College Student Athletes

This chapter explores how sport advertising has reacted to the emergence of radical politics within sport, and within society more broadly. I am guided by the following questions. How and through what mechanisms have sporting brands attempted to accommodate the shift toward radical politics? How have sporting advertisers responded to a political culture in which more and more consumers have identified the emptiness of corporate virtue‑signaling? Operating within the “contested racial terrain” (Hartmann, 2003) of sporting representation, what versions of “radicalism” are sold to the public through sport advertising? Through reviewing literature and critically examining some overtly politicized sport advertising campaigns, I argue that sport advertising engages with radical politics within the realm of signification, but not with substance. The campaigns curate an empty signifier of radicalism by using well‑known faces and making implications with radical language, while promoting visions for social change that are ultimately anchored by incremental reformist neoliberalism. They craft a spectacle of social change that is driven not by collectivist social transformation, but by individual consumption. By highlighting what these commercials include and exclude, I consider the impact that these messages have on popular perceptions of sport and wider theories of social progress.

Student-athletes often experience pivotal moments after injury, burnout, academic pressure, and uncertainty about life after sport. These moments require more than physical readiness, they require emotional resilience, identity development, and clarity about future pathways. Built to Win: Healing, Mindset & Motivation for Student-Athletes in Transition, is a qualitative empirical study designed to support athletes through these pivotal experiences. Grounded in social identity, motivation, and policy analysis theory, the article emphasizes a need for transitional programs to improve self-efficacy, student academic, and workforce success.

This is a work that deeply integrates institutional economics with sports jurisprudence. Its central thesis is both startling and irrefutable: while the economic form of sports has leaped from amateur pastime to a hundred-billion-dollar global entertainment industry, the institutional rules safeguarding it still run on decades-old code—this structural misalignment is not a technical glitch, but a civilizational failure of institutional duty.

The book weaves its argument through the theory of "Sports Isomorphic Evolution," demonstrating that sports rules, procedural justice, and the sporting spirit must co-evolve within the same dimensional framework. The author does not linger on moral condemnation; instead, using cross-border empirical cases—the bloodied blades on short-track ice, the chronic brain trauma behind boxing rings, the black whistles on Olympic rinks—it systematically dissects how commercial capital and political honor distort the competitive ecosystem, degrading "Friendship First, Competition Second" from an institutional principle into a disposable slogan.

What truly distinguishes this book from conventional sports commentary is its construction of an entire operational roadmap for institutional reconstruction. The AI Cyber-Judge breaks the referee's "absolute immunity" through millisecond-level biomechanical tracking and blockchain evidence preservation. The Five-Level Graded Penal Code imposes career-scale costs precisely proportioned to the severity of malicious intent. The Care Rule forces the injurer to bedside-accompany the victim until recovery, completing a compulsory confession at the level of the soul. The Independent Sports Referee Oversight Committee (ISROC) closes the accountability loop on those who hold the scales of justice. Spanning jurisprudence, sports biomechanics, game theory, and global governance, these designs offer a complete toolkit—from theory to implementation—for international sports federations, national associations, event operators, and sports law researchers.

If you care about the future morphology of sports governance, the boundary where technology reshapes justice, or are trying to understand why the finest athletes are systematically manufactured into fouling machines by institutional pressure—this book will give you a cold, lucid analytical framework, and a reform roadmap delivered with unmistakable human warmth.

Four NCAA Division I student-athletes, who had previously been injured, volunteered to participate in Eye Movement  Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy (EMDR) and completed both pre and post test measures.  The session ranged from five to eight treatments and results on the Profile of Mood States 2nd Edition - Adult Short (POMS 2-A Short) indicated notable decreases on Total Mood Disturbance and Tension/Anxiety scales.  Increases were found on the Vigor/Activity scale (Positive Mood State).  The student-athletes who participated in the study achieved "personal records" in 11 of the 17 potential areas of measure for a "personal record" in their sport.  In addition, some student-athletes achieved multiple 'personal records" in some of their events.  Utilizing EMDR therapy with student-athletes who are experiencing distress or declining performance should receive notable consideration by mental health clinicians who are providing therapeutic services to collegiate student-athletes.

This study assessed the psychological wellbeing of student-athletes and non-athletes at the University of Ilorin, employing a descriptive research design. The population included all University's students, with 149 participants selected through a multi-stage sampling process. Stratified sampling categorised students into athletes (77) and non-athletes (72) chosen via random sampling. Data were collected using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), validated with Pearson's product-moment correlation reliability coefficient of .73. Descriptive statistics, including frequency counts and percentages, addressed research questions, while an independent samples t test at a .05 alpha level was used to test hypotheses. The findings revealed no significant difference in psychological wellbeing between student-athletes and non-athletes. Additionally, the perception of the impact of sport on psychological wellbeing did not differ between the groups. The study concluded that both student-athletes and non-athletes at the University of Ilorin exhibit similar psychological wellbeing, and their views on the influence of sport on wellbeing are consistent regardless of participation. These findings suggest that sport participation does not uniquely affect psychological wellbeing in this context, emphasising the importance of universal stress management practices for all students. To enhance psychological health, the study recommends that both groups engage in stress-reducing activities such as meditation, deep breathing, or yoga.

Background: Sarcopenia and frailty are prevalent geriatric syndromes that significantly compromise functional independence and health outcomes in older adults. The SARC-F questionnaire and the FRAIL Scale are widely adopted, brief screening instruments for sarcopenia and frailty, respectively. While both instruments share functional domains, the degree of their correlation in community-dwelling Indian older adults remains insufficiently characterized. Hence, objective of this study was to determine the correlation between the SARC-F questionnaire and the FRAIL Scale among community-dwelling older adults; to evaluate the diagnostic concordance between the tools; and to examine score distributions across age and gender subgroups. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 303 community-dwelling older adults (age ≥60 years) in Maharashtra, India. All participants completed both the SARC-F questionnaire (scored 0-10; positive threshold ≥4) and the FRAIL Scale (scored 0-5; frailty threshold ≥3). Statistical analyses included Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, sensitivity-specificity analysis, and Cohen's kappa coefficient.

Background: Sarcopenia and frailty are prevalent geriatric syndromes that significantly compromise functional independence and health outcomes in older adults. The SARC-F questionnaire and the FRAIL Scale are widely adopted, brief screening instruments for sarcopenia and frailty, respectively. While both instruments share functional domains, the degree of their correlation in community-dwelling Indian older adults remains insufficiently characterized. Hence, objective of this study was to determine the correlation between the SARC-F questionnaire and the FRAIL Scale among community-dwelling older adults; to evaluate the diagnostic concordance between the tools; and to examine score distributions across age and gender subgroups. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 303 community-dwelling older adults (age ≥60 years) in Maharashtra, India. All participants completed both the SARC-F questionnaire (scored 0-10; positive threshold ≥4) and the FRAIL Scale (scored 0-5; frailty threshold ≥3). Statistical analyses included Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, sensitivity-specificity analysis, and Cohen's kappa coefficient.

Studies have been conducted on the scope of sports wagering by student-athletes, as this population has the ability to control performances, game outcome, and/or provide insightful game related information (NCAA, 2004; NCAA, 2008; NCAA, 2013a). Not far from this notion, yet unrepresented in the literature, is the review of athletic trainers as it relates to sports wagering and gambling. Specifically, athletic trainers may possess confidential information regarding the mental and physical well-being of student-athletes and therefore might be valuable resources for those who want to obtain confidential health related information to increase their chances of winning a sports wager. Thus, the purpose of this study was to ascertain the scope of athletic trainers' involvement in gambling and sports wagering. This study employed a nonexperimental, exploratory, mixed-survey design to help determine possible gambling and sports wagering behaviors of athletic trainers. All NCAA Division I certified athletic trainers with publicly available e-mail addresses were targeted. Twenty-eight percent of those targeted (N=453) responded to the survey. Findings indicated that almost 38% of the athletic trainers have placed monetary bets on sporting events and almost 16% indicated they did so in the last 12 months. As such, this study provided rationale to extend sports wagering studies outside of the student-athlete population.

Football athletes at the University of Ibadan do not exert themselves on the field of play, failing to demonstrate dominance and assertiveness, and have thus become generally docile, lacking the instrumentally aggressive properties and actions desirable in a football team and its corresponding players. This study, therefore, seeks to understand the effect of Taekwondo training on physical skills among University of Ibadan Football Players. Based on this, the study assessed the effect of 6 weeks of Taekwondo (Martial Arts) Skill training on University of Ibadan football players (Physical Skill). Nonprobability purposive sampling technique was adopted for this study, and it was adopted because the main objective of the study was to collect information from participants who were easily accessible to the researcher at the material time, and because the participants all had characteristics that were needed in the sample. The following research instruments were used: The Sport Aggression Questionnaire and the 18-item Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ-18). After administering the questionnaire, data were extracted, coded and analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The descriptive statistics of frequency count, percentage (%) and Bar chart were used to analyse the demographic information, while Correlation and Regression analyses were used to test the null hypotheses at a 0.05 level of significance. The results of the study revealed significant influence of the independent variable (Taekwondo training) on physical skill /Instrumental Aggression of University of Ibadan football players as indicated by the F-statistic value of 65.49 and this is significant due to the fact, that the p-value is less than 0.05 (p=0.000 <0.

sistema educativo, es crucial comprender las características morfológicas de los estudiantes universitarios, especialmente ahora que el gobierno apoya activamente los deportes a través de iniciativas como el programa "Khelo India" para ayudar a los atletas jóvenes. El propósito del estudio fue investigar las características morfológicas de los atletas y no atletas de nivel universitario en la India. Métodos: Se seleccionaron aleatoriamente 287 estudiantes universitarios para adquirir un conjunto completo de datos demográficos y antropométricos. Resultados: El estudio reveló diferencias significativas en el índice de masa corporal (p=0,004), endomorfia (p=0,001), ectomorfia (p=0,02) y porcentaje de grasa corporal (p=0,001). Sin embargo, no se identificaron diferencias significativas en la mesomorfia (p=0,09) y sólo se observaron diferencias mínimas en la masa magra (p=0,57). Los atletas de nivel universitario exhiben un físico ectomórficomesomórfico (2,9-3,9-3,0), caracterizado por una combinación distintiva de musculatura y delgadez. Los no deportistas son endomorfos mesomórficos (5,0-4,3-2,4) y exhiben mayor contenido de grasa corporal y musculatura. Los deportistas presentaban un porcentaje de grasa corporal significativamente menor, destacando la influencia positiva del entrenamiento deportivo y el ejercicio físico regular en la reducción de la adiposidad. El análisis de las clasificaciones percentiles proporciona información integral sobre la distribución de métricas antropométricas entre atletas y no atletas, lo que ayuda a personalizar los regímenes de entrenamiento, identificar áreas de posible mejora y mejorar una evaluación integral de las características físicas de los individuos. Conclusión: El estudio arroja luz sobre el papel crucial de los rasgos morfológicos a la hora de discernir las diferencias entre los atletas de nivel universitario y los no atletas dentro del contexto más amplio del "Movimiento Fit India". El estudio ayudará a diseñar un módulo de formación eficaz para mejorar la salud general de los estudiantes universitarios.

The NCAA has recognized the growing mental health crisis among student-athletes over the last decade and responded by publishing best practices, passing related legislation, and conducting surveys with student-athletes and coaches regarding mental health. This qualitative study explored the perceptions and insights of 22 Division I student-athletes on current strategies and resources designed to provide the best mental health support to them, along with what they perceive as the barriers or resource deficiencies related to seeking help. This applied research was done in the context of the best practices outlined in the NCAA's Interassociation Consensus Document: Mental Health Best Practices, along with the 2019 NCAA legislation guaranteeing student-athletes access to mental health services and resources, and through the lens of an emerging mental health literacy theoretical framework. The overarching themes that emerged included (a) the importance of coaches, (b) institutional/administrative culture, (c) barriers to seeking support (time, stigma, resources), and (d) triggers and root causes. Based on the pervasiveness of the importance of coaches as a standalone theme and a contributing factor cited by athletes in each of the other emergent themes, the focus and emphasis is on that theme in our results and subsequent discussion.

A study to evaluate the influence of body mass index, life styles and dietary habits on blood pressure among the nursing students at selected nursing college of Vijayapur. The objective of the study is to assess relationship of life style factors, body mass index and dietary habits with blood pressure. A sample of 500 nursing students was included in the study. The study result showed there is significant association between body mass index, life style dietary habits and blood pressure

sistema educativo, es crucial comprender las características morfológicas de los estudiantes universitarios, especialmente ahora que el gobierno apoya activamente los deportes a través de iniciativas como el programa "Khelo India" para ayudar a los atletas jóvenes. El propósito del estudio fue investigar las características morfológicas de los atletas y no atletas de nivel universitario en la India. Métodos: Se seleccionaron aleatoriamente 287 estudiantes universitarios para adquirir un conjunto completo de datos demográficos y antropométricos. Resultados: El estudio reveló diferencias significativas en el índice de masa corporal (p=0,004), endomorfia (p=0,001), ectomorfia (p=0,02) y porcentaje de grasa corporal (p=0,001). Sin embargo, no se identificaron diferencias significativas en la mesomorfia (p=0,09) y sólo se observaron diferencias mínimas en la masa magra (p=0,57). Los atletas de nivel universitario exhiben un físico ectomórficomesomórfico (2,9-3,9-3,0), caracterizado por una combinación distintiva de musculatura y delgadez. Los no deportistas son endomorfos mesomórficos (5,0-4,3-2,4) y exhiben mayor contenido de grasa corporal y musculatura. Los deportistas presentaban un porcentaje de grasa corporal significativamente menor, destacando la influencia positiva del entrenamiento deportivo y el ejercicio físico regular en la reducción de la adiposidad. El análisis de las clasificaciones percentiles proporciona información integral sobre la distribución de métricas antropométricas entre atletas y no atletas, lo que ayuda a personalizar los regímenes de entrenamiento, identificar áreas de posible mejora y mejorar una evaluación integral de las características físicas de los individuos. Conclusión: El estudio arroja luz sobre el papel crucial de los rasgos morfológicos a la hora de discernir las diferencias entre los atletas de nivel universitario y los no atletas dentro del contexto más amplio del "Movimiento Fit India". El estudio ayudará a diseñar un módulo de formación eficaz para mejorar la salud general de los estudiantes universitarios.

An Aesthetic Theory of Gamesmanship is an in-depth analysis of the personal, sociological, and historical elements contained within the art of Derek Fordjour with considerations given to artistic and literary influences that inform his intention and goals in the work. Also included are illustrations of specific art works and descriptions.

In the 2008 Beijing Olympics, the United States female rowing team brought home the gold medal. There is no question as to whether or not these champions were prepared – physically and mentally – for competition. However, there is still much to learn about the specific mental preparation strategies and mental techniques used by Olympic champions. While several researchers have identified the mental characteristics of successful athletes (Gould, Eklund, & Jackson, 1992a, 1992b; Orlick & Partington, 1988), much of this research has focused on athletes’ use of psychological skills, including imagery, attentional control, controlling anxiety, positive self-talk and goal setting (Bertollo, Saltarelli, & Robazza, 2008). Despite these studies, there is a dearth of research focusing on the mental preparation strategies of Olympic champions. This interview provides an in-depth look at the thoughts and mental preparation strategies of one female Olympic Gold Medalist rower. Throughout this se...

Adolescence, defined as the age period between 10 and 19 years, represents a critical phase of growth marked by rapid physical, psychological, and behavioral changes. Nutritional problems occurring during this stage can have long-term consequences on health and development. The present study was undertaken to examine the relationship between the prevalence of anemia and body mass index among adolescent girls. A correlational research design was adopted. The sample consisted of 160 school-going adolescent girls aged 10-16 years studying in classes V to XI, selected through a convenient sampling technique. Body mass index was calculated using standardized measurements of height and weight and interpreted according to World Health Organization growth reference standards using Z-score tables. Hemoglobin levels were estimated by the cyan-hemoglobin method, and anemia status was identified through general blood picture examination. The findings showed that the mean body mass index of the participants was 19.15 with a standard deviation of 2.6. The mean hemoglobin level was 11.8 g/dl with a standard deviation of 1.3. Statistical analysis revealed a mild positive correlation between anemia and body mass index (r = 0.127), indicating a weak association between nutritional status and hemoglobin concentration among the adolescent girls. IndexTerms-correlation, body mass index, anemia, adolescent girls, hemoglobin 1.

Distal humeral fractures that occur immediately above the elbow joint are known as supracondylar fractures. They are more prevalent in children than in adults, constituting 18% of fractures in the pediatric population and 60% of fractures involving the elbow(1). Diagnosis is typically established through imaging, particularly Xrays. Patients often experience pain, stiffness, limited range of motion, and challenges in performing daily activities(2). This review highlights the structured physiotherapy program implemented post-surgery and underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary approach, specifically the significant role of targeted physiotherapy in aiding recovery and minimising the risk of long-term disability.

Background: Burnout is an occupational phenomenon characterized by physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion due to prolonged work-related stress. School teachers are particularly vulnerable because of high workload, prolonged working hours, multitasking demands, and inadequate recovery time. Along with psychological stress, teachers are prone to work-related musculoskeletal pain caused by prolonged standing, repetitive movements, and suboptimal workplace ergonomics. These physical symptoms may contribute to burnout a nd adversely affect quality of life and work efficiency.

In The Price: What It Takes to Win in College Football’s Era of Chaos, Armen Keteyian and John Talty provide a critical examination of the rapidly evolving landscape of college football. Serving as a spiritual successor to The System: The Glory and Scandal of Big-Time College Football (2013), The Price shifts its focus to contemporary forces reshaping the sport, including Name, Image, and Likeness (NIL) endorsements, the NCAA transfer portal, and conference realignment. This more targeted approach positions The Price as a timely and relevant follow-up, capturing the instability, challenges, and structural upheaval defining the current era of intercollegiate athletics.

Rationale/purpose: This study analyses how universities strategically and operationally consider racialised experiences of staff and students working to deliver sport and physical activity. Methodology: Twenty-seven staff were interviewed across five university research sites. Participants included Directors of Sport, Heads of Academic Schools, and, where available, Pro-Vice Chancellors. Coaches, team managers, and other sport leaders from racial and ethnic minority backgrounds were recruited via social networks, social media, and direct emails. activity in UK universities.

This paper examines a CRLA-aligned academic support program for the University's women's basketball team, addressing tutoring, study hall, and travel-related challenges. Individualized Academic Support Plans, relational engagement, and coordinated communication with coaches improved academic outcomes, managed behavior, and informed a sustainable model balancing scholarship and athletic participation for student-athletes.

Recruitment of participants into treatment outcome studies is an important and often challenging aspect of human research. Yet, there have been very few controlled trials that have examined methods of recruiting participants into clinical trials, particularly in populations that may be reluctant to pursue mental health intervention, such as athletes. In this study, 79 NCAA Division I, Club, and Intramural student-athletes volunteered to participate in a study to determine their interest in participating in one of two goal-oriented programs representing two arms in a clinical trial. These programs were aimed at reducing substance abuse and sexually transmitted infections, and improving mental health, relationships, and sport performance. The participants were randomly assigned to Standard Recruitment (SR) or Recruitment Engagement (RE). RE included a review of the aforementioned outcome study and implementation of strategies that were developed to motivate participants to engage in t...

College athletics, perhaps even more so than professional sports, engender a high degree of affinity and attachment. Boosters and alumni are willing to give millions to further the cause of their alma mater. Several schools welcome over one hundred thousand spectators from all over the country to a single home football game on autumn Saturdays. College football’s 2014 (and last) Bowl Championship Series (“BCS”) National Championship game garnered some of the highest ratings in cable history. Every March economists estimate hundreds of millions of dollars in productivity is lost due to Madness. The position of Athletic Director is perhaps the most prestigious in all of college athletics. It is, in a sense, the general manager of a portfolio of sports teams that potentially represents the university in front of millions of spectators. However, the duties and responsibilities of an Athletic Director are very different from its professional counterpart. Instead of reporting to a team pr...

This study examines whether overtraining is the main factor contributing to the rise in sports and recreational injuries among professionals and teenagers. The study investigates a number of contributing factors, such as insufficient rest and recuperation, inappropriate training methods, ignorance, and infrastructure constraints.
The study examines both national and international viewpoints, with a focus on developing nations like Pakistan, using secondary research from reliable international sources like the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and the National Library of Medicine (NLM).The results indicate that while overtraining is a major cause of sports injuries, socioeconomic limitations, inadequate facilities, and poor technique are also important contributors. In order to lower the risk of injury among young athletes, the report's conclusion offers doable solutions, such as structured training regimens and the encouragement of unstructured free play.
This paper was written as an academic research report and aims to contribute to discussions on injury prevention, youth sports safety, and sustainable sports participation.

The Indiana College Cup is an innovative project that aims to revitalize men's collegiate soccer in Indiana during the traditional dormant spring semester. In this initiative, nine teams: three from NCAA Division I, three from NCAA Division II, and three from NAIA, including Grace College, will compete in a tournament. The tournament's main goals are to increase community involvement throughout the state, promote inter-divisional cooperation, and offer meaningful competition. The tournament is structured as a six-week event, the format includes a group stage with three groups of three teams, where each team plays two matches with one bye week. The best performing runner-up and the top team from each group go to the semifinals, which are two-leg games. A single-match final at a neutral location marks the end of the competition. High-stakes regulations are implemented in matches, such as penalty shootouts for tiebreakers and golden goal overtime. Increasing off-season competitive opportunities, promoting stronger relationships between universities and towns, and raising awareness of soccer programs in all divisions are just a few advantages of the Indiana College Cup. By becoming an important event in collegiate soccer and setting an innovative standard for inter-divisional cooperation, this event hopes to improve the athletic calendar for all parties involved, players, supporters, and stakeholders.

This paper examines four major issues currently shaping high school and collegiate athletic administration: Name, Image, and Likeness (NIL), the NCAA Transfer Portal, transgender athlete participation, and sports gambling. Each issue is analyzed through recent research, policy developments, and their impact on athletes, coaches, and athletic departments. The paper highlights how NIL and the transfer portal have transformed athlete autonomy, recruitment, and competitive balance, while also creating compliance and roster-management challenges. The section on transgender athletes explores the tension between fairness and inclusion, along with evolving NCAA regulations and their implications for team dynamics and competitive integrity. The discussion on gambling addresses rising risks to athlete well-being and program oversight. For each issue, the paper provides practical recommendations to help athletic departments adapt through education, policy development, compliance strategies, and athlete support systems. Overall, the project serves as a guide for navigating the rapidly changing landscape of athletic administration.

Student athletes hold a unique identity at colleges and universities all across the nation. They are tasked with the high demands and time constraints of being both a college level student and athlete. While there have been growing conversations about student athletes at Division I institutions, those pertaining to Division II student athletes remain minimal. While student athletes have a great deal in common, they all come from different backgrounds that have contributed to who they are today. When arriving to college, these unique individuals are introduced to institutional power structures that constrain and control their identities and individuality. These larger power structures have sculpted definitions of what it means to be a “good” student athlete. Meanwhile, society also has defined what a student athlete is. These preconceived notions become even more complicated when using an intersectional approach that takes into consideration the additional identities student athletes...

de Río Piedras (UPR-RP). Los datos fueron obtenidos a través de la administración de un cuestionario que exploró las necesidades, experiencias y características de una muestra de 223 estudiantes-atletas de la UPR-RP. El análisis de los datos se enfocó en la descripción de los distintos factores que intervienen en el desarrollo del doble rol de los/as estudiantes-atletas y las situaciones a las que se enfrentan. Los resultados del estudio sugieren lo siguiente: 1) los/as estudiantesatletas de la UPR-RP pertenecen a diversos programas de estudio y no únicamente a aquellos ligados al deporte; 2) seleccionaron la universidad en la cual estudiarían a base de sus ofrecimientos académicos en comparación con los deportivos y; 3) la mayoría planifica enfocarse en actividades no relacionadas al deporte una vez completen su bachillerato. A partir de los resultados, se concluye que los/as estudiantes-atletas de la UPR-RP aprovechan sus destrezas deportivas para poder alcanzar sus objetivos académico-profesionales. Por tanto, toda medida de apoyo al estudiante-atleta complementará o motivará su participación deportiva, pero seguirá siendo suplementaria a poder recibir una educación universitaria de calidad facilitada a través de sus capacidades deportivas. Por último, se concluye que, para poder armonizar la práctica deportiva con la ejecución académica, los/as estudiantes-atletas necesitan medidas de apoyo institucional que les permitan alcanzar sus objetivos académico-profesionales.

Female participation in NCAA athletics has grown significantly since the passage of Title IX-the 1972 U.S. federal law that prohibits sex-based discrimination in educational programs and activities receiving federal funding-yet much of the existing research continues to focus on male athletes, leaving important gaps in our understanding of women's experiences in collegiate sports. One underexamined area with important public health implications is the role of coach-athlete relationships in shaping female athletes' mental health, access to resources, and overall collegiate experience. This exploratory study draws on in-depth interviews with 19 former female NCAA athletes to examine how their relationships with coaches influenced their athletic careers, mental health, and perceptions of support. Participants represented a range of sports and competitive levels, allowing for variation in experiences across contexts. Findings reveal that coach-athlete relationships are not only central to performance and motivation but also serve as key sources of emotional, social, and material support-or, in some cases, stress and disengagement. The quality and impact of these relationships were shaped by competitive pressures, team dynamics, and institutional expectations. This study underscores the importance of relational context in understanding the broader landscape of female NCAA athletes' experiences and suggests that coach-athlete dynamics merit greater attention in both research and athletic program development. These findings underscore the relevance of coachathlete dynamics as a public health concern, particularly in relation to mental health and emotional well-being in competitive sports environments. Supporting healthier relational cultures in collegiate athletics is essential for promoting positive health outcomes among female student-athletes.

Introduction: Adolescence i.e., 10-19 years of age is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood, a period of rapid growth, body changes and re-establishment of behaviors, including eating habits. Assessment of their food intake is required, to learn about the nutritional status of adolescents (Mis et al., 2012). Aim: To investigate the nutritional status and dietary intake of micronutrients of 10-17 years old adolescent girls in Muslim community in Thane district. Methodology: This observational crosssectional study was conducted on adolescent girls aged between 13-17 years, living in Thane district belonging to Muslim community and apparently healthy were selected by convenience sampling method. The sample size was 100 and Non-probability convenience sampling method was used. Results: According to our findings, only 35% adolescent girls have normal BMI. About 30%, 23% and 12% were Underweight, Overweight and Obese respectively. The majority of participants had normal waist circumferences (WC) according to the cutoff value, however more than one-third of the study group had higher values. In Macronutrient consumption the energy and protein were less as compared to carbohydrate and fat. Carbohydrates were much higher and fat intake was almost the same as recommended. Micronutrients intakes of calcium, iron, folic acid, vit 12 and vit C were found to be low. Participants had insufficient intake of iron i.e., only one third of the EAR value and almost one-fifth of the required RDA. Conclusion: Although dietary consumption among the study participants showed no significant differences, there is a larger intake of carbohydrate and fat and low intakes of calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin 12, folic acid, and vitamin C. This deficit in long run may result in micronutrient deficiencies given the importance of these nutrients in metabolism.

BACKGROUND: Step tests are one of the most widely used field tests for estimating VO2 max. Most administered step test is queen's college step test (QST). VO2 max is one of the best methods of predicting cardiorespiratory endurance and aerobic preparation. However the reliability of step test in young Indian population is due, So the present study aimed to find out the inter and intra-rater reliability on a healthy samples METHODOLOGY: 30 participants were selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria and asked to perform the Queens college step test on a stepper of height 41.3 cm and HR was recorded before and after the test and VO2max was calculated. For interrater reliability the VO2 max of the subjects belonging to the same group was checked 15 minutes apart by two different researchers. For intra-rater reliability the VO2 max of the subjects belonging to different groups was checked the next day by the same researcher. Intra class correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated for examining the test-retest reliability. A Bland-Altman plot was constructed in which the individual differences were plotted against the individual mean scores. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that Queens College step test is a highly reliable tool for measurement of maximal oxygen consumption in health individual.

The greatest challenge for educators during the pandemic Covid 19 situation today is to motivate their students to adopt e-learning. Therefore, it is important for lecturers in higher institutions to understand how to motivate their learners in choosing the types of motivation. Motivation refers to the concern with arousal, direction and persistence of behaviour towards the achievement of a specific goal, which classified into intrinsic and extrinsic. The objective of this study is to explore the types of motivation in adopting e-learning among the student

El propósito de este estudio fue examinar las
características, experiencias formativas y
necesidades del estudiante-atleta de la
Universidad de Puerto Rico del Recinto de Río
Piedras con la intención de conocer y describir el
perfil de esta población. De tal forma, que los
programas dirigidos a atender eficientemente las
diversas necesidades y los factores que impactan el
desarrollo personal, académico, social y deportivo
del estudiante-atleta del recinto puedan tomar
acción a partir de los resultados presentados en
este informe.

Sports betting, which is a form of gambling, has become increasingly popular among collegiate athletes, and a considerable number of them bet, and most do so with their monthly income and some with their school fees. Hence, the aim of this study is to ascertain the knowledge and prevalence of sports betting among collegiate athletes in Nigeria. A descriptive survey design was adopted for the research. Data were collected from 118 collegiate athletes at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, using a survey questionnaire. The Cronbach's coefficient alpha for the questionnaire was 0.73. Frequencies, percentages, and means were used to analyse the data. The results revealed that 53.4% of the respondents were into sports betting, out of which 11.1% of them place their bet via mobile USSD or SMS, 69.8% of them via the internet online, and 19.1% of them place their bet at a betting shop. Also, almost 90% of the respondents knew that sports betting is a form of gambling activity. Based on the findings, it was recommended that the university management, sports authorities, and regulatory bodies should collaborate to implement focused educational programmes, reinforce institutional policies, and ensure consistent application of existing rules to protect athletes' welfare and uphold the integrity of collegiate sports.

Hydration is important to maintaining physiological function at optimal level, improving athletic performance, and reducing risk of injuries. Yet, limited research explores the direct relationship between hydration and overuse injuries in male recreational cricket players. This study aimed to assess hydration status and its correlation with the incidence of overuse injuries-particularly of the knee, lower back, and shoulder-among male collegiate recreational cricket players. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 51 male collegiate recreational cricket players aged 18-24 years. Hydration status was measured using the Beverage Intake Questionnaire (BIQ), while overuse injuries were measured using the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre (OSTRC) Overuse Injury Questionnaire respectively. Spearman's rho correlation was used to determine the relationships between hydration status and incidence of overuse injuries. A statistically significant weak negative correlation was observed between hydration status and knee overuse injuries (r =-0.278, p = 0.049), which suggests that lower hydration levels may be linked to increased knee injury risk. No significant association was found between hydration status and injuries to the shoulder (r = 0.045, p = 0.754) or lower back (r = 0.107, p = 0.455). While cause cannot be established, the results propose that poor hydration may contribute to a greater chance of knee overuse injuries in male collegiate cricket players. These finding emphasize the importance of proper hydration strategies vital for musculoskeletal health and injury prevention. Further research in the future with objective hydration markers and a larger sample size is warranted.

Background: Athlete' psychological well-being is fundamental to their success and resilience. Recognizing this critical link, understanding how to enhance mental health for improved sport performance is invaluable to the athletic community. Aims: This article aims to concisely examine the intricate relationship between athlete mental health and performance, synthesizing current information and strategies to optimize both. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted to identify, select, and analyze relevant studies on the impact of mental health on athletic performance across various sports. A thematic narrative synthesis summarized findings, informing practical recommendations. Results: Findings consistently show that elite and collegiate athletes face comparable or heightened risks of mental health disorders due to intense competition, public scrutiny, and career uncertainties. Conversely, strong team cohesion and social support significantly enhance athletes' mental well-being and performance. Practical strategies include ensuring access to specialized mental health professionals, integrating mindfulness and relaxation techniques (e.g., Progressive Muscle Relaxation), utilizing mental health checklists for self-assessment, and implementing comprehensive coaching guidelines. These guidelines emphasize open communication, mental health education for coaches, and proactive stress management within training programs. Conclusion: The profound connection between mental health and athletic performance necessitates a proactive, multifaceted approach. At the same time, current research provides valuable insights, but limitations exist, including potential publication bias and a narrow time frame in many studies. Future research should prioritize longitudinal studies to understand long-term effects, explore technological interventions for accessibility, and rigorously evaluate student support services. These efforts will contribute to more effective, evidence-based support systems for athletes.

Objectives: To explore coaches’ perceived roles in doping prevention and investigate their previous experiences of working with athletes on doping related matters. Design: A cross-sectional online survey design was adopted. Methods: UK-based coaches (n=28) from various sports and coaching domains completed a self-devised web-based questionnaire. This consisted of thirty-eight questions divided into four sections (Demographics, Awareness, Experiences and Opinions). Data was analysed via non-parametric tests where applicable. Results: Almost half of the coaches (n=12, 43%) had never been approached by their athletes to discuss doping-related topics. Yet, 86% of coaches felt that they had to encourage an anti-doping viewpoint. Coaches working in the performance development domain were approached more often than those in participation domains. Coaches reported that athletes approach them because they value their opinions, believe they are knowledgeable and will tell them what to do (i.e...

Although global policy states that coaches are a key stakeholder group for anti-doping education, very little is known about how performance and participation coaches develop their understanding of anti-doping policy and practice. Therefore, 292 UK-based coaches completed an online survey exploring their experiences of anti-doping education (i.e., topics covered, how and by whom the programmes were delivered and how knowledgeable and well-equipped coaches felt to deal with doping-related matters). The results showed that almost a quarter of the surveyed coaches reported never learning about anti-doping. Only a third had engaged with a formal anti-doping education programme and coaches typically received information on detection-deterrence related topics (e.g., banned substances, testing procedures). Many coaches perceived themselves as only having 'a little' knowledge about anti-doping and declared themselves as 'a little' equipped to work with their sportspeople on doping-related matters. Nonetheless, 96% of coaches were inclined to learn more about antidoping in the future. Given the World Anti-Doping Code states that anti-doping education for coaches should be compulsory, it is crucial that insights from coaches are made public to inform the development of evidence-informed anti-doping programmes that are tailored and targeted.

Objectives: Doping threatens the integrity of sport and the health and wellbeing of athletes. Operating as both a risk and protective agent, coaches may influence athletes' (anti-)doping thoughts, feelings and behaviours. The objective of this study was to systematically review empirical coach anti-doping literature over a 20-year period between World Anti-Doping Agency formation (1999) and the present day (2019) to help better understand coaches' perspectives and behaviours in relation to doping and anti-doping in sport. Design: A systematic review was conducted using PRISMA guidelines. Methods: Electronic searches of seven databases, twenty-four journals and citation pearl growing identified published studies between 1999 and 2019. Results: Thirty-eight studies were included in this review. Three higher order themes were identified (individual, behavioural and contextual factors), consisting of a total of five themes (self-reported behaviour, hypothetical behaviour, coach beliefs, knowledge, and psychosocial components). Findings documented a changing research landscape, which revealed a greater frequency of total publications and emergence of qualitative study designs in conjunction with the development and induction of the 2015 World Anti-Doping Code. Over the last 20 years the anti-doping literature addressing coaches has developed and diversified from narrowly focused quantitative studies of coaches' knowledge and beliefs, to broader considerations of behavioural and contextual factors through the use of qualitative and mixed/multi-method designs. Although the existing literature sheds some light on coaches' perspectives and behaviours relating to doping prevention, further high-quality studies investigating the wider context surrounding coach behaviours, underpinned by metatheory, are needed to fully understand the complexity of doping in sport and guide future policy and practice.

The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of campus recreational sports facilities and programs on student recruitment and retention and to provide analysis regarding the number of times students participate in recreational sports activity. A convenience sample of students from classes in the Department of Physical Education and Health at a small southeastern university was used in the study. The instrument consisted of a modified version of the National Intramural-Recreational Sport Association&#39;s Quality and Importance of Recreational Services Survey. The chi-square test of homogeneity was used to test for differences, alpha = .05. Significant differences were found on the gender and class standing variables studied. Although limitations of the study exist, the results provide further evidence that students report that the availability of recreational sports facilities and programs has an impact on both their decisions to attend and remain at an institution. Furthermor...

Creating and fostering a healthy intersquad and campus culture in college athletics is crucial for the success and well-being of student-athletes. This submission delves into the strategies implemented by coaches, administrators, and staff to promote a supportive environment that encourages players to stay in school and complete their degrees. Drawing on evidence from various studies, below are best practices that are effective, applicable, and cost-efficient for institutions aiming to enhance student-athlete retention and success.

This study examines the experiential changes in student-athletes (SAs) through Dohsa Therapy (DT) by analyzing their narratives using text mining techniques. A total of 39 survey responses from 27 SAs who engaged in DT sessions ranging from 1 to over 50 were analyzed using KH Coder. In the short-term phase (1–15 sessions), the responses predominantly highlighted relaxation experiences such as "ease" and "relaxation." During the mid-term phase (16–50 sessions), terms related to activity and effort, such as "tension" and "try hard," became prominent. In the long-term phase (51+ sessions), responses reflected a deeper introspection with terms like "mind" and "way of thinking." Furthermore, a progression was observed from automatic sensations ("strained muscle") in the mid-term phase to more deliberate expressions of self-control and autonomy ("moving intentionally") in the long-term phase. These findings suggest that extended engagement with DT fosters a shift towards greater self-awareness and autonomy, aligning with the specific needs and motivations of SAs. This study contributes to understanding the therapeutic mechanisms of DT and highlights its potential to support the psychological and emotional well-being of athletes under stress.
Keywords: Dohsa Therapy, experiential change, student-athletes, psychological support, text mining

Exploring the Challenges of Elite African American Male Athletes at Predominately White Universities: Three Descriptive Case Studies by Kimberly R. Outlaw December 2019 Director of Dissertation: Dr. Mary S. Jackson Department of Addictions and Rehabilitation Studies In American society, sports participation is viewed through many lenses. With both college and professional teams, sports are popular entertainment that rivets millions of people and is discussed passionately. It is a major revenue-producing enterprise for universities, professional sports teams, and the communities that benefit in many ways from sports attendance. For many elite African American male student athletes growing up in low-income urban areas and without many job possibilities at home, sports provide a potential means to climb out of their current economic circumstances, support their families, and possibly earn millions of dollars and fame. For elite collegiate athletes particularly, sports bring scholarship...

required. It is typically used to cover an insurance need for a fixed period of time. Once that period expires the coverage is dropped. Although term insurance is relatively inexpensive at the younger age, at older ages it can become prohibitively expensive. The policy itself never builds cash value or permanent death benefits. Statistically, insurance companies rarely pay death benefit claims as the coverage is usually dropped before death occurs. Whole Life or "Permanent" Insurance. Whole life insurance is designed to provide insurance protection over the insured's entire lifetime. Typically, premiums are level or fixed over that period and the death benefit is fixed. The policy builds cash value and provides permanent death benefit protection. The insurance company generally assumes the investment risk associated with the policy. C. Universal Life. Universal life is a flexible premium, adjustable life product. Within certain limits the owner can pay whatever premium he chooses. The policy is interest sensitive and policy death benefits and cash values are directly affected by the premiums paid and the current interest rate credited to the policy. Although the owner assumes the investment risk in the policy, the insurance company controls how the funds are invested. Variable Universal or Variable Adjustable Life. Variable life insurance is similar to universal life insurance except the investment of the cash values is controlled by the owner who is given the option to select among several mutual fund-type investments. Variable life does in some instances provide a minimum death benefit and a level premium, but the investment risk is shifted to the owner. Aside from the potential for significantly higher rates of return, the policy is also extremely flexible like universal life in that premiums and death benefits may be increased or decreased. Variable life is an ideal product for funding deferred compensation plans because of its flexibility and investment return potential. Survivorship or Second-to-Die Life Insurance. Survivorship life insurance is a life insurance policy which promises to pay a death benefit only when the second of two insureds dies. In its basic form, survivorship life usually involves a mixture of permanent and term insurance to lower the overall premium. Because survivorship life pays only on the death of the survivor, the risk to the insurance company is significantly reduced. As a result, premiums for survivorship life are usually much lower than on a single life policy. Survivorship life is most often placed on wealthy married couples and is used to fund estate taxes which would be due on the death of the survivor under a marital deduction/credit shelter will. In some instances, however, survivorship life is used to fund deferred compensation because its lower overall mortality cost allows for the rapid buildup of cash value. Taxation of Life Insurance. A. Definition of Life Insurance. In order for a life insurance policy to be taxed as life insurance, the policy must meet the statutory definition of life insurance. For contracts issued after December 31, 1984, to qualify as life insurance, the contract must be a life insurance contract under state law and meet one of the two following alternative tests under I.R.C. Sec. 7702(a): * From policy loans and/or parrial surrenders (Withdrawals). NOTE: Policy loans may create an adverse tax result in the event of a lapse or policy surrender.