Coal Mine

India’s current coal mine repurposing strategy ~ building eco-parks, greening overburden, revegetating surface land - is necessary but insufficient. It addresses the visual dimension of mine closure while leaving untouched the human dimension that our data identifies as the binding constraint. A site that looks healed but whose surrounding community has been economically hollowed out by three generations of mono-economy dependence
on coal does not become a tourism destination by adding trees. It becomes a park that people drive past.

This article deals with overview of Turkey's coal necessity, reserves and utilization. Turkey is rapidly growing in terms of both its economy and its population. In parallel, its demand for energy, particularly for electricity, is increasing. Turkey possesses fossil fuel resources of hard coal (HC) and lignite (LG) have the greatest importance in energy production and for the national economy. The hard coal and lignite reserves of Turkey are 1.126 and 8.375 millions tons(Mt), respectively. Coal, the major fuel source for turkey utilized mainly for electric power, steel manufacturing and cement production, amounts to 31% of total energy consumption in Turkey. To sum up, providing the total consumption is taken into account in the Middle East, the coal consumption rate of Turkey is approximately 90% of the consumption in this region.

This paper presents a conceptual design for a technological installation aimed at mitigating ventilation air methane (VAM) from coal mine exhaust shafts, offering combined heat and power generation. It addresses the challenge posed by low methane concentrations (below 0.7%), which preclude direct combustion. To overcome this, the proposed concept involves diverting a portion of the VAM to a combustion chamber of the power boiler dedicated to co-combustion with flotation concentrate suspension, which is properly prepared for feeding into the combustion chamber. The heat generated in the power boiler produces steam to drive a turbine generator for electricity production. Back-pressure steam from the turbine can be utilized for district heating or as a thermal energy source for various industrial processes, optimizing the plant's energy efficiency and reducing its environmental footprint. The feasibility of this technology hinges on its cost-effectiveness and energy efficiency. This aspect of efficiency has been outlined. An energy balance analysis, based on real emission data from a selected mine, is provided to determine power boiler efficiency, fuel consumption, and a VAM reduction rate. The forecast of the amount of energy produced was presented for a single installation with a grate boiler capable of co-firing fuels with a VAM flow participation of 25 m 3 /s. Such installations can be scaled to meet mine requirements, enabling the neutralization of VAM at a total capacity of up to 300 m 3 /s, which corresponds to emissions from a large ventilation shaft.

Ao longo do século XX a exploração de carvão mineral marcou a cidade de Criciúma. O crescimento da exploração do carvão em Criciúma foi atraindo um grande contingente de trabalhadores migrantes provenientes dos vários municípios do Sul Catarinense e até de outros estados. Esses migrantes vieram a constituir-se na principal força de trabalho das minas de carvão. Assim, o artigo busca apontar para dois aspectos da condição de vida desses trabalhadores: 1) a trajetória no espaço
fabril, suas lutas, a participação no sindicato. 2) apontar para precariedade de suas condições de vida após a aposentadoria

In coal mining regions of India, decisions to stay in place amid environmental and socio-economic transformations are deeply intertwined with questions of immobility, climate change, and social inequalities. This paper examines how voluntary and involuntary immobility shape livelihood and intersect with everyday survival in the coal economy. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork conducted between 2019 and 2022 among coal-dependent Adivasi communities in Jharkhand, India, we explore how immobility emerges as a coping strategy in the face of displacement threats, environmental degradation due to coal mines, and India’s climate action, particularly transitioning away from coal. While the dominant narrative often argues migration as an adaptive response to climate change, this study highlights the agency of those who choose or are compelled to remain. The findings reveal that immobility is a product of structural constraints, such as inadequate compensation schemes and restricted access to resources and opportunities, and a conscious decision to preserve cultural identity among coal-dependent Adivasi communities, inter-community ties and land-based livelihoods. This paper draws attention to a more critical understanding of resilience and vulnerability in coal mining regions by situating immobility within the broader context of climate adaptation, social and climate justice in India. Our analysis contributes to debates on equitable climate policies and development practices by emphasising the need to address the underlying inequalities of immobility in the most vulnerable communities.

This study proposes a new national governance framework centered on "people's sovereignty first, equal coordination among non-hierarchical institutions, and an AI communication hub". Its core logic is: decision-making power belongs to all the people, executive power is exercised equally and collaboratively by 12 types of professional institutions, and supervisory power is fully closed-loop supervised by the People's Oversight Committee. This framework is designed to eliminate institutional corruption and capital exploitation at the root, and build a transparent, efficient, and evolvable national governance system.

Author’s Statement: All core ideas in this article (including but not limited to the definitions and theoretical frameworks of “People’s Ideal State”, “Five Old Systems”, “Non‑hierarchical Institutions”, and “AI Communication Hub”) are independently originated by the author. This work was first published in this Zhihu column (April 25, 2026) and on Academia.edu (April 26, 2026). Any form of plagiarism, disguised rewriting, or republication as original work without the author’s written permission is strictly prohibited.

This report quantifies the thermal energy required to sustain continuous 80 MW electrical output from a thermal Waste-to-Energy (WtE) facility, evaluates conservative estimates of recoverable domestic energy resources in Fiji, examines current sectoral allocations and realistic diversion scenarios, and estimates annual costs to close the residual thermal shortfall under two fuel-price regimes. Using a conservative electrical conversion efficiency of 25%, the plant requires 320 MW thermal (≈7.68 GWh/day; ≈2,803 GWh/year). Conservative resource and diversion assumptions leave residual shortfalls of 970 GWh/yr (conservative diversion) and 725 GWh/yr (aggressive diversion). Closing these residuals primarily with diesel yields annual fuel costs in the range USD 274.5-504.4 million, depending on diversion and price scenario. Under current allocations and realistic diversion, baseload 80 MW operation is not supportable without major new resource mobilization, secured long-term fuel arrangements, or a revised operational profile.

Crime related to explosive and explosive related components are increasing rapidly. To combat the devastating effects of global terrorism, the detection of explosives and explosive-related materials is presently one of the most pressing global concerns. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the development of fluorescence-based chemical sensors for the recognition of explosives in the solid, solution, and vapor phases, with improved sensitivity, selectivity, and response speed. Quick, sensitive and selective detection of explosive is very much important in nowadays. In this paper, DPOC molecule is synthesized and characterize for detection of 1,3-dinitrobenzene. Detection limit is 7 µM. This method can be a good alternative for on-site detection of 1,3-dinitrobenzene at crime scene.

El gas grisú es una mezcla de gases asociada a los mantos de carbón mineral, compuesta principalmente por metano (CH₄), acompañado de dióxido de carbono, nitrógeno, oxígeno, vapor de agua, compuestos de azufre y otros hidrocarburos. Este gas se libera durante los procesos de extracción minera por desorción, representando un riesgo significativo para la seguridad debido a su carácter tóxico y altamente explosivo, lo que obliga a su extracción continua mediante sistemas de ventilación y desgasificación en las minas subterráneas.
Además de su peligrosidad, el grisú tiene una doble relevancia ambiental y energética. Por un lado, el metano es un gas de efecto invernadero con una capacidad de retención de calor aproximadamente 23 veces superior a la del dióxido de carbono, contribuyendo de manera importante al cambio climático global. A nivel nacional, el metano representó alrededor del 23% de las emisiones totales de gases de efecto invernadero en México en la década de 1990, aunque la proporción específica atribuible al grisú no ha sido determinada con precisión.
Por otro lado, el grisú constituye un recurso energético potencialmente aprovechable. A nivel internacional, su explotación ha sido desarrollada desde el siglo XIX, utilizándose para generación eléctrica y térmica, con avances significativos en países como Estados Unidos y Alemania. En contraste, en México su aprovechamiento ha sido limitado, a pesar de la existencia de importantes reservas de carbón y, por ende, de gas asociado, principalmente en el estado de Coahuila, donde se concentra la producción nacional de carbón.
Las estimaciones indican que el contenido de gas grisú en las cuencas carboníferas de Coahuila varía entre 10 y 18 m³ por tonelada de carbón, con composiciones superiores al 97% de metano en algunos casos. Asimismo, se han calculado recursos potenciales de entre 122 y 220 Gm³ de metano, lo que representa una fuente energética considerable. Sin embargo, gran parte de este gas es actualmente liberado a la atmósfera, estimándose emisiones anuales cercanas a 151 Mm³, lo que implica tanto una pérdida económica como un impacto ambiental relevante.
Una de las principales limitantes para el aprovechamiento del grisú en México es el marco legal vigente. De acuerdo con el artículo 27 constitucional y su legislación reglamentaria, todos los hidrocarburos pertenecen a la Nación y su explotación está reservada a Petróleos Mexicanos (PEMEX). Dado que el grisú está compuesto mayoritariamente por metano, su aprovechamiento por parte de las empresas mineras está restringido. No obstante, PEMEX no ha mostrado interés en su explotación debido a su baja rentabilidad relativa, la complejidad técnica y los costos de infraestructura requeridos.
En este contexto, México enfrenta una paradoja: dispone de un recurso energético valioso que, por falta de adecuaciones legislativas, es desaprovechado y liberado a la atmósfera, contribuyendo al cambio climático. Esto contrasta con los compromisos internacionales adquiridos por el país, como el Protocolo de Kioto, que establece la reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, incluyendo el metano.
En conclusión, el gas grisú en México representa simultáneamente un problema de seguridad minera, un desafío ambiental y una oportunidad energética no explotada. Su adecuada gestión requiere reformas legales que permitan su recuperación y uso, promoviendo así la seguridad de los trabajadores, la reducción de emisiones contaminantes y el aprovechamiento eficiente de los recursos energéticos del país.

An actinobacterial strain, designated G4T, isolated from a coal mine was subjected to polyphasic taxonomic characterization. Cells were Gram-stain-positive, yellow-pigmented, non-motile and non-spore-forming cocci. This organism possessed a type B peptidoglycan with diaminobutyric acid as diagnostic diamino acid. The major respiratory quinones were MK-9, MK-10 and MK-11. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 (41.6  %) and anteiso-C17 : 0 (32.8 %). The predominant cellular polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. Cell wall sugars comprised galactose, glucose, ribose and rhamnose. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of strain G4T showed high similarity with Agrococcus baldri (98.9 %), Agrococcus citreus (97.8 %), Agrococcus jenensis (97.3 %) and Agrococcus terreus (97.0 %). Sequence similarity with the type strains of the other species of the genus Agrococcus was less than 97.0 %. The DNA–DNA relatedness of strain G4T with the type strains of Agrococcus bald...

Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) and Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) have shown numerous applications for subsidence monitoring. In the past 10 years, the Persistent Scatterer InSAR (PSI) and Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) approaches were developed to overcome the problem of decorrelation and atmospheric effects, which are common in interferograms. However, DInSAR or PSI applications in rural areas, especially in mountainous regions, can be extremely challenging. In this study we have employed a combined technique, i.e., SBAS-DInSAR, to a mountainous area that is severely affected by mining activities. In addition, L-band (ALOS) and C-band (ENVISAT) data sets, 21 TerraSAR-X images provided by German Aerospace Center (DLR) with a high resolution have been used. In order to evaluate the ability of TerraSAR-X for mining monitoring, we present a case study of TerraSAR-X SAR images for Subsidence Hazard Boundary (SHB) extraction. The resulting data analysis gives an initial evaluation of InSAR applications within a mountainous region where fast movements and big phase

Coal mining contributes largely towards economic development of the nation although it has a great impact on the human health. It also has an impact on a socio-cultural aspect of workers and people residing in and around coal mining areas. Thus a holistic approach to taking up with mining activities, keeping in mind the concerns over adjoining habitats and ecosystem, is the need of the hour. This requires identification of various sites where minerals exist, of various factors ranging from an appropriate angle of the slope of overburden dumps to safe disposal drains, of safe techniques to various silt control structures etc. In India, coal companies are now working towards "clean coal" strategies which aim to reduce environmental impacts. The reduced ash contents of the washed coal increase thermal efficiency of combustion which, in turn, makes a direct impact on reducing emissions of pollutants. However, the coal washing requires extra water and it can turn towards a pollution free society.

The development of modern technologies has enabled the application of specialized softwares in the field of mining through various segments and processes, including in works related to drilling and blasting. The application of specialized software for drilling and blasting with the use of modern technologies such as photogrammetry enabled more accurate data from the field for later processing. By processing data and creating a 3D model of the terrain for drilling and blasting works, it can obtain precise data, which serve us for the optimization of drilling and blasting parameters, as well as their analysis. The application of this type of specialized software, in this case, the O-Pitblast software, provides an overview of all parameters, as well as possible corrections and different scenarios regarding the results of the blasting itself. Optimization and analysis through this software can improve the results of blasting in terms of fragmented material size, and reduce the unwanted ...

Dla hipotetycznego złoża oraz układu kopalni z elektrownią o parametrach zbliżonych do warunków KWB "Konin" S.A. wyznaczono ceny węgla i podziały zysku zaproponowane w I i II części. Omówiono wyniki pod kątem sprawiedliwości podziału i możliwości ich akceptacji przez obie strony. Przeprowadzono analizę wrażliwości udziałów kopalni w łącznym zysku, poziomu cen granicznych wyznaczających progi rentowności, cen węgla, łącznego zysku i zysku kopalni na zmianę ceny energii oraz kosztów kopalni i elektrowni. Omówiono wyniki pod kątem korekty podziału w następnym okresie z uwzględnieniem inflacji, zmian cen energii oraz kosztów kopalni i elektrowni, a także potencjalnej pokusy zmiany proporcji udziałów poprzez zwiększanie wydatków. Zaproszono zainteresowane strony -kopalnie węgla brunatnego i współpracujące z nimi elektrownie -do dyskusji nad proponowanymi podziałami.