarbon (14 C) database from Santa Catalina Island, and critically evaluate the dates so that meaningful interpretations of Indigenous history can be formulated. The results span approximately 6000 cal BP years of Island Tongva history and highlight the novel ways that Indigenous communities adapted to persistent droughts. People established more settlements throughout the Late Holocene and appear to have increased the number of habitation sites throughout mega droughts of the Medieval Climatic Anomaly (MCA; 1150-600 cal BP) and subsequent centuries. Our study underscores the tremendous value in utilizing legacy collections as a community-based participatory research method in order to address topics important to Indigenous stakeholders and the public, such as constructing regional chronologies and investigating human adaptation to climatic perturbations in circumscribed island landscapes.

California mussel (Mytilus californianus) are ubiquitous shellfish species in coastal archaeological sites throughout western North America but are often highly fragmentary when recovered in small-volume 'column' or 'bulk' samples typically used to quantify shellfish assemblages. Archaeological research has predominantly focused on evaluating the dietary contribution of Mytilus but most studies assume an average meat weight or use categorical size classifications to determine subsistence strategies and harvest profiles. In this paper, we develop and evaluate a regression-based method for estimating shell length and meat weight for fragmentary Mytilus remains. Our regressions are based on live-collected M. californianus specimens from multiple locations in California and British Columbia and provide considerable statistical confidence for predicting length and meat weight. We also apply the same regressions to a collection of Mytilus trossulus and show similar predictive equations, indicating this method can be used in cases where it is not possible to distinguish morphologically between M. californianus and M. trossulus. We demonstrate how these results improve upon previous size-classification methods and discuss the potential for applying these measurements to enhance the relevance of these zooarchaeological data for modern marine conservation and management efforts.

Non-destructive geochemical analysis with portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometers is probably one of the most controversially discussed methodologies, when valid quantitative, inter-instrument and inter-laboratory comparable results are requested by the nature of the study subject. This is particularly evident in compositional analysis of ancient pottery for provenance allocation. Data acquisitions with portable XRF analysers is broadly discredited as point & shoot approach, and there is indeed justified concern about a simplistic reading and trusting of concentration figures generated by the preinstalled calibration software, which instrument manufacturers provide for the convenience of the user. Professional calibration and validation concepts are discussed which overcome this critique and allow scholars to exploit the full potential of non-destructive analysis, namely the reliable large scale, high-throughput generation of compositional data for archaeological settlement ...

California has the largest Native American population in the United States; it is home to 110 federally recognized Tribes and dozens of non-recognized Tribes who still maintain their connection to their ancestral land. Due to genocide and land theft in the late 19th century, including failure of the California government to ratify treaties with California Tribes, today only 0.6% of Native ancestral lands are governed by Tribes. However, many Tribes are actively engaged in government-to-government consultation with land-managing agencies, as mandated by state and federal law. Government-to-government consultation is a critical component of affirming Tribal sovereignty and protecting sacred sites and cultural resources in land use and decision making; it provides opportunities to enhance eco-cultural restoration that can lead to positive human and environmental health outcomes. It is also subject to significant barriers and inconsistencies in implementation. Taking California's cannabis permitting process as its research case, this report documents the findings of a two-year study of consultation on Tribal Cultural Resources (TCRs) and cannabis permitting on Tribal ancestral lands in California, in which we examined and analyzed these barriers using participatory research methods. California Assembly Bill 52 (AB 52, 2014) provides a mechanism for Tribal consultation on a per-project basis, giving Tribes decision-making authority where TCRs are concerned. Yet our study finds that AB 52 is not consistently applied in land use decision making across California and is further undercut by asymmetrical power relations, which have been codified into policy through provisions such as "agency discretion," lack of full disclosure, insufficient mapping and technical resources, and unfunded mandates. Our focus on AB 52 in cannabis permitting provides a lens for evaluating Tribal consultation and TCR protection more generally. Both Tribal and agency study respondents agreed that meaningful consultation requires equitable Tribal-agency relations, which depend on policies that affirm Tribal authority in land use decision making, as well as agency and Tribal capacity building, with equitable funding for Tribal staff time, agency training in Tribal culture, history, and cultural resource policy, and Tribal-agency relationship building. This report explores our research findings and recommendations for policies that can help make the consultation process more supportive of Tribal sovereignty and more productive of results acceptable to both agencies and Tribes.

Upholding Tribal sovereignty in land use decision making is an ongoing challenge, in part because Tribal sacred sites, cultural heritage sites, and other cultural resources exist in areas outside of Tribal jurisdiction. In 2014, California Assembly Bill 52 (AB 52) amended the California Environmental Quality Act to mandate Tribal consultation as part of environmental reviews. AB 52 creates a mechanism for Tribal consultation on a per-project basis and gives Tribes decision making authority where Tribal Cultural Resources (TCRs) are concerned, even when TCRs are located off-reservation. This study offers the first statewide evaluation of AB 52 consultation from Tribal and agency perspectives. Using two surveys, one with Tribal respondents (n=46) and one with agency respondents (n=56), we assessed the ongoing processes of Tribal consultation between Tribal and local governments around cannabis permitting. Focusing on AB 52 in cannabis permitting provides a lens for evaluating Tribal consultation and TCR protection more
generally. Our study shows that AB 52 is not consistently applied in land use decision making and that it faces several barriers to implementation. We discuss these findings and suggest how environmental policies and agency processes can be strengthened in support of Tribal sovereignty.

Bioarchaeologists, museums and universities, journal editorial boards, and academic professional organizations are working toward ethical engagements with human remains, with a focus on descendant community engagement. This article reexamines past and present bioarchaeological descendant community engagement to consider how "descendant community" has been defined. The authors present three case studies to highlight variation in descendant community definition in practice. The first describes the Loretto Bioarchaeology Project, a community-engaged investigation of the lives of Catholic Sisters (1870-1969) based in Denver, Colorado. The Loretto Community of Sisters and affiliates acts as the descendant community, centering 'chosen' family over biological relationships. The second case study discusses two hurricane victims from the 1928 Hurricane, in Belle Glade, Florida. A biological descendant community is impossible given the population of migrant laborers that died in the storm, but a community of care has been developed at a local memorial site for the storm. The third case study considers next-of-kin reported in archival documents pertaining to persons in the Huntington Anatomical Collection (1893-1921), currently housed at the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History. While next-of-kin documented at decedents' deaths include biological kin, bonds were also created through shared residence and life in New York City, problematizing notions of lineal descendants in the present. The case studies represent a multiplicity of "family," "descendants," and "kin," complicating policies for defining and prioritizing descendant communities and offering examples of paths forward through different iterations of community in bioarchaeological practice. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

Obsidian conveyance patterns during the terminal Late Prehistoric and colonial periods remain poorly understood for autonomous Indigenous villages in southern California's inland upland zones. Portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) sourcing of 226 artifacts from the California Historical Landmark Puhú village (CHL#217; CA-ORA-132/317), Santa Ana Mountains, Orange County, California (ca. 1000–1860 CE), conducted in partnership with Tongva, Acjachemen, and Payómkawichum Tribal Nations under Indigenous research protocols, identified Obsidian Butte, the Coso Volcanic Field, and Napa Valley as sources. Obsidian Butte dominates the assemblage (85.0%, n = 187 of 220 assigned specimens) across all chronological strata, including colonial-period deposits, arriving as refined trade blanks and Cottonwood projectile points. Coso Volcanic Field obsidian (14.1%, n = 31) co-occurs with Obsidian Butte in stratified contexts, contradicting prior models of mutual source exclusivity in Orange County; three sub-sources are positively identified, and an additional group of specimens could not be assigned below the field level, together indicating broad access to the Coso Volcanic Field rather than procurement from a single node. Two Napa Valley specimens suggest exchange connections extending approximately 600 km, tentative given the small sample but consistent with documented interregional trade routes. Together, these findings position Puhú as an active node within multiregional exchange networks persisting through colonization, and demonstrate the analytical value of minimally invasive geochemical sourcing applied to orphaned legacy collections in partnership with descendant communities.

For the last several years I have been putting together spreadsheets summarizing archaeobotanical data of various types. My intent is to write summary reports for these various data sets. Until I complete the manuscripts, I may as well get the data out there for others to use.

This one contains data for over 200 taxa, from 150 sites or projects, representing over 2800 samples, with time and location data. You can import the data into Google Maps. Have fun.

I included a better set of Sample Maps. The first one I posted works as a "thumbnail" but the detail is poor.

Over the last 30 years there has been an increasing awareness that when Europeans first arrived in the Americas, they were not encountering "Pristine Wilderness". Humans had been modifying landscapes, in increasing levels of intensity for at least 22,000 years. Some food production systems such as the chinampas or raised fields of Mesoamerica and South America were immediately recognizable to the Europeans as "Farming" or "Agriculture". So were the large irrigated fields of the US Southwest or elsewhere, the terraces or trincheras extending from southern Arizona down to the Andes, and even the Three Sisters Fields of the Eastern US. Other food production systems like managed berry patches in the Pacific Northwest, the Orchard Forests of Mesoamerica and Lowland South America, and the regularly burned grasslands of California were more subtle, and less easily classified.

A recent article by Charles R. Clement and others (2021) "Disentangling Domestication from Food Production Systems in the Neotropics". Quaternary 2021, 4, 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/quat4010004 tries to uncouple Plant Domestication (changes in the plants themselves - larger fruits etc) from Food Production (how the plants were taken care of). They focused on the Neotropics; Mesoamerica, the Central Andes, and Lowland South America. They found that between 6 and 16% of the local flora were used in some way for food, medicine, or other uses. Of the total flora, between 1 and 4% were "managed" in some way; but only between 0.05 to 0.6% could be considered "Fully Domesticated". California has around 5,862 taxa of native plants (species and subspecies). California has only 6.1% of the area of the Amazon Basin, but it has 7.1% as many taxa of vascular plants, a slightly higher comparative diversity per total area (although the Amazon probably has many more as yet unidentified taxa). We should expect around 10% of the native flora to have been utilized in some way by the First Peoples of California. It shouldn't be surprising that some species like Little Barley (Hordeum pusillum) and Large Goosefoot (Chenopodium berlandieri) show some domestication syndrome traits.

Changing the world around us is what humans do. Perhaps a better name for our species would be Homo disruptus.

This is an expanded and annotated version of the paper that is in the California Proto-agriculture section (even I have a hard time keeping track of what I have and have not posted).

Two incidental observations of portable mortars in the process of manufacture, one discovered by chance in the field, the other an artifact in a private collection, prompted research into the manner in which portable stone mortars or bowls were produced by the aboriginal peoples of California desert region and elsewhere. The production of steatite vessels in the California coastal regions and on the Channel Islands has been studied and well-documented; steatite, however, is a soft material, having the lowest rating (i.e., 1) on the Mohs Hardness Scale. It is easily carved to shape. The majority of the portable mortars or bowls found at archaeological sites in the deserts of Southern California are of much denser and harder lithic materials (usually 6 or 7 on the Mohs Hardness Scale). The energy expended in their production and the technology used were very different. The production model for stone mortars that we propose hypothesizes that the manipulation of granites, basalts, andesites, sandstones, metavolcanics, and metasedimentary materials was possible employing techniques of stoneworking that were widely used for a variety of purposes. We further hypothesize that the aboriginal stoneworkers attempted to be as efficient and energy-conserving as possible. By isolating a large segment of a mortar blank and then removing that portion by percussion, they were able to create a reasonably flat working surface that would ultimately become the rim of the mortar or bowl. A variation of this technique was often used to create the central concavity. Stone mortars or bowls are widely distributed in California desert, coastal California (e.g., Hudson and Blackburn 1981:103-108;, and the greater Southwestern archaeological sites. There is substantial ethnographic documentation of their use. Portable stone mortars and bowls are also common elements of archaeological assemblages elsewhere in the New World, largely postdating 4000 B.P. In the Old World, mortars and bowls also are widely distributed but many fall within much earlier chronological periods. For example, elaborate stone mortars, bowls, and pestles are diagnostic artifacts of the

A history of the 1950s San Francisco Vortex Concerts at Morrison Planetarium, and Jordan Belson's involvement. Belson's work before and after are discussed. This is Part 1 of Keefer's extensive essay, to date the longest history of the Vortex Concerts published

Originally published in an exhibition catalog (Spanish and English), Cosmos: The Search for the Origins, from Kupka to Kubrick. Arnauld Pierre, Ed. Madrid: El Umbral/Santa Cruz de Tenerife:TEA, 2008

Two caches of balancing rock features were recently uncovered during archaeological excavations at the Tule Creek site (CA-SNI-25) on San Nicolas Island, California. The features consist of groups of stacked rocks in association with cut red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) shell, ochre, and asphaltum. Feature 1 is made up of a serpentinite disc base and a basalt mid-section overlain by an inverted sandstone bowl. Feature 2 consists of a phallic sandstone pestle capped by a pecked pyramidal granitic top. Radiocarbon dates on associated marine shell suggest the cairns were buried during the fourteenth and fteenth centuries A.D., before the arrival of European immigrants into the region

Tarring pebbles have been used by Native Americans of southern California for thousands of years to melt, apply, and spread asphaltum. Although tarring pebbles are frequently observed in the archaeological record, they are seldom analyzed. In this study, we use size to construct a classification and typology of tarring pebbles found at three archaeological sites on San Nicolas Island, California. Three separate tarring pebble clusters exhibit particular characteristics that are distinct from one another. Our research suggests that tarring pebbles with specific attributes were being targeted for distinct purposes, allowing us to construct a classification based on pebble size. Resumen Los guijarros para alquitranar han sido usados por los indígenas de la parte sur de California durante miles de años para derretir, aplicar, y extender el asfalto. Aunque los guijarros para alquitranar se observan con frecuencia en el registro arqueológico, rara vez se analizan. En este estudio, usamos el tamaño para construir una clasificación y una tipología de estos guijarros encontrados en tres sitios arqueológicos en la Isla de San Nicolás, California. Tres grupos separados de guijarros para alquitranar presentan características particulares que son distintas el uno del otro. Nuestra investigación sugiere que los guijarros con atributos específicos se dirigieran a los objetivos distintos, permitiéndonos elaborar una clasificación basada en el tamaño de guijarro.

Along the southern Califomia coast, the development of intensive fishing has long been considered to be a relatively recent phenomenon. In this article, we present dietary reconstructions from CA-SNI-161, a multicomponent San Nicolas Island archaeological site occupied between about 5,400 and 2,900 years ago. We focus on the contribution of edible meat and animal protein to the diet of the islanders and examine dietary changes through time. Our dietary reconstructions suggest that fish and shellfish provided most of the meat and protein consumed at the site. Birds were of minor dietary significance and sea mammals of intermediate importance. The data suggest that at some localities along the southem Califomia coast, relatively intensive fishing developed earlier than previously believed. V^OASTLINES provide ideal skuations to address questions about how people adapted to aquatic envkonments . The abundance of shell middens, in particular, provides archaeological contexts conducive to the preservation of a wide range of both artifacts and ecofacts. Although the biological productivity of marine environments varies geographically and temporally , people living ki coastal settkigs are faced v^th similar opportunities and challenges. From the plants and animals they harvest to the tools they use to acquire and process them, coastal people throughout the world have for millennia developed many skniiar methods of survival. Along the California coast, thousands of shell mound sites offer testimony to the importance of the marine envkonment. Ecofacts and artifacts from such skes provide valuable data on how Califomia's coastal envkonments varied through space and tkne-and how humans chose to adapt to such variation and dynamism. Over the years archaeologists have learned much about the lifestyles and histories of California's coastal tribes, but a tremendous amount remakis to be learned. It is now

Biologists conducting surveys for sensitive species, such as the blunt-nosed leopard lizard, Tipton kangaroo rat, and San Joaquin antelope squirrel, spend a lot of time looking at the ground, often encountering archaeological materials, including projectile points, lithic scatters, Olivella beads, fishing weights, and charm stones. Over the past six years of blunt-nosed leopard lizard surveys along a route in Tulare County, we have consistently encountered archaeological artifacts between the BNSF Railway and an adjacent agricultural field, near the historic shoreline of Tulare Lake. Archaeological findings were reported to Project Archaeologists and Tribal Cultural Monitors, and appropriate measures are being taken to ensure the preservation of these cultural resources. Works Cited

This ethnohistory presents a synthesis of primary historical documents, Bay Area mission records, ethnohistorical research, and tribal oral traditions about the history and heritage of the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe of the San Francisco Bay Area, and their oversight on their ancestral heritage site which the Tribe has named Yakmuy 'Ooyákma-tka (Place of the East Ridge Site) CA-SCL-215.

Academic discussions about the interethnic relationships operating during the colonial period in Atlantic Patagonia are relatively recent, in contrast with research carried out in the rest of the Argentine Republic. It has resulted in a significant gap –both empirical and epistemological- in the inquiry of the encounter between Europeans and natives, colonialism itself and its related materiality in the region. From historical archaeology approach, the purpose of this chapter is to discuss the agency and the diverse kinds of controls indigenous groups imposed over the Spanish colonial order established in Patagonian Atlantic coast (Argentina Republic) by the end of the 18th century. Interethnic relationships are explored in three study cases from the same colonizing project: Nueva Colonia y Fuerte de Floridablanca (San Julián Bay, Santa Cruz province), the settlement of Real Compañía Marítima (Puerto Deseado, Santa Cruz province) and Fuerte San José and Puesto de la Fuente (Valdés peninsula, Chubut province). Social practices, material conditions of the colonial settlements, and particularly, the indigenous perceptions of the colonial posts are thoroughly considered. This information is thus intended to discuss the divergent trajectories of interethnic relationships, as well as to approach colonialism in Patagonia from the natives’ logics and experiences.

All the characteristics of the 'Muram Kulukki' song are close to the characteristics of shamanism. Connecting with the spiritual world, reaching a trance state through the repetition of music and dance, spiritual treatment for healing, unity and togetherness of the community, and deep respect for the forces of nature are all reflected in this ceremony. Through this, not only is the spiritual life of a tribal community strengthened, but also their social ties. 'Muramkulukkipattu' is unique in both its social and cultural aspects. Since it is a ceremony that brings everyone together in the community, it becomes a symbol of unity and togetherness. Songs have long served as a medium through which tribal histories and stories are handed down across generations. 'Muramkulukkipattu' has given confidence and comfort to the people in situations where scientific treatment for healing is not available, and it also has great artistic value. Researchers are studying it today as part of the folk songs of Kerala. In the research article "Transcendental Interstices: An Ethnographic Exegesis of Shamanic Praxis among the Muramkulukkipattu Malaya Tribe," the shamanistic performance is explained in the context of treating patients; the Shaman also offers his audience a performance. What is this performance? Risking a rash generalisation based on a few observations, we shall say that it always involves the Shaman's enactment of the 'call' or the initial crisis which brought him the revelation of his condition. But we must not be deceived by the word performance.

Recent archaeological investigations on and near Camp Pendleton Marine Corps Base, San Diego County, California, have yielded vertebrate skeletal remains including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Camp Pendleton vertebrate faunal assemblages from 23 sites are discussed and placed in a broader regional perspective. Research questions addressed through the analysis of these data sets, include subsistence and settlement shifts through time, variation in use of coastal resources, and whether use of this landscape by highly mobile foragers or localized logistical collectors is indicated. A marked difference in species representation, diversity, and relative abundance is seen in Archaic Period bone assemblages when compared to those of the Late Prehistoric Period. Estuarine species are better represented, and the assemblages more diverse in the Archaic Period. A narrowed diet breadth is indicated at the Late Prehistoric Period sites.

The relationship between the field of archaeology and Native Americans has historically been associated with colonial endeavours. Indigenous erasure has been a prevalent theme in the development of the United States and the field of archaeology has played a significant role in that colonial imperative. This report first highlights how archaeology has been complicit in the damage that has been caused against Native Americans, specifically California Native Americans and has aided in their loss of sovereignty, left them without control of their own identities and helped construct colonial spaces. It suggests a shift in methodologies so that Native Americans can once again be the rightful owners of their past via the integration of Indigenous/collaborative archaeology which encourages indigenous interpretation and participation and gives Native Nations full control of their cultural resources, history, and heritage.
This paper focuses on a skeletal assemblage of 27 individuals of the Ohlone Muwekma Tribe from CA-SCL-215- Yakmuy ‘Ooy.kma-tka, Place of the East Ridge Site. A specific emphasis is given to the subject of diversification and decolonisation of bioarchaeology in the state of California. Skeletal analysis was conducted on all individuals prioritizing methodologies that were developed specifically for Native American assemblages, that were developed using Native American assemblages, and/or included Native American individuals as a part of their datasets in order to procure the most accurate results. Cross comparisons with nearby Ohlone Muwekma Tribe sites were included in an effort to elaborate on the comprehension of analysis results.
Collaborative work has been emphasised in an effort to contribute to the revitalisation of Native American history, specifically the Ohlone Muwekma Tribe. The Muwekma Ohlone Tribe played a continuous role in the entire archaeological project from excavation to the formulating and composing of this dissertation. This entire report was written under the guidance of the Ohlone Muwekma Tribe, the Most Likely Descendant of the assemblage individuals, and the tribe’s representatives.

Seven sites in the Far West have produced crescents in dated contexts: of these, only two are in the Great Basin. Single dates from both Great Basin sites-the Sunshine Locality and Fort Rock Cave-suggest that crescents date to the terminal Pleistocene. Crescents from dated contexts in California suggest that they were also used during the early Holocene. We report the discovery of a crescent from a stratified, radiocarbon-dated rockshelter in southeast Oregon initially occupied ~9600 calendar years ago (cal B.P.).

This study explores the interrelationship between the genus Canis and hunter-gatherers through a case study of prehistoric Native Americans in the San Francisco Bay-Sacramento Delta area. A distinctive aspect of the region's prehistoric record is the internment of canids, variously classified as coyotes, dogs, and wolves. Since these species are difficult to distinguish based solely on morphology, ancient DNA analysis was employed to distinguish species. The DNA study results, the first on canids from archaeological sites in California, are entirely represented by domesticated dogs (including both interments and disarticulated samples from midden deposits). These results, buttressed by stable isotope analyses, provide new insight into the complex interrelationship between humans and canids in both ritual and prosaic contexts, and reveal a more prominent role for dogs than previously envisioned.

To constrain the timing of the past seven lake highstands in the Salton Trough, we compiled 423 radiocarbon dates, of which 284 are reliable and have good stratigraphic control, from paleoseismic and archeological sites in the basin. We developed two OxCal models that assume most charcoal, wood, seeds, and twigs recovered from organic mats at or near the shoreline are derived from material that grew within the lake footprint, and therefore date a dry period between lakes. Charcoal samples collected from lacustrine clastic strata may have also been derived from fires burned during a dry period. As an initial constraint, we assume that samples older than those in earlier lake deposits have age inheritance. Assuming the dates are accurately described by their respective 2s uncertainties, we ran all dates that would run in a preliminary OxCal model, and then removed those with a poor agreement index as defined in OxCal. From this, of the 423 total dates in the compilation, 151 dates are used in the base model and 149 dates are used in an alternative model, with the differences in the models resulting from choices of whether to include or exclude specific dates that may or may not be representative of a particular dry period between lakes. Where the two models agree, the results are robust, but where the models differ, any differences are taken as uncertainty in the lake ages. Historical accounts and a highresolution paleohydrologic reconstruction allow us to refine some lake ages. The age windows for the past seven Lake Cahuilla highstands are 1731e1733 CE (Lake A), 1618 e1636 CE (Lake B), 1486e1503 CE (Lake C), 1118e1165 or 1192e1241 CE (Lake D), 1007e1070 CE (Lake E), 930e966 CE (Lake F), and 612e5 BCE (Lake G). These ages represent the maximum allowable ranges during which a lake may have filled the basin up to the þ13 m highstand elevation; the basin may have been dry for significant portions of each time window, though the lake filling and desiccation episodes may have extended beyond the stated highstand age range for each lake. If the paleohydrologic constraints are ignored, some of the lakes may have initiated earlier, by up to three decades. Additional dates would be needed to further bracket the ages of the earlier lakes. Notably, 120 of the original 284 reliable dates were rejected because they clearly violate stratigraphic ordering, implying that more than 40% of all radiocarbon dates in the Salton Basin exhibit statistically significant age inheritance.

This paper contributes to the existing body of literature that argues that intermarriage with Spanish soldiers served as a strategy for both social advancement and cultural agency for a select group of Christianized Indigenous and mestiza women well into the Mexican period of Alta California. It also illustrates how Christianized Indigenous and mestiza women as wives of Spanish/Mexican soldiers shaped the diverse social fabric of the colonial Alta California frontier through kinship and direct relations with local Indigenous communities long after mission secularization. The women central to this paper include Viridiana María (m. Villela), María de Jesus Villela (m. Higuera), and María de Jesus “Vibiana” Higuera (m. Juárez).

NO REFERENCES ARE CURRENTLY AVAILABLE. ALTERNATE NAMES: –. LOCATION COUNTY: Washoe. ARCHAEOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Little is known of the archaeological significance of the Long Valley although limited XRF studies of regional artifacts suggest that the source is a relatively minor one. Artifacts from this source are usually found in Washoe and Humboldt counties (Nevada) and are occasionally identified at sites in northeastern California and southeastern Oregon. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: Penni Borghi.

The long history of human-animal interactions in California prior to European contact is frequently not considered when setting ecological baselines and, by consequence, when planning conservation and management expectations and strategies for native species. This article reviews archaeological perspectives that explore the relationship between human niche construction, plant and wildlife populations, and human health in pre-European contact Central California, with an emphasis on the Central Valley and Delta, the surrounding foothills, and the San Francisco Bay Area. A summary of the archaeological record for Central California is provided, along with how niche construction and related evolutionary based models have been used in prehistoric California. Examples of the influences of human niche construction on flora, fauna, and human health from the archaeological and ethnographic record are then discussed. This information is tied to modern wildlife research and management practice...

scientific expertise to support conservation and recovery of biological diversity in its natural state through applied research, education, planning, and community service. The South Coast Wildlands mission is to protect, connect, and restore the rich natural heritage of the South Coast Ecoregion through the establishment of a system of connected wildlands.

The business next had financial difficulties that climaxed in a sheriff’s sale on August 16, 1887. The former creditors apparently operated the factory at that point, using a single furnace with ten pots by 1890. The group continued to have problems, and the factory was returned to receivership in March 1892. This business failure probably contributed to the suicide of the plant manager, Jacob V. Auth, who threw himself under a train in July (Hawkins 2009:104; Roller 1997).