Coastal Geography

Kıyı birimleri, unsurları, dinamikleri, hızı ve süreçlerine etki eden antropojenik koşullar, çizgisel ve alansal olarak kıyı jeomorfolojisinde değişimlere doğrudan ve dolaylı olarak etki etmektedir. Belirtilen kapsamda bu çalışmada, İstanbul’un Karadeniz kıyısında yer alan ve madencilik faaliyetleri ile büyük değişimlere uğrayan Karaburun-Kumköy arası kıyı şeridi antropo-jeomorfolojik yaklaşım ve Sayısal Kıyı Çizigisi Analiz Sistemi (DSAS) aracının kullanımı ile incelenmiştir. Çalışmada, 1970 yılına ait ortofoto, 1975, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2020 ve 2023 yıllarına ait Landsat uydu görüntüleri kullanılmıştır. Ortofoto üzerinden manuel, uydu görüntüleri üzerinden ise Normalize Fark Su İndisi (NDWI) ve eşik yöntemi kullanılarak kıyı çizgileri üretilmiştir. Daha sonra DSAS aracında yer alan Net Kıyı Değişim Hareketi (NSM), Kıyı Çizgisi Değişim Limiti (SCE), Son Nokta Oranı (EPR) ve Doğrusal Regresyon Oranı (LRR) istatistikleri kullanılarak çizgisel analizler yapılmıştır. Çizgisel analizlerden sonra kıyıda meydana alansal analizler yapılmış, değişimin kökeni doğal ve antropojenik olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Analizler ilk olarak 1970-2023 yılları arasında 12 ayrı kıyı çizgisi üzerinden yapılmıştır. Daha sonra dönemsel olarak kıyı değişimlerini ortaya koymak amacıyla ardışık periyotlar üzerinden çizgisel ve alansal analizler uygulanmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda çizgisel, alansal değişimler periyotlar halinde incelenmiş, grid analizi ile antropo-jeomorfolojik kapsamda kıyıdaki değişim yoğunluğu incelenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulardan kıyı çizgisi uzunluğunun 1970’de 36,4 km’den 2023’de 42,5 km’ye ulaştığı, girinti çıkıntı yapısının dönemsel olarak değişkenlik gösterdiği saptanmıştır. Dönemsel olarak kıyı çizgisinin en yüksek 998 m ilerlediği (1990-1995), -1314 m gerilediği (1995-2000) tespit edilmiştir. İnceleme sahasında değişen tüm kıyı zonunun %73’ünde antropojenik kökenli jeomorfolojik değişim yoğunluğunun çok yüksek düzeyde olduğu saptanmıştır.

Kıyı yönetimi açısından önemli verilerin başında, kıyı çizgisinin geçmişten günümüze değişim analizi ve geleceğe dönük tahminleri bulunmaktadır. Bu kapsamda, jeomorfolojik ve antropojenik etkenlerin farklı zamanlarda çeşitli değişimlere yol açtığı İzmit Körfezi sulak alan kıyısının 1975-2023 (uzun) ve 2000-2023 (kısa) dönemlerindeki kıyı değişimlerinin DSAS aracı ile analizi, bu analizlerden üretilen senaryolara göre 2033 ve 2043 yılları kıyı çizgisinin modellenmesi çalışmanın amacını oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada 11 farklı yıla ait Landsat uydu görüntüleri üzerinden NDWI, MNDWI, WRIindisleri ile kıyı çizgileri üretilmiş, DSAS aracında yer alan NSM, SCE, EPR ve LRR istatistikleri ile analiz edilmiştir. Kantitatif ve mekânsal değişimi ortaya konan İzmit Körfezi sulak alan kıyı çizgileri, Kalman Filter modeli ile iki senaryo kapsamında 2033, 2043 yılları için tahmin edilmiştir. Çalışmada, antropojenik etkenler ile kıyıda bazı delta sahalarının yoğun erozyon ile gerilediği, Kiraz Dere deltasının önce ilerleyip son yıllarda gerilediği, bazı sahalara kıyı dolgu alanlarının yapıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Üretilen modeller, kıyıda değişimlerin devam edebileceğini ortaya koymuştur.

In the global distribution, characteristics of beachrocks remain subjects of ongoing scientific debate. A systematically compiled database integrating all published records is essential for achieving a clearer understanding of global beachrock formations. This study contributes to this effort by developing a regional database for the tropical Asian region. A systematic literature review was conducted using publications from 1960 to 2025, and the collected records were analyzed to assess spatial distribution, age, cement types, and cementation mechanisms. Spatial analysis revealed that regions of high beachrock occurrence density were concentrated between 0-10°N and 20-30°N. Age analysis revealed that most dated beachrocks range from 3000 to 6000 years before present (BP), with fewer formations aged 6000-8000 years BP. Cement analysis showed that aragonite and high-magnesium calcite are the dominant cement types, while cementation records revealed that the majority of beachrocks formed through seawater precipitation. These findings contribute to the establishment of a global beachrock database and provide critical insights into formation processes in tropical coastal environments, offering a scientific basis for future studies on sustainable coastal protection strategies employing bio-cementation.

This paper presents an innovative multi-thematic map (1:2500) that integrates morphosedimentological data, hydrodynamic processes, seasonal morphodynamic transitions and the distribution of the benthic habitat of a Mediterranean microtidal, wave-dominated gravel beach system. It is part of a larger cartography of coastal areas, and is based on an interdisciplinary sea-land approach that is applicable worldwide and aims to facilitate coastal management practices and future scientific research. The applications to coastal management include: the facilitation of coastal vulnerability assessments; easy-to-access, upto-date digital geospatial data; and baseline studies for the future assessment and monitoring of environmental changes. The main environmental features that control the marine processes of this gravel beach appear to be linked to geological and morphological contexts such as the presence of the river mouth, the outcropping of a beach-rock along the coastline, the deposition of gravelly sediment in the beachface and the seagrass cover.

This paper is the outcome of the 1st Summer School on Geomorphology, Ecology, and Marine Biology in insular environments, focused on the advanced and multidisciplinary methods for the scientific investigation of marine coastal areas. It was held at Tremiti Islands, a significant laboratory for geomorphological, biological, and ecological studies because of its dynamic interaction between geodiversity and biodiversity, which makes it an ideal place for scientific research and geotourism. Landscape information was collected during field trips, while practical activities were finalized to sampling sediments and data collection of hard bottom assemblages. The map is the result of a multidisciplinary analysis incorporating geomorphological field observations and advanced methods applicable for ecological and environmental research, supported by scientific diving. This work represents a useful tool for the dissemination of environmental knowledge of the area and for understanding the relationships between landscape and natural heritage through modern and environmentally aware tourism.

The historical evolution of the coastline has been determined by the fluctuating relationship between land and sea. This process can be assessed to provide valuable information on trends that contribute to our understanding of past and current coastal change scenarios. These changes were initially dominated by the marine transgression following the last Ice Age, but the pace of sea level rise slowed and an equilibrium became established. This natural balance remained relatively stable until it was influenced by humans. Where early archaeological material can be dated and contextualised within the landscape it provides evidence of the changing physical environment. Prehistoric structures act as datums that can be used to demonstrate how settlements were overwhelmed by rising sea level and they can indicate how populations reacted to the loss of land. In historical times, when sea levels were comparable to modern conditions, humans became more proactive along the coastline. Some of th...

The Musi is about 750 kilometers long, and drains most of South Sumatra province. After flowing through Palembang, the provincial capital, it joins with several other rivers, including the Banyuasin River, to form a delta near the town of Sungsang. The river, dredged to a depth of about 8 meters, is navigable by large ships as far as Palembang, which is the site of major port facilities used primarily for the export of petroleum, rubber and palm oil. This river system, especially around the city of Palembang, was the heart of eponymous 7th to 13th century Srivijayan empire. The river mouth was the site of the SilkAir Flight 185 plane crash which killed all 104 passengers and crew on board in 1997. The river flows in the southern area of Sumatra, which has a predominantly tropical rainforest climate (designated as Af in the Köppen-Geiger climate classification). The Srivijaya empire, a powerful ancient Malay kingdom, is closely associated with the Musi River in present-day Indonesia, as the river is considered to be the center of the empire, with its capital city likely situated along the Musi's banks, most notably in the area of Palembang; archaeological evidence, including inscriptions and artifacts discovered along the Musi, further solidify this connection.

The Majapahit Empire is the last Indianized kingdom in Indonesia, dating back to 1293circa 1520 AD. The Majapahit empire was the last of the major Hindu empires of the Malay archipelago and is considered one of the greatest states in Indonesian history. Its influence extended to states on Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and eastern Indonesia, though the extent of its influence is the subject of debate. This island empire was situated on eastern

Land use/cover data are significant and useful information source for the planners. Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are commonly used for obtaining this type of information. In this study, aerial photographs for the years 1973 and 2005 and Landsat TM/ETM+ satellite images for the years 1987 and 2002 have been used to determine land use/land cover variations for the city of Sivas and environs. Digitization processing with visual interpretation has been carried out based on the land cover boundaries on mosaicked aerial photographs. Concurrently supervised classification has been applied to the Landsat TM satellite images with the help of the maximum likelihood algorithm, and comparisons following advanced classification were used for the satellite images from both years. Four land use/cover classes, namely settlements, non-agricultural land, agricultural land and surface waters, have been recognized with the help of visualinterpretation-derived aerial photographs. Satellite images also have been grouped into eight different categories for land use planning: surface waters, natural vegetation, bare soil, settlement, agricultural land, forest land, rockies1, and rockies2. Land use/land cover variations of the study area have been determined for the years 1973, 1987, 2002 and 2005 with the help of RS and GIS techniques, and the development of settlements has been monitored.

This study investigates the temporal and spatial characteristics of bed-material sediment sorting in the Meghna Estuary, focusing on both riverine and estuarine regions using a depth-averaged two-dimensional numerical model. A 350 km stretch, including the Lower Meghna River, its mouth, and the surrounding estuarine areas dominated by suspended sediment transport, is simulated to understand the non-uniform sediment transport mechanism and the associated morphological changes that significantly influence the grain size distribution of bed materials. The computational results indicate that sediment sorting in depositiondominated areas is primarily influenced by the size distribution of deposited materials, which is determined by the deposition rate of each particle size class. In erosion-prone regions, increased erosion rates enhance the downstream transport of finer particles, leading to bed material coarsening. Within the estuarine environment, stronger tidal currents during the ebb phase of spring tides generate increased hydrodynamic energy throughout the tidal cycle, enhancing sediment entrainment from the bedload layer and facilitating the downstream transport of fine particles, thereby contributing to sediment coarsening. In contrast, during the flood phase of neap tides, this process is substantially weakened, leading to reduced sediment mobility and a trend toward sediment fining. Therefore, tidal effects are particularly predominant in erosion-dominated areas of the Meghna Estuary.

The beaches of the lIIawarra between Stanwell Park and Werri fit within a general dynamic classification characterizing most beaches of the world. At the one end of this classification lies the reflective beach which is devoid of inshore topography, mainly sheltered and temporally stable. At the other end lies the dissipative beach which is characterized by a barred surf zone, situated on exposed coastline and susceptible to rapid change. Because of structural control on the geology of the lIIawarra coastline some of the beaches are often directed. or even forced, into morphology which may at first appear abnormal for the setting of that beach. Additionally man is interfering in places with the coastal environment to the extent that some beaches may be irreversibly locked into an erosional cycle. This report was originally published as Bryant, RW, Beaches of the Illawarra, Wollongong Studies in Geography No.

The beaches of the lIIawarra between Stanwell Park and Werri fit within a general dynamic classification characterizing most beaches of the world. At the one end of this classification lies the reflective beach which is devoid of inshore topography, mainly sheltered and temporally stable. At the other end lies the dissipative beach which is characterized by a barred surf zone, situated on exposed coastline and susceptible to rapid change. Because of structural control on the geology of the lIIawarra coastline some of the beaches are often directed. or even forced, into morphology which may at first appear abnormal for the setting of that beach. Additionally man is interfering in places with the coastal environment to the extent that some beaches may be irreversibly locked into an erosional cycle. This report was originally published as Bryant, RW, Beaches of the Illawarra, Wollongong Studies in Geography No.

Myrtos Beach (Cephalonia Island, Ionian Sea, Greece) represents a pocket beach with strong touristic, economic and natural interest. In this research, the morphodynamic behavior of the coastal area (e.g., hydrodynamic and sedimentary state, morphology, orientation, etc.), the current wave conditions (extreme and dominant waves, wave exposure), and also external factors, such as human impact and the geotechnical condition of the wider area, are examined. Short- and medium-to-long-term analysis took place, such as mapping, sediment analysis, wave/wind analysis, numerical modeling, and satellite monitoring, in order to identify the dynamic forcing parameters related to geomorphology, sedimentology, and hydrology that prevail in the area. Additionally, the intense tectonics, the karstified limestones, and the steep slopes of the cliffs in combination with the frequent seismic events on the island set up a geotechnically unstable area, which often cause landslides on the beach of Myrtos;...

The northern coastal plain of Java, Indonesia, known as Pantura, is the nation's economic and demographic heartland. However, this vital region is facing an existential threat. This paper synthesizes evidence from scientific literature, government reports, media narratives, and expert opinions to argue that the confluence of rapid land subsidence and climate-change-induced sea-level rise is progressively and inexorably converting significant portions of this coastline into sea. The primary driver of this crisis is anthropogenic land subsidence, predominantly caused by the uncontrolled extraction of groundwater for domestic, industrial, and agricultural use. Rates of subsidence in major urban centers like Jakarta and Semarang are among the highest in the world, reaching up to 20 centimeters per year. This localized sinking is superimposed upon the global trend of rising sea levels, creating a "coastal squeeze" that manifests as increasingly frequent and severe tidal flooding, locally known as 'rob'. This paper analyzes the multifaceted consequences of this inundation, including widespread economic disruption, large-scale social displacement, infrastructural degradation, and environmental degradation such as the salinization of freshwater sources. While technological solutions like the Giant Sea Wall and nature-based approaches like mangrove restoration are being implemented, this paper contends that these are insufficient without addressing the root cause. The most critical imperative is the immediate and rigorous management of groundwater resources, coupled with integrated coastal zone management, adaptive spatial planning, and the development of robust policies for a potential managed retreat. The fate of North Java serves as a critical case study for other low-lying, densely populated coastal deltas globally, highlighting the urgent need for proactive and transformative adaptation strategies in the face of a changing climate.

Kota dan Kabupaten Pekalongan merupakan salah satu dari wilayah yang berada di pantai utara jawa, dengan keadaan yang langsung berhadapan dengan laut jawa, ancaman banjir rob selalu menjadi bagian penting dalam perjalanan sejarah Pekalongan. Pada tahun 2018 wilayah kota pekalongan tersentuh angka 30-40% berubah menjadi lautan, genangan air yang menyebar hingga ke pemukiman warga, bahkan air laut bisa menembus jauh dari bibir pantai yang meluap melalui sungai-sungai di sekitarnya. Mitigasi dan pencegahan rutin menjadi agenda pemerintah kota maupun provinsi, segala cara di upayakan namun hasil selalu kurang maksimal. Peneliti mencoba memberikan solusi bagaiaman mitigasi pencegahan banjir rob di daerah pesisir pantai utara jawa (PANTURA) khususnya kota dan kabupaten Pekalongan dengan konsep-konsep fikih lingkungan, menyatukan berbagai perspektif ideal dengan Islamic Worldview sebagai ide utamanya.

The existence of a flood inundation rapid map is needed in flood mitigation. This research is intended to map flood inundation quickly by utilizing satellite image technology. Sentinel 2 Level 1C technology uses before and after the flood. The extraction process uses the methods of NDWI (Normalized Difference Water Index) and MNDWI (Modified Normalized Difference Water Index). The result is treated with a threshold value by dividing the pixel value into flooded and unflooded areas. The performance model shows that the MNDWI method is more accurate than the NDWI method in producing flood inundation maps. Thus, the results of the MNDWI method are practical and able to map flood inundation quickly.

Floods are among the most frequent and damaging natural hazards in Indonesia, particularly in flood-prone subdistricts. This study conducts an indexbased spatial assessment of flood hazard and multi-sectoral vulnerability in Momunu Subdistrict, Buol Regency, Central Sulawesi. Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), flood hazard mapping reveals that the total floodprone area covers 3,022.02 hectares, consisting of low (1,674.18 ha), medium (958.05 ha), and high (389.79 ha) hazard classes. The most affected villages include Panimbul (low hazard), Pinamula (medium), and Lamadong I (high hazard), especially in areas with flat topography near river systems. The vulnerability analysis incorporates social, physical, economic, and environmental indicators. Social vulnerability is highest in villages such as Potugu, Pomayagon, and Guamonial. Physical vulnerability is generally low to moderate but increases near rivers and in settlements with non-permanent structures. Economic vulnerability shows significant variation, with the highest index value of 0.565568, indicating substantial exposure to potential economic losses. Environmental vulnerability peaks at an index value of 0.633431, reflecting ecological stress due to land-use changes and diminished protected areas. Furthermore, the exposed population in Momunu Subdistrict is estimated at 8,637 people, including 39 persons with disabilities, 4,461 males, and 4,176 females. Estimated flood-related losses reach IDR 49.063 billion, comprising IDR 49.025 billion in physical damage, IDR 38.32 billion in economic losses, and environmental degradation over 869 hectares. These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted flood mitigation strategies and resilience planning based on spatially explicit risk assessments.

Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) fishing remains a major concern in the Philippines, posing threats to marine biodiversity, fisheries sustainability, and local livelihoods. This study assessed the prevalence of IUU fishing in 20 coastal barangays of Alicia, Zamboanga Sibugay, using the Philippine IUU Fishing Index and Threat Assessment Tool (I-FIT) developed by DA-BFAR and USAID. The study employed 10 indicators scored on a scale from 1 (low risk) to 4 (very high risk) to IUU fishing and used three data quality scores from 1 (low quality) to 3 (high quality). The overall IUU prevalence score of the Municipality of Alicia is 3.2, indicating a high risk of IUU fishing, notably higher than the national level score of 2.51. This is attributed to major contributing factors such as very high apprehension rate of illegal fishers (86.5%), absence of regular monitoring or reporting of fish catches, low registration rates of fishers (4.01%) and fishing vessels (2.65%), presence of repeat offenders, and very high weighted proportion (88.75%) of habitat-damaging illegal fishing incidents. This further underscores the need for improved data collection, transparency, and accountability in fisheries management. Recommended actions include strengthening patrols, streamlining reporting mechanisms, augmenting alternative livelihood programs, engaging community participation in preventing IUU fishing, intensifying public information campaigns, and enhancing cooperation among government agencies, fisherfolk, and coastal communities.

Abstract. Coastal dynamics represent change from time to time, could be the form of coastal presenting effect of sedimentation and earn also in the form of coastal backing effect of erosion. This research of coastal morphodynamics on Belang Bay, will study by some aspect that is: beach morphology, grain size sediment and hydrodynamics activity. The purpose of this study is to see how far the influence of the morphodynamics of the coastal damage and sensitivity (susceptibility) coastal sea water due to the influence of hydrodynamics. Method of data collection and analysis, two main parameters were measured wave energy and beach characteristics. Knowledge on the morphodynamic behaviour of beaches was obtained from a topographic measurements of 15 beach transects normal to the coastline. Widely used morphodynamic parameters, like the Surf Similarity and the Surf Scaling parameters, were applied to the data, resulting in a general morphodynamic characterization of beaches, represented i...

The objective was to synthesize the effects of High Wave 2013-2018. The methodology was based on cabinet and field work. The toral contribution was to detect the critical points and to propose the semaphore of danger of the High Wave. The main results were: 1) in Icacos, the continental shelf along 25 m presents a minimum inclination of one meter of depth and 2) the Icacos Beach has 48 m in front of the sea and 2 600 m in which High Wave during May-November of each year. The conclusions were a) the risk is built, not respecting the limits of the Federal Maritime Ground Zone (ZOFEMAT in Spanish); b) is one of the most important social challenges in Guerrero, being the main economic asset due to its tourist use and c) Icacos Beach is subject to various human and climatic pressures that physically condition its three basic functions, being a natural habitat for biodiversity, provide protection to the coast and meet human leisure needs.

Abstract. Coastal dynamics represent change from time to time, could be the form of coastal presenting effect of sedimentation and earn also in the form of coastal backing effect of erosion. This research of coastal morphodynamics on Belang Bay, will study by some aspect that is: beach morphology, grain size sediment and hydrodynamics activity. The purpose of this study is to see how far the influence of the morphodynamics of the coastal damage and sensitivity (susceptibility) coastal sea water due to the influence of hydrodynamics. Method of data collection and analysis, two main parameters were measured wave energy and beach characteristics. Knowledge on the morphodynamic behaviour of beaches was obtained from a topographic measurements of 15 beach transects normal to the coastline. Widely used morphodynamic parameters, like the Surf Similarity and the Surf Scaling parameters, were applied to the data, resulting in a general morphodynamic characterization of beaches, represented i...

Istanbul, being one of the oldest and crowded cities in the world bridging the Asia and Europe continents, is ranked as the 15th populated mega city among the 75 largest metropolitans in the world as a result of the rapid population growth since the year of 1950. The stated growth caused a significant need for housing, therefore new settlements have been built in and around the city threating water resources, protected areas, and sensitive lands such as agricultural areas, forests, wetlands in the city. As a result of these adverse developments, the Bosphorus zone, which has a historical and geographical importance for Istanbul, was declared as a protected zone for stopping the threat of unplanned urbanization along the Bosphorus. The Bosphorus area were divided in to two protection zones as Back View and Front View Zones by the laws in terms of the stated protection plan. The main goal of this study is to examine the changes in settlement areas in the protected zones of Bosphorus s...

School assessment, whether summative or formative, should not be conducted with the intention of failing students. The main purpose of assessment is to measure students' understanding of what they have learned and to provide feedback to both teachers and students. If a student performs below expectations in an assessment, this does not mean that the student is dull. The reasons could include anxiety or stress, lack of preparation time, language barriers, learning difficulties, or health issues. For instance, test anxiety can affect focus and memory during exams. Pressure from home or school may also interfere with performance. Research shows that elevated anxiety, especially the worry (cognitive) component, consumes working memory capacity, thereby reducing students' ability to recall knowledge and perform complex tasks. Von der Embse et al. (2018) found in their meta-analysis that higher test anxiety is associated with lower academic performance, with the mechanism involving interference with working memory and attentional control. Another important factor is lack of preparation time. If a student does not have enough time to prepare for an exam, the outcome will likely be poor. Sometimes, this happens because the school rushes exams to meet academic calendars, while in other cases, personal or family responsibilities limit the student's study time. Many parents do not encourage their children to study for exams, let alone provide them with adequate time to prepare.

The subject of this paper is the contribution of the rural landscape to the sustainable development of the island area. The research objective of this study is the protection, improvement and promotion of the rural island area with appropriate proposals to enhance environmental, economic and social resilience. The methodology chosen includes primary research of autopsy and free interviews and secondary research of literature study. International, European and national guidelines and the corresponding international and national institutional framework for landscape protection and management with a focus on rural areas are analyzed.

In this paper we explore the potential of Digital Earth Africa (DE Africa) coastlines products for the calculation of one of the Erosion Warning Indicator Namely Long-Term shoreline trend indicator. The parameter is calculated and estimated based on the relationship between the cross-shore annual shoreline positions and the annual observation. DE Africa provide information related on the coastal dynamics for the period of 23 years. Here, we analyse the Digital Earth Africa (DE Africa) coastlines products V0.4.2 by performing the regression modelling to calculate the long-term shoreline trend indicator. The methodological approach proposed allowed to extract the long-term trend of shoreline changes at continental, national and local scales. The results indicated that the Africa's coastline have been both retreating and advancing. Such processes impacted the African population of about 709775 living within 1 km of the shoreline and low-lying flat areas.

There are geomorphological deficiency and mistakes on the definitions and explanation involved in the coast law and the relevant regulations. For this reason, rapidly increase have been shown on numbers of lawsuit concerned with coasts in the law court from day to day. In the legal precedure, the explanations of coast law have been accepted as basic. Consequently, the problematic items of coast law and the reports of consultative authority and determining commission have never got along with each other. In this way, claimant and defendant of the law court have a right to object to the law court. For solution of the problem, the definitions and explanation in the coast law and therelevant regulations have been in need of correction so as to the content of  geomorphological detail which will not give opportunity to wrong interpretations. In solution of the problems dealing this subject, it will be important contribution that this arragements are involved in the coast law. Keywords: Co...

The paper uses the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) to measure the vulnerability of households living in the coastal region of Bangladesh. The results, based on the findings of a survey on 532 households from 12 coastal districts, indicate that rural households are more vulnerable than urban households, while households living in coastal districts are more vulnerable than those living in exterior districts. Finally, households affected primarily by cyclones are found to be more vulnerable than those affected by floods. The higher vulnerability of coastal households stems from poor access to health facilities, a weaker social network as well as from natural disasters and climate variability. The higher vulnerability of rural households is also explained by poor health factors such as lack of access to sanitary toilets. The rural households also have adverse social and demographic profile, weaker social networks and they are more vulnerable to natural disaster and climate variability.

Rocky shores are complex landforms that result from marine erosion and subaerial weathering. They are time‐integrated features where their present day form is the result of instantaneous erosion, often on the millimetre to sub‐metre scale, occurring for centuries to millennia. As a result, research on rocky coasts focuses on a range of temporal and spatial scales from granular‐scale swelling of a rock surface and instantaneous wave impact to modelling millennial‐scale sea level drivers. The challenge for rocky coast researchers is either to upscale or to downscale their results to the human‐timescales of greatest interest to managers. The research presented in Earth Surface Processes and Landforms over the past 3 years highlights the range of spatial and temporal approaches to the study of coastal cliffs and shore platforms. We identify a key temporal and spatial gap in current research. Seasonal–annual timeframes over hundreds of metres to kilometre scale studies appear to be lacki...

This study examines the spatial distribution and respondents perceived issues and opportunities of water-based tourism sites in Lagos State using a mixed-methods approach. Primary data were collected through 200 structured questionnaires administered to residents within 10 km² radius of selected water tourism sites across five littoral Local Government Areas (LGAs) and Lagos Island, chosen for their recognized waterfront activity. GPS coordinates of these sites were mapped and analysed in ArcGIS 10.8, while a four-point Likert scale captured respondents' perceptions of site-related challenges and benefits. IBM SPSS Statistics 27 was used for descriptive analysis. Results reveal a predominance of male (63.5%) and youth (53.5% aged 21-40) respondents, with students forming the largest occupational group (74.5%), highlighting the appeal of these sites for leisure and recreation among young people. Spatial analysis shows that most water tourism sites are linearly distributed along the coast, especially in Eti-Osa LGA, reflecting the influence of geographic and socioeconomic factors. Respondents identified moderate concerns about pick-pocketing but did not perceive kidnapping or car theft as significant threats, while economic opportunities such as community development, revenue generation, and business creation were strongly endorsed. However, persistent challenges-including inadequate infrastructure and limited amenities were noted as barriers for realizing the full potential of water-based tourism. The study concludes that strategic investment in infrastructure, security, and environmental management is needed to enhance the appeal and socioeconomic impact of Lagos's water tourism sector, supporting sustainable growth and community well-being.