Coding Systems

Introduction External cause of injury matrices is used to classify mechanisms/causes of injuries for surveillance and research. Little is known about the performance of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's new external cause of injury matrix for Clinical Modification of the 10th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10-CM), compared with the ICD-9-CM version. Methods Dually coded (ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-CM) administrative data were obtained from two major academic trauma centres. Injury-related cases were identified and categorised by mechanism/cause and manner/intent. Comparability ratios (CR) were used to estimate the net impact of changing from ICD-9-CM to ICD-10-CM on the number of cases classified to each mechanism/cause category. Chamberlain's percent positive agreements (PPA) were calculated and McNemar's test was used to assess the significance of observed classification differences. Results Of 4832 and 5211 dual-coded records from the two centres, 632 and 520 with injury-related principal diagnoses and external cause codes in both ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-CM were identified. CRs for the mechanisms/ causes with at least 20 records ranged from 0.85 to 1.9 at one centre and from 0.97 to 1.07 at the other. Among these mechanisms/causes, PPAs ranged from 33% for 'other transport' to 94% for poisoning at one centre, and from 75% for 'other transport' to 100% for fires/burns at the other centre. Case assignment differed significantly for falls, motor vehicle traffic, other transport, and 'struck by/against' injuries at one centre, and for 'other pedal cyclist' at the other centre. Conclusion Switching to ICD-10-CM and the new external cause of injury matrix may affect injury surveillance and research, especially for certain mechanisms/causes. *CR: comparability ratio. †McNemar's test on paired proportions. ‡PPA: Chamberlain's per cent positive agreement. §NEC: Not Elsewhere Classifiable. MV, motor vehicle; MVT, motor vehicle traffic; NA, Not Applicable.

To determine effective relationships between the built environment and health and well-being, a transdisciplinary team of architectural, behavioral and health scientists developed a built environment coding system (UMBECS). They examined the relationship of resulting streetscape features to health and well-being at the block level. The research team conducted studies of the validity of UMBECS focusing on children through school conduct and grades, and on elders through a longitudinal cognitive functioning study. For children, contrary to popularly held views, commercial-residential mix was as effective as a high proportion of residential use in predicting children's school outcomes (i.e., better conduct, achievement, effort, and grades). For elders, modest but statistically significant relationships existed between block-level features, elders' neighboring behaviors, and social support, which in turn were significantly associated with cognitive and affective functioning. These findings suggest the utility of this built environment coding system for examining the relationship of built environment features to residents' health and well-being. UMBECS offers a useful tool for developing a viable transdisciplinary model of the role of the built environment in behavioral and health outcomes.

IPTV service is one of the topics where industry and academia are providing more efforts with the purpose of enhancing the systems in existence. One of the potentially biggest advantages of IPTV is the existence of a return channel from the customer to the IPTV service provider, which makes this technology the upcoming TV distribution system. The next big step is to serve stereoscopic video over IP networks. In this paper, we evaluate the stereoscopic video transmission over IP by taking measurements of the bandwidth, delay and jitter. These measurements are useful to test the QoS and QoE of the ITPV service and to demonstrate the need for high‐performance stereoscopic compression codecs. Then, we study the performance of four free codecs in order to propose an algorithm to perform the appropriate decisions to transmit stereoscopic video in the IPTV network properly. The algorithm is based on the empirical data obtained from our test and on some analytical considerations. Finally, w...

Purpose: The first objective of our study was to determine whether Encoded Archival EAD is compatible with IranMARC (local version of UNIMARC for Iran). The second objective was to explore EAD elements with high priority. The latter is highly important to the work of Archivists at the National Library and Archives of Iran (NLAI) for converting archival records to EAD. Method: The research steps were as follows: 1) Development of a map to match EAD with both UNIMARC and IranMARC; 2) Quantifying EAD; 3) Weighting EAD elements; 4) Determining structural compatibility EAD with UNIMARC and IranMARC and identification of EAD elements with high priorities to value corresponding fields in UNIMARC and IranMARC. Findings: The developed map of EAD-UNIMARC-IranMARC showed that 77 EAD elements out of 107 have corresponding fields in UNIMARC and 72 in IranMARC. Structural compatibility rate of UNIMARC and EAD was 73% and 68.7% with IranMARC. Also, 75 EAD elements out of 107 were found to be of high priority. Conclusion: This research primarily contributes to the improvement of information organization in Iran and to the development of a map of EAD-UNIMARC-IranMARC. This map not only will serve as a tool www.SID.ir Archive of SID for measuring structural compatibility EAD with UNIMARC and IranMARC, but is valuable by itself. In this map we have used the fields of block 4 to establish connections among archives records. Currently, archivists of NLAI suffice to create most of the records at a file level. Our findings can be used to prepare a manual. In addition to structural compatibility of IranMARC with EAD, the method of arrangement and description may affect the readiness of conversion of archival records to EAD. High rate of compatibility EAD to UNIMARC (73%) may be promising for countries who have used UNIMARC to retrieve their archival materials and intent to implement EAD to move toward linked data and connection to semantic web. The lack of 30 EAD corresponding elements in UNIMARC is an issue. We will communicate with IranMARC Committee and ask them to prepare and forward proposals for this purpose, to the Permanent UNIMARC Committee (PUC). By identification of EAD elements with high priority, NLAI may generate enhanced records to convert to EAD by preparing a manual for required and high priority EAD elements. The reason for the difference in structural compatibility of UNIMARC and IranMARC with EAD is the failure of Integrated software of National Library of Iran (called RASA) to update IranMARC. Fields of 371, 631, 632 should be added to RASA immediately. Our findings may be useful to countries who use UNIMARC. The method of quantifying EAD may be applicable to other models and standards. Also, we found that some EAD elements have several fields in UNIMARC and IranMARC. Further research can be carried out to explore the value of each field. This helps archival centers to make decisions about the priority of fields when one element has several corresponding fields. We suggest that the content of NLAI database for archival records be reviewed based on the map we developed. This would be helpful in identifying possible required fields as well as fields with high priority once conversion to EAD is to be done.

هدف هر نظام بازيابی اطلاعات پزشکی، ارائه به‌موقع اطلاعات مرتبط در زمان مناسب به کاربر مناسب است. تصاوير به‌عنوان شکلی از مدارک که می‌توانند حجم قابل توجهی از اطلاعات را منتقل کنند از اهميت خاصی برخوردارند. در پزشکی مهمترین استفاده از تصاویر در آموزش، پژوهش و تشخیص طبی است. این استفاده گسترده نشان دهنده‌‌ی اهمیت روزافزون تصویربرداری در حیطه‌های مختلف پزشکی است. بنابراین پیشرفت‌های جدید در فنون تصویربرداری پزشکی و استفاده گسترده از آنها، برای نمونه در سیستم‌های پشتیبان تصمیم‌گیری و پزشکی مبتنی بر شواهد، اهمیت بالای بازیابی تصاویر پزشکی را نشان می‌دهد. اين تصاوير برای اينکه مورد استفاده قرار گيرند بايد به نحو مناسب ذخيره شوند تا در موقع نياز بازيابی گردند. در اين مقاله دو روش عمده يعنی شيوه مبتنی بر متن و شيوه مبتنی بر محتوا توصيف گرديد. همچنین کاربرد سيستم‌های بازيابی تصاوير در پزشکی شرح داده شد و نمونه‌هايی از سيستم‌های موجود توصيف شدند. در نهايت اگر چه تصاویر بعضی از ویژگی‌های متفاوت از متن دارند، اما به برخی تکنيک‌ها در بازیابی متن، از جمله هوش مصنوعی و بازخورد ربط که می‌توانند جهت...

هدف هر نظام بازيابی اطلاعات پزشکی، ارائه به‌موقع اطلاعات مرتبط در زمان مناسب به کاربر مناسب است. تصاوير به‌عنوان شکلی از مدارک که می‌توانند حجم قابل توجهی از اطلاعات را منتقل کنند از اهميت خاصی برخوردارند. در پزشکی مهمترین استفاده از تصاویر در آموزش، پژوهش و تشخیص طبی است. این استفاده گسترده نشان دهنده‌‌ی اهمیت روزافزون تصویربرداری در حیطه‌های مختلف پزشکی است. بنابراین پیشرفت‌های جدید در فنون تصویربرداری پزشکی و استفاده گسترده از آنها، برای نمونه در سیستم‌های پشتیبان تصمیم‌گیری و پزشکی مبتنی بر شواهد، اهمیت بالای بازیابی تصاویر پزشکی را نشان می‌دهد. اين تصاوير برای اينکه مورد استفاده قرار گيرند بايد به نحو مناسب ذخيره شوند تا در موقع نياز بازيابی گردند. در اين مقاله دو روش عمده يعنی شيوه مبتنی بر متن و شيوه مبتنی بر محتوا توصيف گرديد. همچنین کاربرد سيستم‌های بازيابی تصاوير در پزشکی شرح داده شد و نمونه‌هايی از سيستم‌های موجود توصيف شدند. در نهايت اگر چه تصاویر بعضی از ویژگی‌های متفاوت از متن دارند، اما به برخی تکنيک‌ها در بازیابی متن، از جمله هوش مصنوعی و بازخورد ربط که می‌توانند جهت...

A15 work-related activities consisting of nurse, pharmacist, and/or patient medication dispensing, preparation, administration and/or storage. Projects consisted of time and cost differences related to 1) three proton pump inhibitor dosage forms and seven administration methods, and 2) seven recombinant human growth hormone administration methods/devices. Performance-based time data were then used to determine personnel/patient opportunity time and supply costs associated with different forms of medications and delivery devices. Simulations were developed and used to hold independent variables constant so only observed differences between medications and/ or device types could be assessed. Statistical and micro-economic cost analyses were conducted specific to each type of medication and/or device. RESULTS: Processes and results show two detailed examples as case studies of how simulation-based research may be used to assess health care processes at the micro level. The advantages of isolating processes of interest from the day-today complexity of patient care are demonstrated. Simulations may also represent an efficient assessment alternative of health care processes at the micro level with potential for projection to the macro level as compared to live, direct observation, cost-intensive, patient-centered care practice evaluations. CONCLUSIONS: Simulation-based time-and-motion and activity-based cost analyses allowed detailed micro-level time, workload, and supply evaluations that may be projected to the macro level. Professional schools' simulation laboratories offer appropriate settings for such studies.

The aim of each information retrieval is to present relevant information to the right user at the right time. Images as a kind of information can convey a large volume of information. In medicine, the most common use of images is in education, research and medical diagnosis. This wide variety of usage refers to the uprising importance of imaging through various fields of medicine. Therefore, current advances in medical imaging techniques and frequent use for example, in decision making systems and evidence-based medicine depicts the high necessity of medical images retrieval. This paper introduced text-based and content-based image retrieval systems, the application of the image systems especially in medicine. Some existing systems are described. Finally it was suggested although images have some features different from texts but some techniques in text retrieval such as artificial intelligence and relevance feedback can be used to improve the image retrieval systems. Keywords: Medi...

Purpose: Examining coding practice of records in the National Archives of Iran and making recommendations for improvement.
Methodology/Approach: This research combines quantitative and qualitative techniques for data collection. A questionnaire was designed and distributed and structured interviews were carried out to collect data about arrangement and description, and the coding system used for records. The questionnaire was completed and returned by 15 out of 17 professional archivists working in the National Archives. Semi structured interviews were also carried out with 8 of them.
Findings: Data collected through the questionnaire revealed that the majority of respondents believed that the coding and retrieval system, and dissemination of archival records, is necessary. However, less than half of them believe that the current practice is efficient and satisfactory. Respondents are of the opinion that the current system of coding uses too many codes for retrieval. Therefore, it is too complicated and causes many problems. The majority of participants in the study suggest that coding to be at item level of arrangement.
Conclusion: We recommend that coding of text records starts by country code, followed by transfer code, origin number, repository number, series, and ends with item code.

Purpose: The present research aims to review the policies of collection development for national web archives of some selected countries like Australia, Sweden, France, New Zealand and Great Britain, in order to prepare a checklist proposed for collection development of national web archives.
Methodology / Approach: First, the library research method was used to review the concepts used in texts and resources. The next step was to review the websites of national web archives of the chosen countries and to correspond with respective officials through which the policies of collection development for web resources in the mentioned archives were collected. Based on the content analysis of each policy, a coherent and comprehensive checklist was developed.
Findings: The studied web archives differ in the number of criteria applied as follows: Pandora Web Archive (Australia): 101 criteria,  Kulturarw3 Web Archive (Sweden): 17 criteria, New Zealand Web Archive: 21 criteria, National Library of France Web Archive: 15 criteria, UK Web Archive: 19 criteria.
Conclusion: The collection development criteria compiled through reviewing the collection development policies applied by national web archives of the chosen countries was tabulated in a checklist against 8 factors: general factors of selecting online publications, types of publications, title, prioritizing multiple versions, legal issues, exceptions, general principles of selection, and examining the whole range. This checklist specifies 32 criteria and 107 indicators for national web archives.

work-related activities consisting of nurse, pharmacist, and/or patient medication dispensing, preparation, administration and/or storage. Projects consisted of time and cost differences related to 1) three proton pump inhibitor dosage forms and seven administration methods, and 2) seven recombinant human growth hormone administration methods/devices. Performance-based time data were then used to determine personnel/patient opportunity time and supply costs associated with different forms of medications and delivery devices. Simulations were developed and used to hold independent variables constant so only observed differences between medications and/ or device types could be assessed. Statistical and micro-economic cost analyses were conducted specific to each type of medication and/or device. RESULTS: Processes and results show two detailed examples as case studies of how simulation-based research may be used to assess health care processes at the micro level. The advantages of isolating processes of interest from the day-to-day complexity of patient care are demonstrated. Simulations may also represent an efficient assessment alternative of health care processes at the micro level with potential for projection to the macro level as compared to live, direct observation, cost-intensive, patient-centered care practice evaluations. CONCLUSIONS: Simulation-based time-and-motion and activity-based cost analyses allowed detailed micro-level time, workload, and supply evaluations that may be projected to the macro level. Professional schools' simulation laboratories offer appropriate settings for such studies. OBJECTIVES: Demonstrate a technique to characterize the economic burden of illness over time, correcting for censoring bias and controlling for difference in baseline characteristics between comparison groups. A sample of patients with diagnosis of disease A in 2004-2008 were extracted from MarketScan® databases and followed to death, disenrollment, or December 31, 2008 (cases). The first diagnosis date was the index date. Enrollees without disease A were extracted as controls. Their index dates were assigned based on the distribution of index dates of cases. METHODS: First, Kaplan-Meier estimates for the probability of remaining in the data were calculated by month and disease status. Failure event was death or disenrollment. Censoring event was termination of MarketScan contract or end of study period. Next, total health care costs were estimated using generalized linear models (GLM) on the subsample of survivors/enrollees in each month, controlling for disease status, patient demographic and clinical characteristics. Adjusted costs were calculated by month and disease status using the regression estimates and average characteristics. Estimated total costs during the whole follow-up period were the sum of probability of remaining in the data multiplied by regression-adjusted costs in each month. RESULTS: At the end of year 1, 40.5% of cases deceased or disenrolled from insurance compared to 13.6% of controls (p < 0.001); at the end of year 4 these figures were 76.4% and 30.5%, respectively (p < 0.001). GLM results indicated significantly higher cost among the group with disease A in each month during follow-up. The adjusted costs based on average characteristics was $86,592 for cases vs. $6,178 for controls in the first year and $151,077 vs. $21,890 in the first 4 years. CONCLUSIONS: In studies with variable-length follow-up, an estimator combining the survivor probability and regression-adjusted cost is more robust to censoring bias, and better depicts the economic burden of illness over time.

The goal of this project was to promote the ability of the NHS to apply diagnostic and other clinical information to develop state of the art case-mix measures relevant to medical and fiscal management activities. In addition, it demonstrated the validity of the ACG case-mix system using Read codes.

The goal of this project was to promote the ability of the NHS to apply diagnostic and other clinical information to develop state of the art case-mix measures relevant to medical and fiscal management activities. In addition, it demonstrated the validity of the ACG case-mix system using Read codes.

work-related activities consisting of nurse, pharmacist, and/or patient medication dispensing, preparation, administration and/or storage. Projects consisted of time and cost differences related to 1) three proton pump inhibitor dosage forms and seven administration methods, and 2) seven recombinant human growth hormone administration methods/devices. Performance-based time data were then used to determine personnel/patient opportunity time and supply costs associated with different forms of medications and delivery devices. Simulations were developed and used to hold independent variables constant so only observed differences between medications and/ or device types could be assessed. Statistical and micro-economic cost analyses were conducted specific to each type of medication and/or device. RESULTS: Processes and results show two detailed examples as case studies of how simulation-based research may be used to assess health care processes at the micro level. The advantages of isolating processes of interest from the day-to-day complexity of patient care are demonstrated. Simulations may also represent an efficient assessment alternative of health care processes at the micro level with potential for projection to the macro level as compared to live, direct observation, cost-intensive, patient-centered care practice evaluations. CONCLUSIONS: Simulation-based time-and-motion and activity-based cost analyses allowed detailed micro-level time, workload, and supply evaluations that may be projected to the macro level. Professional schools' simulation laboratories offer appropriate settings for such studies. OBJECTIVES: Demonstrate a technique to characterize the economic burden of illness over time, correcting for censoring bias and controlling for difference in baseline characteristics between comparison groups. A sample of patients with diagnosis of disease A in 2004-2008 were extracted from MarketScan® databases and followed to death, disenrollment, or December 31, 2008 (cases). The first diagnosis date was the index date. Enrollees without disease A were extracted as controls. Their index dates were assigned based on the distribution of index dates of cases. METHODS: First, Kaplan-Meier estimates for the probability of remaining in the data were calculated by month and disease status. Failure event was death or disenrollment. Censoring event was termination of MarketScan contract or end of study period. Next, total health care costs were estimated using generalized linear models (GLM) on the subsample of survivors/enrollees in each month, controlling for disease status, patient demographic and clinical characteristics. Adjusted costs were calculated by month and disease status using the regression estimates and average characteristics. Estimated total costs during the whole follow-up period were the sum of probability of remaining in the data multiplied by regression-adjusted costs in each month. RESULTS: At the end of year 1, 40.5% of cases deceased or disenrolled from insurance compared to 13.6% of controls (p < 0.001); at the end of year 4 these figures were 76.4% and 30.5%, respectively (p < 0.001). GLM results indicated significantly higher cost among the group with disease A in each month during follow-up. The adjusted costs based on average characteristics was $86,592 for cases vs. $6,178 for controls in the first year and $151,077 vs. $21,890 in the first 4 years. CONCLUSIONS: In studies with variable-length follow-up, an estimator combining the survivor probability and regression-adjusted cost is more robust to censoring bias, and better depicts the economic burden of illness over time.

work-related activities consisting of nurse, pharmacist, and/or patient medication dispensing, preparation, administration and/or storage. Projects consisted of time and cost differences related to 1) three proton pump inhibitor dosage forms and seven administration methods, and 2) seven recombinant human growth hormone administration methods/devices. Performance-based time data were then used to determine personnel/patient opportunity time and supply costs associated with different forms of medications and delivery devices. Simulations were developed and used to hold independent variables constant so only observed differences between medications and/ or device types could be assessed. Statistical and micro-economic cost analyses were conducted specific to each type of medication and/or device. RESULTS: Processes and results show two detailed examples as case studies of how simulation-based research may be used to assess health care processes at the micro level. The advantages of isolating processes of interest from the day-to-day complexity of patient care are demonstrated. Simulations may also represent an efficient assessment alternative of health care processes at the micro level with potential for projection to the macro level as compared to live, direct observation, cost-intensive, patient-centered care practice evaluations. CONCLUSIONS: Simulation-based time-and-motion and activity-based cost analyses allowed detailed micro-level time, workload, and supply evaluations that may be projected to the macro level. Professional schools' simulation laboratories offer appropriate settings for such studies. OBJECTIVES: Demonstrate a technique to characterize the economic burden of illness over time, correcting for censoring bias and controlling for difference in baseline characteristics between comparison groups. A sample of patients with diagnosis of disease A in 2004-2008 were extracted from MarketScan® databases and followed to death, disenrollment, or December 31, 2008 (cases). The first diagnosis date was the index date. Enrollees without disease A were extracted as controls. Their index dates were assigned based on the distribution of index dates of cases. METHODS: First, Kaplan-Meier estimates for the probability of remaining in the data were calculated by month and disease status. Failure event was death or disenrollment. Censoring event was termination of MarketScan contract or end of study period. Next, total health care costs were estimated using generalized linear models (GLM) on the subsample of survivors/enrollees in each month, controlling for disease status, patient demographic and clinical characteristics. Adjusted costs were calculated by month and disease status using the regression estimates and average characteristics. Estimated total costs during the whole follow-up period were the sum of probability of remaining in the data multiplied by regression-adjusted costs in each month. RESULTS: At the end of year 1, 40.5% of cases deceased or disenrolled from insurance compared to 13.6% of controls (p < 0.001); at the end of year 4 these figures were 76.4% and 30.5%, respectively (p < 0.001). GLM results indicated significantly higher cost among the group with disease A in each month during follow-up. The adjusted costs based on average characteristics was $86,592 for cases vs. $6,178 for controls in the first year and $151,077 vs. $21,890 in the first 4 years. CONCLUSIONS: In studies with variable-length follow-up, an estimator combining the survivor probability and regression-adjusted cost is more robust to censoring bias, and better depicts the economic burden of illness over time.