Circassian Language

ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ:

Г.Д. АРХИПКИНА. К вопросу об использовании пресуппозиций в семасиологическом анализе
Е.А. ВИКУЛОВА. Вариативность форм субстантивного идентифицирующего компонента в простом предложении современного английского языка
В.К. ГРЕЧКО. О пассивности рефлексива в немецкой научной речи (на материале научно-технической литературы)
С. ДЖАЛОЛОВ. Методы эксперимента и моделирования в анализе деривационных морфем
В.Н. ДУДАРЕВА. Субъектные глаголы, требующие обстоятельственной конкретизации, в современном немецком языке
А.Р. ИЗБАСАРОВА. Об управлении однопереходных глаголов посредством предлога against в современном английском языке
И.Г. ИЛЬИНА. К вопросу о категориальном признаке синтаксем в позиции зависимого компонента в субстантивных конструкциях типа cell membrane в английском языке
Т.М. ИЛЬИНСКАЯ. Семантические типы посессивных актантов в английском языке
Л.А. КАРПОВА. Взаимодействие единиц лексического и синтаксического уровней языка (на материале переходных лексем, управляющих посредством предлога of, и объектных синтаксем)
С.М. КИБАРДИНА. Основные аспекты изучения количественной характеризации глагольного действия в зарубежной германистике
Ю.П. КНЯЗЕВ. Значение «непроизводного» состояния у причастий на -н, -т (статив)
Б.А. КРИВОНОСОВ. Имплицирующие частицы английского языка
Е.Р. КРЮЧКОВА. Виды и способы действия в современном бенгальском языке
С.Я. ЛИТВАК. Классы множественности существительных как языковые и подъязыковые универсалии
Т.Н. МАТВЕЕВА. К вопросу о новых фразеологических единицах в аспекте фразообразования 
Л.Ф. МАЧНЕВА. Абсолютивные конструкции переходных глаголов в английском языке
А.М. МУХИН. Лексическая семантика переходных и непереходных глаголов (в синхронии и диахронии)
А.М. МУХИН, С. ДЖАЛОЛОВ. Вариантность деривационных морфем
З.Д. МУХТАРОВ. Предложные сочетания с каузальной семантикой в структуре английских предложений
Е.В. ПЕРЕХВАЛЬСКАЯ. Типологические параллели между французскими и кельтскими языками (выделительные эмфатические конструкции)
Н.В. ПЕТРАШ. Изучение темпоральных элементов в понятиях членов предложения и синтаксем
Б.Х. РИЗАЕВ. Значение преждевременного прекращения процесса и средства его выражения в немецком языке
Н.А. РУБАНОВА. К вопросу о каузативных глаголах, управляющих посредством предлогов into и out of в современном английском языке
И.Д. САДОВНИКОВА. Грамматические категории и лексическая семантика присубстантивного инфинитива в современном немецком языке
Р.Т. САТТАРОВ. Немецкие второпричастные конструкции с посессивным определяемым
Т.М. ТРЮМОВА. Окказиональное использование фразеологизмов в современной немецкой публицистике (на материале произведений К. Крауза)
А.Н. ШАМАНАЕВА. О системных отношениях переходных глаголов, управляющих дательным падежом, в древнеанглийском языке
Н. ЭЛЬМУРАДОВ. Двучленные пассивные и стативные конструкции в немецкой прямой речи (некоторые количественные характеристики)
Ю.Н. ЯКОВЛЕВ. Распространенные согласующиеся определения в современной немецкой газете

Just as the invisibility of minorities in general, minorities in urban and metropolitan areas are also invisible to a large extent. Today, at least half of the global population lives in an urban area, while it is estimated that, by 2030, two-thirds of the world’s population will reside in this type of settlement space (Gottdiener, Hohle and King, 2019: 1). As for Turkey, almost 70% of Turkey's population resides in urban areas (TUIK; 2022), which is higher than the current global average for urban population. These striking rates of urbanization are driven by various factors, including the search for better employment, education, and healthcare services, as well as the allure of urban lifestyles; they bring about significant social, political, cultural and economic impact too. While urban areas can offer opportunities, minorities may also face significant challenges, including poverty, discrimination, segregation, and inequality. Despite a large literature on these issues, there is no specific study or report on Circassians or Abkhaz-Abazas living in metropolitan cities of Turkey. Likewise, although the State of the World’s Minorities and Indigenous Peoples report by MRG was published with a thematic focus on the urban areas in 2015, it did not have any mention of Circassians or Abkhaz-Abazas in Turkey.

Birçok ulusal azınlık grubunun bir arada yaşadığı, çok kültürlü ve çok dilli bir ülke olan Türkiye'de milliyetçiliğe dayalı ulus-devlet ideolojisinin hâkim olması ve bu temelde kurulan siyasi sistem ulusal azınlık dillerini baskı altına almış, yok olma tehlikesiyle karşı karşıya bırakmıştır. Bugünkü Türkiye topraklarına 1860'lı yıllarda Kafkasya'dan gelerek yerleşen Çerkesler dilleri yok olma tehdidi altında olan dezavantajlı ulusal azınlıklardan biridir. Çerkesçenin durumuna ilişkin araştırma alanı olarak Kayseri ilinin seçilmesinde, Çerkeslerin en yoğun nüfuslarının bulunduğu bir bölge olması, diğer bölgelere göre köylerin homojen nüfus yapısını ve dili büyük ölçüde korumaları etkili olmuştur.

Scholars of Ottoman history have long recognized that Russia's massacres and deportations of Circassians and other North Caucasian Muslims during the nineteenth century had profound and long-lasting demographic, economic, and social effects throughout Anatolia, the Balkans, and the Levant. These were the three regions to which Muslim refugees from the Caucasian borderlands found themselves transferred and in which they often went on to establish new villages or revive abandoned settlements; the most prominent example of the latter is modern Amman's emergence as a town that would grow in importance alongside the Hejaz Railway. Such scholars have also recognized that the influx of large numbers of Circassians, Chechens, and other Muslim peoples, hardened after years of fighting an aggressive Christian great power, had significant and sometimes devastating consequences for other ethnolinguistic communities in the areas they settled. From the early to midnineteenth century to the demise of the Ottoman state after World War I, displaced North Caucasian Muslims entered into protracted conflict over land and resources with the Armenians of the Anatolian highlands, the Slavic peoples of the Balkans, and the Arab Bedouin and Druze of the southern Levant. Less closely understood, even among those with the requisite linguistic skills (which are notoriously difficult to acquire given the exceptionally hard-to-learn languages of the North Caucasus), are the institutional and administrative dimensions of the Ottoman state's efforts to integrate Circassian and other refugees. The arrival of hundreds of thousands of Caucasian muhacirs produced logistical, financial, and legal problems that the Ottomans were able to manage only by developing new institutions to coordinate their settlement and facilitate their transformation into loyal, productive, rights-bearing, and tax-paying subjects of the sultan who would guard frontiers, suppress revolts, cultivate unused land, and further the state's efforts to entrench a modern land regime. It is here that Vladimir Hamed-Troyansky's Empire of Refugees: North Caucasian Muslims and the Late Ottoman State breaks new ground by analyzing the activities of the Ottoman Refugee Commission (Muhacirin Komisyonu), established in 1860 in response to the mass expulsions that followed Russia's push to "pacify" the North Caucasus and make it available for further colonization by Christian settlers after the Crimean War. Hamed-Troyansky argues that this Ottoman system of refugee resettlement was both non-Western, arising in reaction to European imperialism, and non-secular, devised to assist Muslims from the Caucasus as well as Crimea, the Balkans, and elsewhere. He argues further that it constitutes a key link in the historiographical chain that traverses the population transfers of the Ottoman Empire's final decade before ultimately culminating in the 1951 Refugee

Kefir, a traditional fermented milk beverage, has a history of over 5000 years, originating in North Caucasus, particularly among the Circassians (Adyge). This study examines the historical, cultural, and modern aspects of kefir consumption and its health benefits. Historical sources, cultural narratives, and modern scientific studies confirm its nutritional and therapeutic value. The article also highlights the role of kefir in Circassian heritage and its modern consumption patterns.

Keywords: Kefir, Kundepsı, Circassia, Traditional Medicine, Fermented Milk, Cultural Heritage, Probiotics

Kefir, yaklaşık 5000 yıllık geçmişi olan, Kuzey Kafkasya’da, özellikle Çerkesler (Adıge) arasında ortaya çıkan geleneksel bir fermente süt içeceğidir. Bu çalışma, kefirin tarihî, kültürel ve modern kullanımını ve sağlık açısından faydalarını incelemektedir. Tarihî kaynaklar, kültürel aktarım ve modern bilimsel araştırmalar, kefirin besleyici ve terapötik değerini doğrulamaktadır. Makale ayrıca kefirin Çerkes kültüründeki rolünü ve günümüzdeki tüketim biçimlerini ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Kefir, Kundepsı, Çerkesya, Geleneksel Tıp, Fermente Süt Ürünleri, Kültürel Miras, Probiyotikler

https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8798-6846

სტატიაში განხილულია სიტყვაწარმოებისა და გრამატიკული კლასის ურთიერთმიმართება წოვათუშურ ენაში. გაანალიზებულია ის ძირები, რომლებიც მნიშვნელობას სხვადასხვა კლასის ნიშნის დართვის შედეგად იცვლიან. ერთმანეთისაგან გამიჯნულია ოდესღაც სინტაქსური ფუნქციის მქონე გაქვავებული კლასის ნიშნები და მათი სადერივაციო აფიქსის მნიშვნელობით გამოყენების შემთხვევები.

Türk edebiyatında ilk Çerkes kadın romancı olarak bilinen Hayriye Melek Hunç, uzun bir ömrün ardından geriye yalnız Zühre-i Elem (1910) ve Zeynep (1926) adında iki kısa roman bırakarak 25 Ekim 1963’te dünyadan ayrıldığında aslında ailevi inişler ve çıkışlar, evlilikler ve ulusal mücadeleyle dolu dolu geçen bir hayatı tamamlar. Hikâye ve makalelerini yayınladığı Diyâne dergisi, Lozan Antlaşması’nda Çerkeslere azınlık statüsü verilmemesi üzerine kapatılınca Hunç’un sürgün yılları başlar. Diaspora yıllarını da Çerkes ulusal bilinci ve kadın hareketi için mücadeleyle dolu geçiren Hunç’un, iki elin parmaklarını aşmayacak kadar edebi eser bırakmasında bu yoğun aktivizminin etkisi olduğu düşünülebilir. Yazdıklarını özgün kılan özelliğiyse, aşk ile isyan duygusunu Türk edebiyatında o dönem için henüz erken sayılabilecek bir terkiple yan yana getirmesidir. Zühre-i Elem romanında, Berîa’nın duygusal eğitiminde önemli bir rol oynayan Osman Hâdî karakterinin Kafkas tarihi ve Çerkes ulusal bilinci hakkında anlattığı kısımlarda ve özellikle romanın bilinçli biçimde muğlak bırakılmış finalinde aşk ve isyan duygusu, Milli Edebiyat’ın doğumundan hemen önce, başarıyla iç içe geçirilir. Yazar, Mısır bağımsızlık hareketini anlattığı, vatan aşkını romantik aşkın ön koşulu haline getiren ikinci romanı Zeynep’te Halide Edip’in Ateşten Gömlek (1922) ve Vurun Kahpeye (1926) romanlarında anlattığına yakın, ancak feminist mesajı çok daha güçlü ve doğru işlenmiş bir hikâye ortaya koyar.

In this study, the use of the musical instrument accordion in the Balkans, Caucasus and Turkey was investigated. The study takes the form of a review of the relevant literature. First, the historical development and types of the accordion are highlighted. The aim to give information about the types of accordion used in the mentioned regions. During the research, it was found that there are scientific studies on the use of accordion in the Caucasus region, but there are no scientific studies on the use of the accordion in Turkey and the Balkans. Turkey has hosted many civilizations and cultures in history due to its strategic location. In the cultural interaction, the influence of the musical instrument accordion on the musical culture is inevitable. It has been shown that the accordion is used extensively by immigrants in Turkey, mainly as a result of the migration from the Caucasus and the Balkans. In the regions studied, information was given about the musical culture of the region, the musical instruments used and the place of the accordion in the musical culture.

This chapter explores clause chaining in Adyghe, a West Caucasian language. The major means of combining clauses into larger chains are the additive suffix, three converbs and the adverbial marker. The clause chaining constructions exhibit dependencies in morphosyntax, semantics and pragmatics that mainly concern the temporal reference and illocutionary force. The function of clause chaining constructions is the encoding of temporal succession or simultaneity in narratives. The encoded events are foregrounded and advance the narration. Adyghe also has a number of coordinators to combine clauses into larger units and frequently employs parataxis, but these constructions are not analyzed as clause chaining constructions because the combined clauses are independent. In natural texts clause chaining constructions are frequently used and mostly consist two or three clauses of which the last clause is a main clause with a fully inflected verb form.
Viewed from the perspective of West Caucasian, Adyghe represents a fairly typical inventory of clause chaining constructions. Converb constructions are also attested in the other four West Caucasian languages and an additive suffix is also used in Kabardian and Ubykh.

Resumen: El conejo es una especie particularmente ibérica y, según Varrón y Plinio, recibió el nombre de cuniculus en Hispania. Dada la proximidad fonética de ciertas formas del vasco, este nombre se ha considerado tradicionalmente latinización de una palabra ibérica. Sin embargo, no solo cabe plantear el parentesco vasco-latino al revés, sino que cuniculus es por su forma un diminutivo de cunnus. El vínculo significativo entre ambos lo proporciona el esp. madriguera (< matricaria), que ha sido el significado principal de la palabra latina, antes de designar otros tipos de galerías subterráneas. Cuniculus ('conejo') comenzó siendo la 'liebre de madriguera' (lepus cuniculus). Así que, por más difícil que haya sido la convivencia entre cuniculus y cunnus en latín y luego en romance entre conejo y coño o entre conil/conin y con, su relación etimológica es legítima y es inútil seguir velándola.

This chapter discusses the diachronic origins of the rich and variegated system of locative verbal prefixes (preverbs) in the polysynthetic Northwest Caucasian languages. The preverbs systematically serve as locative applicatives introducing the spatial landmark as an indirect object. It is shown that most preverbs have arisen through incorporation of nouns denoting bodyparts or salient objects. The applicative function of preverbs developed either via semantic extension of inherently relational incorporated nouns, or through the stage of verbal classifiers where the preverb is doubled by a synonymous and later hyponymous external nominal. Locative applicatives in the Northwest Caucasian languages can also develop non-spatial functions (e.g. benefactive or involuntary agent) as well as lose their valency-increasing potential turning into purely spatial modifiers of verbs.

ÖZET
Gönen–Manyas Çerkes Sürgünü, Türkiye’nin kuruluş döneminde uygulanan homojenleştirici ulus-devlet politikalarının en az bilinen ama en derin iz bırakan örneklerinden biridir. Bu kitapçık, 1923 yılında Balıkesir’in Gönen ve Manyas kazalarına bağlı 14 Çerkes köyünün zorla yerinden edilmesini yalnızca bir tarihsel vaka olarak değil; bastırılmış bir hafıza, çözülmüş bir aidiyet ve kurumsallaşmış bir asimilasyon pratiği olarak analiz etmektedir.
Çalışma, sürgünün kökenlerini Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’e uzanan etnik mühendislik sürekliliği içinde konumlandırır. İttihat ve Terakki döneminden itibaren inşa edilen Türkçü paradigmanın, erken Cumhuriyet döneminde hukuki, ideolojik ve mekânsal araçlarla nasıl sürdürüldüğü gösterilir. Çerkes Ethem vakası, Kuva-yi Seyyare'nin tasfiyesi ve “itaatsiz unsurlar” söylemi, bu kolektif dışlamanın düşünsel ve siyasal zeminini oluşturur.
Sürgünün uygulanışı, yalnızca fiziki yer değiştirme değil; mülksüzleştirme, dağıtma, bölme ve kimliği sessizleştirme hedefleriyle yürütülmüş bir toplumsal çözülme sürecidir. Bu sürecin etkileri yalnızca 1923’e değil, bugüne kadar uzanan bir hafıza bastırması ve kimlik stratejileri repertuvarı yaratmıştır. Sessizlik, simülasyon, örtme ve işbirliği gibi hayatta kalma yolları, Pierre Bourdieu’nün habitus kavramı ve Michel Foucault’nun disiplin toplumu çerçevesiyle birlikte ele alınmıştır.
Aynı zamanda kitapçık, Çerkes toplumunun bu travmayla kurduğu ilişkide zamanla yaşanan dönüşümü de gözler önüne serer. Sürgün, yalnızca unutulmuş değil; anlatılmayan, aktarılamayan, hatta inkâr edilen bir geçmiş olarak yaşamıştır. Ancak son yıllarda yükselen sözlü tarih çalışmaları, dijital medya temsilleri, 7 Mayıs anmaları ve kültürel üretimler, sürgünü kamusal bir hafıza alanı haline getirmiştir.
Bu bağlamda Gönen–Manyas sürgünü, artık yalnızca tarihsel bir kırılma değil; bugünün kimlik mücadelelerinde referans verilen bir kolektif hafıza, dil direnişinin simgesel zemini ve sivil toplumun kültürel örgütlenme arayışlarının merkezidir. Kitapçık, hafızayı geçmişle sınırlı değil; geleceğe dönük kurucu bir eylem alanı olarak gören yaklaşımıyla, Çerkes diasporasına hem teorik bir katkı, hem de politik bir çağrı sunmaktadır.
ABSTRACT
The Gönen–Manyas Circassian Deportation is one of the least known but most deeply resonant examples of the homogenizing nation-state policies implemented during the foundation of the Republic of Turkey. This booklet analyzes the forced displacement of 14 Circassian villages in the districts of Gönen and Manyas in 1923 not merely as a historical incident, but as a suppressed memory, a fractured sense of belonging, and a normalized practice of assimilation.
The study situates the roots of the deportation within the continuity of ethnic engineering policies stretching from the late Ottoman Empire to the early Republic. It demonstrates how the Turkist paradigm constructed during the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) era was maintained through legal, ideological, and spatial mechanisms by the founding cadres of the Republic. The case of Circassian Ethem, the dissolution of Kuva-yi Seyyare, and the discourse of “disobedient elements” collectively form the ideological and political groundwork of this marginalization.
The implementation of the deportation was not merely a matter of physical relocation, but a broader process of dispossession, dispersion, fragmentation, and enforced silence of identity. The long-term effects of this policy created a repertoire of memory suppression and identity strategies that persist to this day. Strategies such as silence, simulation, concealment, and collaboration are analyzed through Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of habitus and Michel Foucault’s theory of disciplinary society.
At the same time, the booklet reveals the transformation in how the Circassian community has come to relate to this trauma. The deportation was not merely forgotten, but lived as an untold, untransmitted, and at times denied past. In recent years, however, oral history projects, digital media representations, May 7 commemorations, and cultural productions have reconstituted the deportation as a public field of memory.
In this context, the Gönen–Manyas deportation is no longer a historical rupture alone; it has become a symbolic reference point in contemporary identity struggles, the foundation of linguistic resistance, and the center of civil society’s search for cultural reconstruction. This booklet contributes not only theoretically but also politically to the Circassian diaspora by viewing memory not as something confined to the past, but as a foundational field of action for the future.

In the modern world, there is a conscious interest in improving education quality with the help of modern information technologies. Innovative mlearning technology expands the possibilities and increases the effectiveness of training. Experiments conducted in European countries showed that the use of mobile devices positively affected academic performance, discipline, and interpersonal relationships among participants in the educational process. However, currently, practical research only generally concerns the issue of increasing foreign student involvement in the educational process. The purpose of the study is to experiment and obtain new data confirming the effectiveness of mobile technologies in increasing foreign student involvement in the educational process. The developed mobile technologybased course was introduced into the educational system of the university. The program included traditional and practical classes. The study confirms the effectiveness of mobile learning technology. A statistical data analysis showed positive dynamics in the indicators of the experimental group. The final data of the experimental group differed significantly from the initial ones: the average indicator of 2.9 (average involvement level) increased to 4 (+1.1). Based on the developed course using mobile learning, it is possible to create and practically implement new educational programs for universities.

This thesis aims to investigate the interaction between complex morphology and complex phonology in the languages of the Caucasus. The Caucasus is well-known for containing languages with exceptionally large case systems and complex polysynthetic verbal morphology, which is paired with some of the largest consonant inventories in the world outside Africa. The study focuses specifically on nominal and verbal affixation, the morphological process of adding bound morphemes to lexical stems, as the languages of the Caucasus present some of the most intricate affixation patterns in the world.

The underlying hypothesis of the thesis is that larger consonant inventories enable more complex morphology, which was operationalised as the number of grammatical functions expressed by affixation. A data set of more than 11,000 affixes was compiled, which enabled a comparison of the vast variety of grammatical functions expressed by affixation and the related phonological forms in 56 languages from the five language families of the Caucasus, i.e. Kartvelian, Nakh-Dagestanian, Northwest Caucasian, Indo-European and Turkic. The results indicated a significant positive correlation between the number of grammatical functions expressed by affixation and the size of a language’s consonant phoneme inventory, which was also true for the combined inventories of both consonant and vowel phonemes.

It has previously been proposed that the three endemic language families of the Caucasus, i.e. Kartvelian, Nakh-Dagestanian and Northwest Caucasian, belong to a common linguistic area, known as the Caucasian Sprachbund. The thesis also intended to test whether the nominal and verbal affixation inventories could support the notion of a morphological Caucasian Sprachbund, and the results could not support such a morphological sprachbund. A second hypothesis postulated that there are systematic phonological differences between affixes and lexical stems, which motivated a second data set of more than 21,500 lexical items from 52 of the 56 languages of the affixal data set. When the affixal data set and the lexical data set were compared, a significant difference could be observed between phonological distributions of combinations of place and manner of articulation. The results also demonstrated that voiceless consonants are significantly more common in lexical stems than in affixes. The phonological results also indicated that there are significant differences for certain combinations of place, manner and voicing, where particularly the various ejective consonants of the Caucasus all presented significantly different distributions in the affixal and lexical data sets. This suggests that the large inventories of ejectives in the Caucasus potentially facilitate the distinction between affixes and lexical stems in these languages.

Сравнительный анализ западнокавказских и восточнокавказских языков указывает на то, что ранний празападнокавказский язык подвергся коренной перестройке фонологической, морфологической и синтаксической структур, в результате чего на определенном этапе эволюции он стал аналитическим, с элементарной флексией, выражая основные грамматические роли лексическими средствами, порядком слов и, возможно, также тонами. Последующее развитие словосложения и инкорпорации привели к формированию префиксального полиперсонального полисинтетического агглютинативного языка, типичного для современных западнокавказских языков. Хотя эти «катастрофические» изменения в значительной степени затемнили генетическую связь между западнокавказскими и восточнокавказскими языками, их родство можно доказать, применяя стандартные процедуры сравнительно-исторического языкознания.

Corcorec'i's] translation of Thomas Aquinas' Commentary on the fourth book of Peter Lom bard's Sentences was copied there (M560).77 Armenian ecclesiastics with Latin cited also by XAC'IKYAN 1973 p. 63. On the filioque controversy in Armenia, see Appendix A.

Кандидат филологических наук Я. М. Багов, доктор филологических наук Б. X. Балкаров, кандидат филологических наук Т. X. Куашева, доктор филологических наук М. А. Кумахов, доктор филологических наук Г. В. Рогава. Grammar of the Kabardian (Circassian) language, first part phonology and morphology. Basic reference for long years

Под термином «дунганский язык» мы понимаем язык одной из много численных национальностей Советского Союза, так называемых дунган, потомков китайских мусульман, выходцев из провинций Ганьсу и Шэньси. Во второй половине прошлого столетия, после неудачного восстания, дунгане были оттеснены китайскими войсками на запад, и в 80-е годы часть их перешла границу б. царской России в районе Семиречья и там осела; в 'настоящее время дунганские поселения входят в состав Киргизской и Казахской АССР.1 В основе дунганского языка лежат, как известно, китайские говоры провинций Ганьсу и Ш эньси.1 2 Эти говоры, к сожалению, ещ е только начи нают изучаться, да и то пока лишь с Фонетической стороны,3 и поэтому делать какие-либо выводы о том, в какой мере язык советских дунган совпадает resp. отличается от этих говоров, а вместе с тем и от языка дунган зарубежных, было бы сейчас несколько преждевременно, по крайней мере в отношении интонационных и грамматических особенностей. Един ственное, с чем мы можем в настоящее время дунганский язык сопоставить, это с северным разговорным китайским языком, Фонетическая и граммати ческая структуры которого более, или менее хорошо известны. Сопоста вление этих двух языков очень поучительно, так как показывает нам, что расхождение между ними отнюдь не ограничивается областью словаря-1 Подробную библиографию о дунганах см. в книге «Материалы для библиографии по антропологии и этнографии Кззакстана и среднеазиатских республик» Вознесенской и Пиотровского, гл. 23, №№ 2633-54. Ленин! рад. О дунганском новом алфавите см. статью А. Драгунова в журнале «Революция и письменность», 1932, № 1-2, стр. 33-37. М. ВЦК НА. О дунганском восстании см.. Л. Думай «Русская и иностранная литерат\ра (в том числе и китайская) о дунганском восстании 1861-77 гг.» Библиография Востока, т. 7, 1935 г. 2 Центр ганьсуйского диалекта дунганского языка находится в сел. Александровна Киргизия), недалеко от г. Фр>нзе, а Шэньсийского-в сел. Каракунуз (Казахстан) в нескольких километрах от г. Токмака. 3 См. Karlgren «Etudes sur la phonologie chinoise», pass.

The article is devoted to the discussion of the origin of the names of mosque in a number of Eurasian and African languages, with special emphasis on the languages of the Caucasus. The main source for the names of the mosque was the Arabic language, either directly through Arabic-speaking preachers, or via other languages. However, one of the names of the mosque common in the languages of the Caucasus and in
some other languages of Europe, Asia and Africa goes back not to the Arabic, but to an Aramaic source.

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This study aimed to investigate the cultural elements that the Circassians of New Jersey have preserved after being in the State of New Jersey for more than 80 years. It also sought to reveal the factors that assisted them in preserving some of Circassian cultural aspects. The researchers used a mixed approach of qualitative and quantitative research methods to collect and analyze the data. A sample of 40 participants was chosen conveniently on the basis of availability to respond to sociolinguistic questionnaire in addition to holding open-ended interviews with another 10 participants. Results showed awareness to the Circassian culture and its bountiful facets along with high appreciation to the American culture. The cultural elements that are mainly preserved were food, folklore, music and Circassian celebrations. On the other hand, they preserved "Adiga Xabza" which is a group of social refined manners that are based on respect, honor, hospitality, responsibility, self-control, discipline, and good character which is passed naturally to generations. Historical awareness was only concerned with major historical events that mainly reflected the suffering of their ancestors. The role of the Circassian associations was essential. Home and family were the major factors that helped in maintaining some of the cultural elements.

The present Chapter 1 gives a concise account of the Armenian historiographical sources (5 th-13 th centuries) that refer to Caucasian Albania, its people and its religious and administrative setting. As the primary source on Caucasian Albania and its inhabitants, it deals with the History of the Country of the Albanians, attributed to a certain Movses Kałankatuatsi or Daskhurantsi, which was written in Armenian between the 7 th and 10 th centuries on the basis of a wide variety of sources, both older Armenian accounts and local, presumably also oral, traditions that are otherwise unattested. We first summarise the information given by the Armenian historiographers of the 5 th-8 th centuries that may have served as sources for the History and then provide an overview of how the History itself has left its traces in the Armenian historiography of the subsequent times (up to the end of the 13 th century). To illustrate this, we compare the narratives about the three most saliant figures relating to the time of the Christianisation of Albania, viz. St Elisaeus, St Grigoris and King Urnayr, thus establishing the coexistence of two versions of the respective legends in the History, their provenance and their later exploitation. 1 Introduction: Albania and its neighbours 1.1 The names of Albania Caucasian Albania used to be called Ἀλβανία/Albania or, more rarely, Ἀλβανίς by Greek and Roman authors. 2 According to Marcus Iunianus Iustinus (c. 3 rd century CE), the Albanians as the inhabitants of the country were supposed to have come along from Mt Albano in Southern Italy together with Hercules when he drove 1 The Chapter largely builds upon contents of the introduction to the first edition of the Albanian palimpsests of Mt Sinai by Zaza Aleksidze and Jean-Pierre Mahé (in Gippert et al. 2008: I, viixxiv). With their kind permission, the information they had gathered was restructured, updated and extended to meet the requirements of the present Handbook.

Lemmatization is a pre-processing stage in several natural language processing applications such as data retrieval. There are a few attempts on Setswana word lemmatization. Developed Setswana lemmatizers do not show in details where lemmatization fails to work well leading to reduced performance. This paper presents a detailed rule-based Setswana verb lemmatizer. Challenges in verb lemmatization are pointed out by word category. The overall results show that rule based Setswana verb lemmatization gives a good performance of 87%. However, reflexive verbs have a significant large percentage of exceptions.

We analyze referential choice in Abaza, a polysynthetic Northwest Caucasian language with consistent head-marking, focusing on the use of independent pronouns in a small corpus of recorded narratives. We show that first and second person pronouns are employed in Abaza for introducing the relevant referents into discourse as well as in situations of topic shift. Forms that morphologically look like third person pronouns are rather used as intensifiers, while the true anaphoric function is performed by demonstratives. The latter tend to occur after the relevant referent is introduced into the discourse by a full noun phrase and before it is established as a protagonist subsequently referred to by pronominal affixes alone. Our results show that the patterns of use of independent pronouns in languages with pronominal affixes both conform to cross-linguistic tendencies and display a number of special features possibly related to their non-default status.

Guided by language maintenance and shift (Fishman, 1991) as a theoretical construct, this study explored the sociolinguistic situation and the maintenance of Circassian, a Northwest Caucasian language, spoken in Turkey since the Ottoman Era. To explore the impacts of official language ideologies and policies on the maintenance of Circassian, five participants from different age groups and regions of Turkey were interviewed using linguistic life story interviews (Atkinson 1998). As part of its socio-historical focus, the study first highlights some of the Circassian initiatives that played an important role in maintaining the language during the Ottoman Era and addresses the changes in language ideologies and policies after the declaration of the Turkish Republic. Similar to other ethnolinguistic minorities' experiences in Turkey (Aslan, 2007; Seloni & Sarfati, 2013), the life story interviews revealed the impacts of assimilationist language policies in educational and social settings. Findings also revealed the long-lasting impact of the Citizen Speak Turkish policy (1928-1945) on the maintenance of Circassian and its negative impact on the generational transfer which has not been explored by former research. The findings have implications for language policymakers, Circassian NGOs, and Circassian speakers in Turkey to maintain and transfer the language to future generations.

The present paper elaborates on the morphological features of limestone birds depicted on the famous Al-Ubaid frieze, dated to c. 2400 B.C. and discovered in southern Mesopotamia in the vicinity of the ancient city of Ur. The main purpose of this paper is to identify wild bird species that could have been the original sources of inspiration for the birds depicted on the Al-Ubaid frieze. The popular belief identifying the Al-Ubaid birds with ducks has to be abandoned due to the vivid differences in the varied morphologies of the body, head, and neck of the investigated birds. The research presented suggests that some of the Al-Ubaid birds have traits characteristic of short-neck geese or coots, both waterfowl species. Some of the Al-Ubaid birds may be also be regarded as pigeons or doves. This idea was developed by analyzing some selected traits of the Columbidae encountered on the Al-Ubaid bird frieze. The findings confirm that there exists a demonstrable problem with a proper identification of geese, ducks, swans and pigeons in ancient Mesopotamian art, a challenge that likely results from the lack of ornithological approach in the historical and archaeological discourse.

Tacikçe bitki ve hayvan adları taranarak bir araya getirilmiştir. Kaynaklar özbekçelerine göre nispeten çok çok az. O yüzden bu tarama tamamlanmamış bir taramadır. Türk dillerini (ve türkçeyle ilintili komşu dilleri) topluca ele alacağımdan eksiklerini orada tamamlarız ya da ulaşılabilir kaynaklar internete yüklenir ve epey çıkarsa yeniden düzenleriz bunu. Yine de burada kullanıma uygun yeterince tarantı var.

An overview of the West Caucasian or Abkhaz-Adyghean linguistic family. The Abkhaz-Adyghean languages are spoken, with the exception of the recently extinct Ubykh, by the indigenous population of the Western Caucasus, which since time immemorial populate this mountainous area. This is the chapter submitted to Yuri Koryakov, Yury Lander and Timur Maisak (eds.), The Caucasian Languages. An International Handbook. Mouton. HSK series (To appear).