Content Analysis (Research Methodology)

Resumo: O artigo analisa o jogo Death Stranding como uma narrativa crítica às estruturas do projeto moderno/colonial, investigando de que modo suas dinâmicas tensionam lógicas de dominação, especialmente no que se refere à necropolítica, à divisão sexual do trabalho reprodutivo e à relação com o meio ambiente. O objetivo é compreender como o jogo constrói, em nível simbólico e interativo, alternativas à racionalidade predatória associada ao Ocidente. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, de caráter interpretativo, baseada no método autoetnográfico das narrativas de si e nos ciclos de codificação de dados de Saldaña. O corpus foi constituído a partir de excertos da experiência de jogo, analisados por meio de codificação descritiva e narrativa, seguidos de uma etapa eclética e de identificação de padrões. A análise organizou-se em três categorias: meio ambiente, necropolítica e paternagem. Os resultados indicam que o jogo subverte a centralidade da violência ao desestimular o assassinato, promove uma crítica à exploração ambiental por meio de um mundo em colapso e reposiciona o cuidado como elemento central da experiência, ao integrar trabalho produtivo e reprodutivo na figura do protagonista. Conclui-se que o jogo opera como uma alegoria crítica ao propor relações baseadas na conexão, no cuidado e na preservação da vida.

Children's literature in the form of picturebooks, storybooks, and anthologies/readers in Pre-Kindergarten (PreK) to Grade 3 holds a special place in literacy development and in the lives of children. While reading children's literature, developing readers navigate between words and images to form meaning as they read. Although studies in many parts of the world have explored how PreK-Grade 3 (3-7 + years) children's literature functions through the lens of Bishop's (in Perspectives: Choosing and using books for the classroom, vol. 6, pp. ix-xi, 1990) metaphor windows, mirrors, and sliding glass doors, there is a dearth of research in this regard in the Postcolonial Pakistani schools' booklists context. The purpose of this quantitative descriptive study is to explore children's literature, published in English, used for instructional purposes in PreK-Grade 3 in Postcolonial Pakistani schools. Quantitative analysis indicates a significant relationship between the fee structure of different schools with the number of English picturebooks, storybooks, and anthologies/readers incorporated grade-wise (PreK-Grade 3) on instructional booklists.

The study aimed to highlight the impact of technological integration on engineering students to teach English in one of the public sector engineering university in Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. The study adopted the qualitative design and data was collected through an interview. Further, the collected data was analyzed through the content analysis. It was to find the effectiveness technology usage in learning and teaching of English language amongst the engineers at undergraduate level in Sindh. The study also intends to demonstrate that how the English language can be enhanced effectively through use of technology by the engineers in their future. The study stated through the results that English language is considered the global language, where students of engineering context need to have the competency. The learning of English enhances the efficiency of the engineers and technological integration makes them to learn English more efficiently through the use of technological gadgets. They improve capacity of visualization in students and teachers. Therefore, the digital tools proved to increase the learning more efficiently.

Official corporate communications cannot by themselves reveal how foreign audiences perceive a country, but they do reveal how nation-related meanings are projected by corporate actors. This study therefore analyses the communicated representation of Türkiye in the official materials of four aviation brands-İGA Istanbul Airport, TAV Airports, Pegasus Airlines and Turkish Airlines. The study is based on 13 official items published between 2016 and 2025, including 6 press releases or announcements, 5 official web or service pages, and 2 corporate reports. Using qualitative content analysis, the article maps five recurring themes: country-related representation, brand positioning, service quality and experience, infrastructure and capacity, and global connectivity. The findings show that direct nation-linked references are concentrated especially in İGA and Turkish Airlines materials, whereas Pegasus and TAV more often represent Türkiye indirectly through innovation, accessibility, operational competence and international reach. Rather than claiming that these materials prove audience-level country image effects, the study demonstrates how corporate actors build a complementary repertoire of communicated identity around hospitality, connectivity, scale and modernisation. In this respect, the article contributes to nation-branding and sectoral communication literature by clarifying the distinction between projected identity and received image while offering a transparent document-based coding framework.

Serial Omar (2012) merupakan salah satu tayangan religi yang dipublikasikan pada
sekitaran tahun 2012 dengan Hatem Ali sebagai pria dibalik layar yang menyutradarai serial
historis-religi ini. Tayangan ini mengangkat dan memberikan dasar kronologis sekaligus
kisah Khalifatu Rasulillah Umar bin Khattab yang merupakan khalifah ke-2 kekhalifahan
rasyidin setelah khalifah Abu Bakar dengan masa memerintah kurang lebih selama 10 tahun
dari tahun 634 m sampai 644 m, ketika dirinya dibunuh oleh seorang budak persia yang
dendam akan kekalahan dan kehancuran kekaisaran persia oleh pasukan islam pimpinan
Umar, hal ini menjadikan dirinya salah satu tokoh penting dalam sejarah Islam dan menjadi
sosok peletak dasar bagi kekuasaan islam di seluruh dunia. Serial ini tidak hanya
menampilkan perjalanan hidup Umar, tetapi juga menggambarkan nilai-nilai Islam, keadilan,
kepemimpinan, serta perkembangan peradaban Islam di masa awal-awal pasca wafatnya
Rasulullah Muhammad pada tahun 632 m. Dengan pendekatan yang mendalam dan berbasis
historis-kronologis, Omar menjadi salah satu serial religi yang memiliki nilai edukatif tinggi
bagi masyarakat dan khalayak umum karena memberikan depiksi dari sejarah yang umum
disajikan dalam bentuk tekstual. Spesifikasi dari program ini sendiri berisi sekitar 30 episode
dengan durasi per-episode masing-masing sekitar 45-55 menit yang sudah termasuk dengan
intro dan outro dari serial ini. Mekanisme dari seri ini ialah dengan menyatukan berbagai
macam dasar kronologis atau dapat disebut sebagai peristiwa-peristiwa yang dirangkai secara
berurutan dan menjadi satu kesatuan yang padu yang memberikan tayangan religi-historis
yang berkualitas. Walau hanya dengan 31 episode, namun sudah terdiri dari puluhan hingga
ratusan event atau segmen yang mendeskripsikan kejadian-kejadian historis sehingga
penonton dapat lebih merasakan dan ikut masuk ke dalam peristiwa tersebut.

Kata Kunci: Serial Religi; Nilai-nilai Islam; Nilai Pancasila; Kepemimpinan Umar;
Project-based Learning

Syftet med denna uppsats är att göra en begreppsanalys av begreppet fostran för att undersöka vad begreppet innebär, hur begreppet används i den senaste svenska läroplanen, samt undersöka vem som tillskrivs ansvaret för elevens fostran då begreppet förekommer i grundskolans läroplan utan vägledning för tolkningen av begreppet. Begreppsanalysen gjordes i två delar. Den första delen gjordes genom att studera och sammanställa fostrans betydelse i ordböcker, -listor och lexikon, samt hur begreppet används för att belysa vem som tillskrivs ansvaret för elevens fostran. Resultatet av begreppsanalysens första del visar att det är en innehållsmässig, och inte bara grammatisk, skillnad mellan begreppen fostra och fostran, där fostra handlar om att överföra kunskaper medan fostran mer handlar om att påverka beteende. Begreppsanalysens andra del gjordes genom att studera hur begreppet fostran används i läroplanen. Resultatet visar att det i läroplanen talas om två olika sorters fostransarbeten. Det första handlar om specifika värden som skolan ska förmedla och gestalta och det andra fostransarbetet är det elevens föräldrar som har ansvar för, det innefattar bl.a. överföring av kunskaper och värden. Många av de ord som används tillsammans med fostran i Lgr-11 kan betecknas med samlingstermen plastic words, då dessa ord är så innehållsmässigt breda att de inte har någon specifik betydelse och att de därav är öppna för tolkning. Uppsatsen ska ses som ett bidrag till den större diskussionen om vad som påverkar likvärdigheten i den svenska skolan och om tjänsten skattesubventionerad läxläsning har något stöd i grundskolans läroplan.

Bugüne kadar hakkında az şey bilinen veya çarpıtılmış bilgiler nedeniyle yanlış tanınan Hemşinliler gibi grupların tarihleri hakkında alternatif kaynak ve anlatı oluşturma bağlamında özellikle sözlü kültüre ve bu bağlamda kolektif hafızaya başvuru konusunda yine popüler çalışmaların öncülüğü görülmektedir. Henüz yeterli olmaktan çok uzak olan bu çok değerli çalışmalara ek olarak yapılması gereken, akademik sözlü tarih çalışmalarıdır ki bu konuda dikkate alınması gereken kriterler bu yazının asıl konusunu oluşturmaktadır.

Mekânın öznel deneyimi belirleyen etkisinin sorunsallaştırıldığı bu
çalışma, Kayseri kentinin mekânsal yapılanmasında belirleyici hâle gelen
pratiklere ilişkin eleştirel bir okumanın devamıdır. Okuma nesneye
ilişkindir, ancak bu kentsel yapılanma deneyimin somut karşılığı olarak ele
alındığında normatif sınırların gücüne işaret ettiği iddia edilebilmektedir.
Böylece çalışma mekânın üretilmesi sorunsalı üzerinden bir çözümleme
sürecine yönelir. Bu çözümleme Michel Foucault’nun özneleş[tir]me ve
iktidar ilişkileri analizi temelinde ele alınmaktadır. Özne ve nesnenin bir
pratiğin içinde aynı anda kurulduğunu ve karşılıklı olarak dönüştüğünü
ileri süren bu ilişkisel bakış, problem alanını koşullar ve pratikleri
kapsayacak şekilde genişletmektedir. Foucault’nun söylem analizinden
hareketle, mekânda iktidar-bilgi etkisini; yani mevcut pratiklerin hangi
bilme etkileri ve normatif sınırların devamı olduğunun ortaya konulması
amaçlanmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda verili deneyimler, söylem oluşumlarının
analizini içeren soybilimsel bir tarih anlayışıyla bugünden geriye giderek
çözümlenmektedir. Kayseri kentinin erken Cumhuriyet döneminden 1989
yılına uzanan tarihsel sürecinde, pratiklerin ve nesne alanlarının analizi
yoluyla, iktidar-bilginin mekân üzerindeki etkisi ortaya konulmaktadır.
Kentte, tarihsel olarak koşullandırılan deneyimin söylemsel, arkitektonik
ve kentsel formlarda somut hâle geldiği bir çözümleme yapılabilmektedir.
Farklı tarihsel dönemlerde mekânın üretilmesi sorunsalı çeşitli
özneleş[tir]me süreçlerini de yapılandırmıştır. Ancak normatif sistemlerin
içerikleri bağlamında farklı motivasyonlarla üretilmiş olsalar da,
mevcut/eski olanın değersizleştirildiği belirli bir söylem biçimi, pratiğin normalleşmiş kalıplarını üretmiştir. Bu nedenle öznenin değerler
sisteminde ve kendilik pratiklerindeki dönüşüme ilişkin bir süreklilik
kurmak mümkündür. Çalışma için hayati olan da bu pratiklerin tarihsel
dönemleri aşarak, kentin mevcut durumunu belirleyen etkisidir. Kentte
insan ve mekân arasındaki ilişkinin stratejik söylem-pratik kalıpları olarak
dispozitiflerle örtülmüş olduğu ve güncel eğilimleri ürettiği sonucuna
varılmaktadır. Ancak bu yaklaşım, tarihsel sınırları tartışmak ve aşmak
üzere; kentsel mekâna müdahaleyi ontolojik bir ilişki bağlamında ele
almak gerekliliğine vurgu yapmaktadır: Mekânın üretilmesi sorunsalının
hangi stratejik-yönlendirici ve özneleştirici etkileri taşıdığını göz önünde
bulundurmak, öznel deneyim ve tasarım pratiklerinin üretim olanağı için
önemlidir.

Environmental education in early childhood is an important part of education for sustainable development, helping to form children's environmental awareness, values, and responsible behavior towards the environment. However, research studies show that pre-service preschool teachers often lack practical skills and methodological knowledge needed to effectively integrate environmental topics into the educational process. Therefore, the aim of this study was to reveal the strategies of environmental education expected by pre-service preschool teachers, their perceived implementation challenges, and the evaluation of the preparation provided by the study program. The research is based on a sustainable development education paradigm, theories of social constructivism and experiential learning, concepts of teachers' professional competence and self-efficacy, and the ecological systems theory. The research was conducted using a mixed-methods design that combines qualitative and quantitative analyses. Data were collected using a written survey with four open-ended questions, designed to elicit planned teaching strategies, anticipated challenges, curriculum assessment readiness, and the need for additional professional support. 64 pre-service preschool education teachers from two Lithuanian universities participated in the study. The data collected were analyzed by applying quantitative content analysis, identifying meaningful units, forming subcategories and categories, and calculating their frequencies. The results of the study showed that pre-service teachers attach the greatest importance to experiential and practical activities in the natural environment. The main expected challenges are related to limited parental involvement, a lack of material and organizational resources, children's developmental peculiarities, and insufficient professional training for teachers (especially in practical implementation). The results of the study show an obvious need to strengthen the integration of environmental education into preschool teacher training programs, to develop practical training opportunities, and to provide greater methodological and professional support for pre-service teachers.

The efficacy of a state's legal system depends not only on the quality of its legislation but also on the congruence between legal practice and legal scholarship. This study looks at the important goals of legal practice and research in today's countries, arguing that the rule of law requires a flexible relationship between changes in legal ideas, how well institutions work, access to justice, and insights from different fields. This paper presents a paradigm that integrates jurisprudence, constitutional theory, public policy analysis, and socio-legal methodology to harmonize legal practice and research, thereby enhancing governance, accountability, and societal stability.

revolução tecnológica levou muitos autores a considerá-la como um dos fatores primordiais de competição nas organizações devido às mudanças que gera, fazendo com que os profissionais das áreas estratégicas das organizações tenham que reavaliar constantemente conceitos e estratégias, pois novos ambientes demandam decisões que precisam ser tomadas cada vez mais rapidamente e sob condições de consideráveis incertezas. Diante desse cenário é um prazer fazer a abertura de uma revista científica eletrônica que trata da busca incessante de novas formas de estudos, que alcunham o objeto científico norteadas pelas palavras dos autores que abordam as diversas faces que a área organizacional permite. Nesse contexto salienta-se, também, que a sábia revolução tecnológica vem contribuindo para que informações cheguem rapidamente ao conhecimento de todos e, sob a referida ótica, a tecnologia da informação surgiu como uma fonte que além da agilidade contribui para que custos sejam diminuídos sem se subtrair a qualidade da informação. Assim, ressalta-se a importância da Revista Perspectiva Contemporânea para a comunidade científica, que é a de transmitir informações de cunho científico à comunidade organizacional e científica. As diferentes abordagens que abarcam este número da revista permitem analisar qual a perspectiva que se tem da mão-de-obra futura, por meio do estudo que envolve algumas reflexões sobre Brasil e os possíveis impactos do declínio da fecundidade na estrutura etária que podem interferir não somente no mercado de trabalho, mas também afetando até mesmo a questão da migração. O comprometimento no trabalho, assim como o profissionalismo e os perfis dos profissionais são delineados no decorrer dos artigos abordados no presente número, o que denota ser um exemplar rico, composto de diversas nuances do contexto organizacional, quer seja no âmbito da educação e/ou âmbito da organização de forma geral. Considerando que o Brasil possui uma força de trabalho relativamente jovem, leva alguns estudiosos a assegurarem que o fator comprometimento profissional interfere diretamente nas dimensões do comportamento organizacional, uma vez que, em se tratando de pessoas muito jovens, ainda possuem um futuro a desbravar, consequentemente arriscam-se mais e mudam mais de empregos, não tendo tempo para assimilar políticas e até mesmo simples procedimentos das empresas. Inovar é preciso, pois como bem coloca Drucker na presente década, as grandes mudanças, sobretudo as decorrentes dos impactos sociais oriundos da revolução da informação, serão a prioridade absoluta do executivo nos próximos dez a quinze anos. Assim, tanto os gerentes quanto os demais executivos que compõem as empresas sempre serão submetidos a novos desafios. Daí a necessidade de cada vez contar com o meio científico na produção de novas formas de pensar e agir, para que tais impactos não gerem prejuízos para o mundo organizacional cada vez mais em mutação. A abordagem multifacetada do presente número visa colaborar constantemente para que o tripé, aliado à tecnologia, seja sempre: a produção científica, a atuação das empresas e também do indivíduo, que é a razão para a existência dessas e que, também, é a mola propulsora que move as organizações e dessa forma jamais podem ser deixados em dimensões esquecidas, pois o que está em jogo atualmente não são mais somente as questões econômicas, mas principalmente as sociais, que podem trazer consigo grandes oportunidades, bem como ameaças de difícil combate.

Although the Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR) phenomenon has grown notably in Mexico in recent years, local YouTube channels lack effective and continued use of digital marketing strategies and tactics as reflected in their sponsored videos, in contrast to the most popular YouTube ASMR channels, which are essentially English-speaking. After completing a detailed review on YouTube, this article compares both groups and argues that, with a few changes, Mexican ASMR creators can benefit from marketing strategies used by the more popular creators from other countries. By doing this, Mexican creators could ride the nascent wave of attention economy that posits that cognition is a commodity that can be monetized. The analysis of both groups of channels found that Mexican ASMR creators display, more often than not, lower production quality, little knowledge of basic marketing concepts, as well as lower posting frequency than English-speaking videos when compared to their more popular international counterparts. These findings are discussed under the marketing concepts of reach, relevance, and resonance as well as the attention economy construct.

Introduction: Road traffic Accidents (RTAs) are a significant public health issue in Nepal, and the media  have  a  significant  role  to  play  in  influencing  public  opinion  and  policy  discussion.  This  study analyzes the trends in media coverage and causal attributions in RTC reporting in the major Nepalese  news  media.  Methodology: Quantitative  content  analysis  of  2,847  news  stories  from  seven  major  Nepali  newspapers  from  January  2020  to  June  2025  was  conducted.  Stories  were  coded  using  a  systematic  structured  codebook  examining  article  metadata,  accident  features,  causal  attributions,  and  quality  of  reporting  measures.  Intercoder  reliability  was  achieved  at  Cohen's κ  =  0.87, with  good  analytical  consistency  maintained.  Results: Coverage  increased  65.6% from 2020 to 2024 with marked seasonality peaks during festival seasons (23.4% above average), monsoon seasons (18.7% above average), and tourist seasons (15.2% above average). Geographic  breakdown  revealed  intense  urban  bias,  with the  Kathmandu  Valley  contributing  67.2% of coverage even though it holds only 12.8% of Nepal's population. Driver-related factors led  causal  explanations  (68.4%),  with  infrastructure  (12.1%)  and  environmental  factors  (8.9%)  having  limited  mention.  Quality  assessment  revealed  large  gaps:  expert  quotations  appeared  in  only 34.2% of articles, policy context in 23.1%, and prevention messaging in 19.8%. Conclusion: Nepali  media  is  characterized  by  systematic  patterns  of  individualized  blame  attribution  and  geographical  coverage  bias  that  may  work  against  effective  safety  communication  and  policy  development.  The  more  urban-based  reporting  also  provokes  information  equity  concerns,  with  the  potential  to  perpetuate  rural-urban  disparities  in  safety  resource  allocation.  These  findings  highlight significant opportunities for improvement in the media role in road safety advocacy and public education through improved reporting standards and more in-depth causal analysis.

This work addresses a persistent empirical, theoretical, and policy gap in the study of foreign espionage against the United States: the absence of a unified, longitudinal, multi-adversary dataset of federal prosecutions suitable for systematic quantitative analysis. Although high-profile cases involving the People’s Republic of China, the Russian Federation, Iran, Cuba, and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea have shaped public discourse and intelligence community priorities, scholars have lacked a population-level platform for testing claims about temporal trend, adversary differentiation, motivation, tradecraft, and sentencing. The purpose of the study is to construct and analyze the Foreign Espionage Apprehensions in the United States (FEAUS) dataset, covering 324 federal prosecutions from 2000 through 2026, and to use it to map systematic patterns across these dimensions. The methodology is a quantitative, non-experimental, longitudinal content analysis of indictments, plea agreements, sentencing memoranda, judicial opinions, Department of Justice press releases, and triangulating sources, with thirty-eight coded variables and inter-coder reliability validated through pilot kappa coding. Analyses include Mann–Kendall trend tests, chi-square tests of independence, one-way analyses of variance, ordinary least squares and logistic regression, and negative binomial count models. Findings document a strong post-2015 surge in case volume (Mann–Kendall τ = .874, p < .001), the dominance of cases attributed to the People’s Republic of China (49.4 percent of all cases), differentiated motivational signatures across adversaries (χ² = 38.46, p = .008) consistent with both MICE and RASCLS frameworks, convergence of human and cyber tradecraft (χ² = 45.39, p < .001), and significant sentencing variation across adversaries (F = 4.29, p < .001) and disposition types. Implications include adversary-differentiated counterintelligence prioritization, integration of human and cyber counterintelligence functions, evidence-based review of national-security statutory architecture, and proportionate research-security policy. The study contributes a replicable methodology and an empirical baseline for cumulative scholarship on foreign espionage in the United States.

This study investigates how young children engage with wordless picture books in relation to their ethical reasoning and meaning-making processes. Conducted as a qualitative multiple case study encompassing five cases and a total of 25 children, the research is based on analyses of data derived from classroom interactions and children’s drawings. The findings indicate that wordless visual narratives enable children to interpret emotions, reason through uncertainty, consider multiple narrative possibilities simultaneously, and develop ethical evaluations. Emotional interpretation was identified as the starting point of interaction with the narrative, with these interpretations orienting children toward ethical themes such as care, responsibility, justice, exclusion, and harm. The absence of written text supported children’s open, flexible, and probabilistic engagement with narratives; in particular, moments in which the boundaries between imagination and reality were temporarily suspended strengthened exploratory and dialogic meaning making. Children’s interpretations were grounded in experience-based contexts, including family life, school experiences, peer relationships, and environmental awareness. The study also reveals that children are positioned not only as interpreters but also as subjects who develop ethical and narrative agency. Overall, the findings demonstrate that wordless picture books offer powerful narrative tools that support emotional, ethical, and context-sensitive meaning-making in early childhood literacy contexts.

This paper explores how children's picture books (PBs), through multimodal resources (MRs) of visuals, words, social semiotics, and colour, represent child refugee experiences and foster critical multimodal literacy (CML) in early childhood (EC) education. It argues that PBs are ideological texts where MRs construct meanings around identity, power, and belonging. Through this multimodal ensemble, representations shaped by intersecting identities-marginalised sociocultural, historical, and political contexts-invite young readers to reflect on their social positioning. This paper presents a case study from a broader research project that analysed three Australian PBs about child refugee experiences. The focus text, Out, is a Children's Book Council of Australia (CBCA) Book of the Year winner for EC (3-5 years). Guided by Critical Multimodal Discourse Analysis (CMDA) and Social Semiotics, this paper examined how MRs depicting interpersonal and ideational semiotic patterns, and colour construct intersecting identities and emotional meanings. Findings reveal that visual and textual choices produce ambiguous or contradictory meanings that simultaneously humanise and obscure refugee identity. The study presents a transferable analytical framework demonstrating how recognising intersectionality in multimodal meaning-making informs CML pedagogies, enabling young readers to question whose stories are told or silenced and how social positioning is visually constructed.

This article presents an analysis of the citizens' engagement with the 2013 Czech Parliamentary Elections campaign on Facebook. While many studies primarily focus on the intensity and forms of adoption of social networks by political actors in campaign communication, we attempt to explore both political parties' use of Facebook as well as the extent and ways of citizen participation on the online election campaign. The empirical base for this study consists of all communication archived over the course of three weeks (before and after the elections) on the Facebook profiles of ten most important Czech political parties. Using quantitative content analysis, we first present an overview of the dynamics and intensity of users' engagement with the campaign, illustrating that some of the small as well as populist parties have managed to mobilize significantly larger part of Facebook population than more established parties. Following that descriptive part, we first turn to the analysis of the actual content of communication, examining primarily the tone of users' comments, and than we move on to a more in-depth, qualitative examination of communication on the profiles of two selected political parties which were very successful in their online mobilization. The results indicate that most party profiles have displayed a rather surprising level of heterogeneity, allowing for dissenting voices to be displayed in what is generally seen as a heavily managed communication environment.

The authors examine how managers select between corporate restructuring implementation alternatives and how those decisions influence the profitability of the restructuring event. They argue that managers and owners have information asymmetries with respect to the assets in the restructuring and the restructured firms' diversification strategy, and that managers select between two popular implementation alternatives, spin-offs and sell-offs, to convert knowledge differences into financial gain. When the restructured assets reside in primary and related business lines or the firm has low and related diversification among its business lines, the restructuring is difficult for observers to assess and understand. Spin-offs most effectively and profitably reduce information asymmetries by transferring assets to the capital market and increasing the efficiency and transparency of the restructuring firm. Conversely, when the restructured assets reside in secondary and unrelated business lines or the firm has high diversification, sell-offs best mitigate asymmetries by using market forces to reallocate assets to their most productive uses while improving the strategy and performance of the restructuring firm. Tests of a sample of 204 restructuring events support the hypotheses. Overall, the findings suggest that the influence of corporate restructuring on financial performance is determined in part through how the restructuring is implemented.

The authors examine how managers select between corporate restructuring implementation alternatives and how those decisions influence the profitability of the restructuring event. They argue that managers and owners have information asymmetries with respect to the assets in the restructuring and the restructured firms&#39; diversification strategy, and that managers select between two popular implementation alternatives, spin-offs and sell-offs, to convert knowledge differences into financial gain. When the restructured assets reside in primary and related business lines or the firm has low and related diversification among its business lines, the restructuring is difficult for observers to assess and understand. Spin-offs most effectively and profitably reduce information asymmetries by transferring assets to the capital market and increasing the efficiency and transparency of the restructuring firm. Conversely, when the restructured assets reside in secondary and unrelated busines...

The authors examine how managers select between corporate restructuring implementation alternatives and how those decisions influence the profitability of the restructuring event. They argue that managers and owners have information asymmetries with respect to the assets in the restructuring and the restructured firms' diversification strategy, and that managers select between two popular implementation alternatives, spin-offs and sell-offs, to convert knowledge differences into financial gain. When the restructured assets reside in primary and related business lines or the firm has low and related diversification among its business lines, the restructuring is difficult for observers to assess and understand. Spin-offs most effectively and profitably reduce information asymmetries by transferring assets to the capital market and increasing the efficiency and transparency of the restructuring firm. Conversely, when the restructured assets reside in secondary and unrelated business lines or the firm has high diversification, sell-offs best mitigate asymmetries by using market forces to reallocate assets to their most productive uses while improving the strategy and performance of the restructuring firm. Tests of a sample of 204 restructuring events support the hypotheses. Overall, the findings suggest that the influence of corporate restructuring on financial performance is determined in part through how the restructuring is implemented.

Días antes, debido a los misiles disparados desde Irán a Israel contra la población civil, algunos de los cuales, con cabeza de dispersión, cayeron en la ciudad vieja de Jerusalén, uno a pocos metros de la iglesia del Santo Sepulcro, las autoridades que en tiempos de guerra imponen la ley marcial suspendieron todas las manifestaciones públicas religiosas y suspendieron todas las manifestaciones públicas religiosas y ordenaron el cierre de los lugares de culto durante la Semana Santa con el fin de proteger a la población de los misiles iraníes: judíos, cristianos y musulmanes fueron aconsejados a permanecer en casa y acceder inmediatamente a los refugios al sonar las alarmas. Esto, tanto el cardenal como el custodio, debían saberlo y obedecer. Israel es atacado continuamente y la policía ya advirtió de que en la ciudad vieja de Jerusalén no hay refugios suficientes, a diferencia de los barrios modernos. ¿Por qué los dos clérigos de la Iglesia Católica se presentan para decir misa, desafiando a la ordenanza de la ciudad y del gobierno? En un país democrático la ley es igual para todos y hay que obedecerla, lleves birrete de cardenal o kippá. La policía, como era su obligación, les prohibió la farsa de Ramos. El cardenal Pizzaballa fue fotografiado con el pañuelo símbolo del terrorismo palestino contra Israel. La desobediencia pública de la ley marcial de Israel no se habría producido en cualquier otro país en guerra. Por tanto hay que interpretarla como un desprecio a la ley marcial del estado judío, emitida precisamente para proteger a la población civil. Por la actitud y el lugar, y las declaraciones posteriores de los protagonistas, este desprecio equivale a un acto público de antisemitismo. Por tanto, un pecado mortal. Y lo es. Porque así lo han expresado los medios de comunicación, el palestinero antisemita de la Moncloa y la propia Meloni, jefe del gobierno italiano, acusando a Israel de insultar a los católicos. Incluso el embajador estadounidense, Mike Huckabee, metió los pies en el cubo al lamentar que con el caso de los tonsurados no se hubiera hecho una excepción, olvidando que el templo no tiene refugio y que Jesús no forma parte de la cúpula de hierro que intercepta los misiles iraníes. Haría bien monseñor Pizzaballa y daría una lección de humildad cristiana si pidiera perdón públicamente al gobierno israelí, salpicado en su honorabilidad por un acto que, si no fue mal intencionado, le corresponde la definición de Santa Teresa que "el infierno está enladrillado de buenas intenciones. Pere Bonnín.

The trajectory of doctoral research frequently encounters profound methodological ambiguities, primarily engendered by the absence of formalized documentation concerning supervisory directives. This whitepaper introduces a novel architectural framework designed to mitigate academic risk through meticulous procedural tracking. By transmuting ephemeral oral feedback into quantifiable, actionable matrices, researchers can establish a defensive, institutional memory of their intellectual progression.

Com o uso de uma abordagem qualitativa e método de pesquisa bibliográfica, este artigo objetiva analisar os fenômenos que marcaram a institucionalização das ciências sociais, bem como as primeiras instituições de investigação científicas na Angola colonial – evidenciando os seus objetivos e finalidades. Os resultados indicam que, durante o período colonial, as ciências sociais desempenharam o papel de instrumentos de auxílios e aparelhos ideológicos da administração colonial-fascista português.

This study investigated the role of functional theory of political campaign discourse to evaluate the speech and tweets of the 2016 US presidential candidates. The study utilized content analysis and analyzed 5303 units of speech, Tweets, TV (CNN, FOX and NBC news) and news stories from New York Times and Washington Post to derive its conclusions. The result of the study showed how tweets shaped the media agenda and coverage during the elections period and how Donald Trump used that to his advantage to set the daily media agenda during the elections cycle and to reach out to the audience. Both Trump and Clinton had over 40% positive tone in their Tweets, although Hillary had a little edge of positive tone more than Trump. Regarding negative tone, Trump Tweets were more to negative tone than Clinton. However, this study did not support the assumptions of functional theory of political campaign discourse that candidates will use more acclaim over attack, incumbents will use more of past deed and less attack and candidates will talk more on policy or issue than personal character.

Given the increasing number of community media, in Nigerian tertiary institutions, this study interrogates the concept of gate keeping under a gender perspective in a community newspaper. The aim of the study is to determine the level of visibility, prominence and representations given to female related issues in a community newspaper (UNIZIK Comet) as well as the extent of female students' participation therein. The researchers content analyzed all UNIZIK Comet productions, comprised of 19 publications, including both newspapers and magazines over a period of 10 years (2003-2012). Findings show that only 112 male students participated in the productions as reporters, against 334 female students out of the total number of 1142 students who entirely produced the magazines and Newspapers. This demonstrates the overriding participation of the female students in the productions as reporters and editors, does not corroborate to gender balance in news content. Contrary to expectations, the voices of women and women related issues remained largely unheard and unseen in the entire publications. It was found that majority of stories that centered on women were features which were all positioned inside pages. The study concludes that emerging community media in Nigeria, just as the traditional media normalizes the structural conditions of exclusion of women and women issues based on mechanisms that are more sophisticated than are learned in the classrooms and by extension perpetuates women marginalization and invisibility.

The purpose of this research study was to evaluate the use of creative drama as a method for the instruction of narrative text analysis as well as to improve pre-service teacher candidates' ability to understand the structure and meaning of literary texts. An embedded mixed-method research approach was utilised so that the qualitative and quantitative data could coexist. The quantitative data for this study were collected through both a pre-test and post-test, and the quantitative data were obtained via an open-ended question worksheet regarding an "Anthology Preparation" and the "Analysis of a Neighbourhood Coffee Shop Story". According to the study results, the use of creative drama as an approach to literary text analysis significantly increased the participants' content and teaching knowledge in this subject area. The study results also suggest that creative drama would be a valuable addition to the Turkish language and literature courses in universities.

Introdução: O artigo analisa a trajetória da Revista de Sociologia e Política, desde sua fundação em uma universidade com pouca tradição em Ciências Sociais, até sua consolidação como uma publicação de referência em Ciência Política no Brasil.

Materiais e Métodos: A pesquisa utiliza dados bibliométricos extraídos do Google Scholar, além de informações disponíveis na plataforma SciELO Analytics. A análise se concentra em indicadores como número de publicações, citações, índice h de Hirsch, índice g de Egghe, índice e de Zhang, índice AW de Jin e índice hA de Fassin, além de métricas de acesso ao periódico na coleção SciELO. A comparação se dá com outros periódicos relevantes na área de Ciência Política no Brasil.

Resultados: As transformações editoriais são divididas em quatro ciclos, destacando o papel dos editores-executivos na definição do perfil do periódico, o uso estratégico de dossiês temáticos para a nacionalização da Revista de Sociologia e Política e sua progressiva especialização em estudos mais empíricos e quantitativos. Os dados demonstram um impacto acadêmico significativo, ocupando o segundo lugar em termos de citações totais e número de acessos na SciELO até fins de 2024. O periódico apresenta um h-index de 91 e g-index de 154, evidenciando a presença de artigos influentes. A análise dos dez artigos mais citados entre 1993-2024 revela a predominância de temas relacionados a políticas públicas, federalismo e feminismo.

Discussão: Sua trajetória é marcada por adaptações e inovações constantes, buscando acompanhar as transformações do próprio campo acadêmico da Ciência Política brasileira. Apesar dos resultados positivos, a Revista de Sociologia e Política ainda enfrenta desafios para ampliar sua visibilidade, internacionalização e profissionalização da sua editoria.

O estudo investiga em que medida eleitores brasileiros relativizam princípios da democracia liberal em contextos de polarização política. A hipótese central é que a polarização atua como mecanismo cognitivo que ativa disposições “iliberais” latentes, configurando um padrão de autoritarismo situacional. Utilizam-se dados de survey nacional representativo (INCT ReDem/UFPR, n = 1.504, fevereiro de 2025) com indicadores de duas dimensões analíticas — liberalismo político versus majoritarismo e constitucionalismo versus concentração de poder. As associações entre atitudes democráticas e voto presidencial foram testadas por qui-quadrado e V de Cramer. Os resultados revelam adesão simultânea a valores liberais e iliberais, sugerindo ambivalência normativa e efeitos situacionais da incumbência: a defesa de princípios democráticos varia conforme a posição do grupo político em relação ao poder. O estudo propõe e demonstra empiricamente o conceito de autoritarismo situacional, contribuindo para o debate sobre apoio condicional à democracia e para a compreensão das fragilidades da resiliência liberal.

Introdução
O estudo examina o comportamento de citação de pesquisadores de programas de pós-graduação brasileiros na área de Ciências Sociais, especificamente nas subáreas de Antropologia, Ciência Política, Relações Internacionais e Sociologia. O principal objetivo é entender os fatores que influenciam a seleção de referências e as práticas empregadas na busca e seleção de materiais bibliográficos.

Métodos
Os dados foram coletados por meio de um survey, onde os participantes forneceram percepções sobre os fatores que influenciam a escolha de referências e seus hábitos de busca e seleção bibliográfica. A amostra foi selecionada com o apoio de associações profissionais da área, resultando em 708 respostas completas. O survey capturou informações demográficas, incluindo subárea, status acadêmico, gênero, país de formação e unidade federativa de residência.

Resultados
A maioria dos respondentes era da área de Ciência Política, eram alunos, do sexo masculino, com formação em instituições brasileiras e residentes na região Sudeste, especialmente em São Paulo. As análises de regressão apresentaram valores de R² muito baixos, indicando que as características da amostra explicam muito pouco do comportamento de citação relatado. Em relação aos hábitos de busca de documentos, os respondentes predominantemente utilizavam o Google Scholar e recorriam a sites piratas quando os documentos não estavam acessíveis gratuitamente. A revisão sistemática foi o método de revisão da literatura mais conhecido entre os participantes.

Discussão
Os resultados sugerem que, apesar das diversas características demográficas dos respondentes, esses fatores têm poder explicativo mínimo sobre o comportamento de citação. A preferência pelo Google Scholar e o uso de sites piratas destacam questões de acessibilidade aos recursos acadêmicos. O conhecimento sobre revisões sistemáticas aponta para uma tendência crescente de métodos estruturados de revisão da literatura nas ciências sociais, mas isso deve ser visto com cautela.

Conclusão
Este estudo fornece um panorama do comportamento de citação entre pesquisadores de pós-graduação brasileiros nas ciências sociais. Pesquisas adicionais são necessárias para explorar as razões subjacentes a esses comportamentos e como eles podem influenciar a qualidade e a diversidade das citações acadêmicas nessas áreas.

Tourists' demand for outdoor sport-related activities has been growing in the last decade, leading to the recognition of the outdoor tourism potential of the development of rural and urban areas where the activities could take place. While the literature has recognized this potential, its features and the existing conditions for its practice are often not fully comprehended, mainly due to the lack of measurement systems and performance indicators. This study addresses this gap by proposing a wide-ranging assessment matrix of nine outdoor-related activities, employing northern Portugal as a study area. Based on an exploratory qualitative analysis employing semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders (public, private and third sector), the main contribution of this study lies in the development of the outdoor tourism assessment matrix (OTAM) to collect data. The OTAM matrix aims to identify and assess the conditions, namely the infrastructure and resources, for the practice of outdoor and sport tourism-related activities within the sustainable development pillars. The nine matrices comprising the OTAM allow the identification of the places where the outdoor activities can be practiced, and the conditions under which they can contribute to the definition of the development strategies of outdoor tourism.

Ali məktəb pedaqogikası Bakı, "Füyuzat", 2025, 264 səh. "Ali məktəb pedaqogikası" fənni üzrə dərs vəsaiti BDUnun Magistratura pilləsi üçün fəaliyyətdə olan tədris proqramı əsasında tərtib edilmişdir. Dərs vəsaiti IV bölmədən -"Ali məktəb pedaqogikasının ümumi əsasları", "Ali məktəb didaktikası", "Tərbiyə nəzəriyyəsi", "Ali məktəbə rəhbərlik" bölmələrindən ibarətdir. Orada ali məktəbdə pedaqoji fəaliyyət göstərmək istəyən mütəxəssislər üçün ən zəruri məsələlər şərh olunur. Dərs vəsaiti magistraturada təhsil alan tələbələrə, gənc tədqiqatçılara və ali məktəbin pedaqoji məsələləri ilə maraqlananlara ünvanlanmışdır.

This research presents a 12+ year empirical analysis of content marketing optimization strategies, examining the evolution from traditional SEO-focused approaches to AI-inclusive methodologies addressing generative search engines and large language model (LLM) integration. The study analyzes implementation data from 100 organizations across 1000+ campaigns, measuring efficiency metrics, search visibility outcomes, and conversion performance.
The research identifies three core strategic components: intelligent content repurposing (achieving 50-70% efficiency gains through multi-format adaptation), strategic platform seeding (leveraging high-domain-authority distribution channels), and cross-promotional attribution systems (maintaining conversion efficacy amid organic traffic decline). Quantitative analysis demonstrates significant performance advantages: 46% of practitioners report superior effectiveness versus baseline methods, while 65% document enhanced operational efficiency.
The study's primary contribution addresses the 2025-2026 search ecosystem transformation, where AI Overview implementations reduced organic click-through rates by 10-15% while simultaneously increasing branded search queries by 20-40%. The proposed framework incorporates EEAT (Experience, Expertise, Authoritativeness, Trustworthiness) signal optimization, structured data implementation, and LLM training data positioning strategies.
Methodological validation derives from Internet Archive documentation (establishing 2014 framework origins), BrightEdge longitudinal studies (2024-2025), and cross-sector replication across Web3, cryptocurrency, and traditional business environments. The research offers actionable frameworks for marketing practitioners navigating the transition from click-based to answer-based search paradigms while maintaining measurable business outcomes.

Keywords: content marketing, content repurposing, search engine optimization, artificial intelligence, generative AI, LLM optimization, EEAT signals, digital marketing strategy, marketing efficiency, search behavior, answer engine optimization, GEO, AEO, strategic marketing advisory.

Research Categories:
-Marketing Strategy & Planning
-Digital Marketing
-Information Systems
-Human-Computer Interaction
-Business Process Optimization

Methodology: Mixed-methods longitudinal study, quantitative performance analysis, qualitative platform assessment

Data Availability: Aggregated performance metrics available; proprietary campaign data anonymized per confidentiality agreements

Conflicts of Interest: Research conducted by Belkin Marketing, a digital marketing consultancy. Findings validated against third-party industry studies (BrightEdge, industry benchmarking reports).

Suggested Citation:
Belkin Marketing (2026). A Longitudinal Study of Content Repurposing Efficacy in Digital Marketing Communications: AI Integration and Search Behavior Adaptation (20014-2026). Presented at UnDavos Summit during Davos World Economic Forum Week, Davos, Switzerland.

Este documento analiza la transición del branding desde una función táctica del marketing hacia un componente crítico de la estrategia de negocio. Partiendo del modelo de Brand Equity de David Aaker, se examina cómo la identidad de marca y la narrativa de marca actúan como activos intangibles que generan valor financiero y competitivo. La comunicación estratégica y el diseño de estrategia de marca deben estar integrados en los niveles de toma de decisiones de la empresa (C-suite). Se concluye que el consultor de marca moderno actúa como un puente necesario entre el gobierno de marca y la dirección general para asegurar un flujo de información que alinee la promesa de marca con los objetivos de negocio.

Internships are very important in terms of training qualified personnel and the future of the accounting profession, and internship processes provide important contributions to students' getting to know the sector in which they will work in the future, developing their knowledge and skills, career planning and increasing their awareness. However, a wide variety of problems can be experienced such as the interns not being aware of the importance of the subject, the wrong choice of the internship place, the lack of time, the workload of the employers, and the desired efficiency may not be obtained from the internship. In order to increase the quality of the internship, the expectations of the parties regarding the internship should be revealed, the problems experienced during the internship process should be determined and solutions should be offered. For this purpose, in this study, various interviews were conducted with students who are studying in the department of accounting and tax applications and doing internships in the summer, academics in the internship commission, and employers/trainers in the workplaces where the internship is done. Content analysis was conducted on the results of the interviews conducted through a semi-structured form. Thus, the expectations of all stakeholders (academics, interns and employers) related to the internship and the problems in the internship process were determined and various solutions were offered to these problems.

Although there are studies by academics and various national and international authorities on determining audit quality indicators and establishing a quality framework in auditing, a consensus has not been reached yet. In addition, most of these studies are related to external auditing and the internal audit quality framework has not been sufficiently focused. In this study, a ten-year retrospective content analysis was carried out on the annual reports of three public and three private banks operating in Turkey, and the concepts that banks focused on when evaluating the functioning and quality of internal audit were revealed. Thus, the issues that banks focus on in their internal audit evaluations have been systematically conceptualized and analyzed through annual reports, containing vital data on this subject. Fifty-four codes were determined, and the codes were classified into five categories (input-process-output-outcome-external factors) in accordance with the internal audit quality framework in the literature. Both private banks and public banks focus more on the process dimension (approach, method, methodology) of the internal audit quality framework in their evaluations, and in the last ten years, the process dimension has taken first place among the five dimensions, and the input dimension (qualification of the audit team) has taken the last place. The most emphasized topics are as follows; (1) in the inputs; the number of auditors and training, (2) in processes; risk-based auditing, remote auditing and process audits, (3) in the outputs; reports/meetings submitted to the management and follow-up of findings, (4) in the outcomes; providing accurate and reliable information and being a preventive/deterrent, (5) In external factors; legal regulations and organizational structure. In addition, it has been observed that deposit banks closely follow many current audit approaches in Turkiye. The internal audit quality framework, which is of great importance in terms of identifying and conceptualizing issues that may affect audit quality, can increase awareness of this issue by providing transparency and comparability in internal auditing.

In today's competitive market dynamics, the concept of a brand is being re-
defined as a set of perceptions, images, and feelings formed in the minds of
consumers rather than a tangible product or service. Illustration, which
stands out as a strategic tool in building visual identity, has gone beyond
being merely an aesthetic element supporting the text to become a powerful
language of communication that visualizes the brand's “voice” and establis-
hes a deep emotional connection with the target audience. This study exami-
nes the role of illustration in the branding process from a broad perspective,
covering its historical development to its dynamic applications in today's di-
gital ecosystem.
This study addresses the interpretive flexibility and potential for originality
offered by illustration, in contrast to the reality-based nature of photography.
It discusses how illustration, used in early advertising to idealize the pro-
duct, gives brands a human and distinctive character in the digital age, co-
untering the risk of homogeneity created by stock images. The functions of
illustration, such as concretizing brand personality and transforming abst-
ract concepts into visual metaphors, are detailed. The integration of illustra-
tion into branding strategies is evaluated in light of various global case stu-
dies. The visual narrative is examined in terms of how it adds emotional
depth and cultural meaning to the brand at touchpoints ranging from phy-
sical product packaging to digital interfaces. The findings reveal that illust-
ration is not merely a decorative element. On the contrary, this visual langu-
age is defined as a distinctive visual identity asset that enables the brand to
differentiate itself in a competitive market, supports corporate credibility
and consistency, and ultimately strengthens consumer loyalty.

India is a land of pluralities, and its strength lies in unity amidst diversity."-Jawaharlal Nehru. The trajectory of minority rights in India reflects a profound transformation shaped by colonial legacies, nationalist movements, and constitutional guarantees. Before independence, minority rights were largely framed within the colonial policy of "divide and rule," where separate electorates and communal representation reinforced divisions rather than fostering inclusivity. Minority communities often found themselves negotiating identity and survival within a political framework that privileged majoritarian interests while simultaneously exploiting communal differences. After independence, the Indian Constitution looked to redefine minority rights through a democratic and secular lens, embedding safeguards for cultural, educational, and religious freedoms. Provisions such as Articles 29 and 30 ensured the protection of linguistic and religious minorities, while broader commitments to equality and non-discrimination aimed to integrate diverse communities into the national fabric. Yet, the post-independence period has also seen challenges, including debates over uniform civil codes, affirmative action, and the balance between secularism and cultural autonomy. This paper examines the evolution of minority rights from colonial constructs to constitutional guarantees, highlighting both achievements and ongoing tensions. By tracing this historical arc, it underscores how minority rights stay central to India's democratic ethos and its pursuit of inclusive citizenship.

Six years after the so-called ‘refugee crisis’ in 2015, the European Union remains divided on questions of migration and asylum policy. The issue also remains high on the agendas of the USA and Russia, two other key destination countries with immigration from Latin America and the Post-Soviet space. This article presents results from a comparative study of news coverage in 17 countries, focusing on 10 EU member states in Western and Central Eastern Europe (CEE), the USA and Russia. The intensity of coverage was remarkably different, with Hungary’s and Germany’s media standing out while Russian media displayed relatively low levels of coverage. Individual migrants and refugees were most visible in the two outlets from the USA. Media in CEE countries tended towards a more critical approach than media in Western Europe. However, differences between most countries’ pairs of analyzed media outlets indicate a more pluralistic debate than frequently assumed.

Wozu dient eine Gesellschaftstheorie? Sie kann ein utopischer Entwurf, ein historisches Erklärungsmodell oder eine normative Richtschnur sein. Die vorliegende Theorie versteht sich vor allem als etwas anderes: als ein seismographisches Instrument. Ihr Wert liegt weniger in den konkreten Institutionen, die sie entwirft, als in der erbarmungslosen Klarheit, mit der sie bestehende politische Ordnungen durchleuchtet und deren verborgene Widersprüche aufdeckt.

Ein einfacher Test genügt, um diese analytische Schärfe zu demonstrieren. Nehmen wir eine scheinbar selbstverständliche, friedlich etablierte Struktur unserer politischen Wirklichkeit: das mehrstufige föderale System aus Kommunen, Bundesländern, Nationalstaat und supranationaler Union (wie der EU). Es erscheint uns als ausgewogener Kompromiss zwischen lokaler Autonomie und übergeordneter Handlungsfähigkeit, zwischen Demokratie
und Effizienz.

Wenden wir nun die einfache Frage an, die das Herzstück dieser Theorie bildet: „Ist diese Struktur wirklich demokratisch?“
Die Antwort, die sich aus den folgenden Axiomen zwingend ergibt, ist erstörend eindeutig: Nein. Sie ist es strukturell nicht und kann es nicht sein. Denn bereits die zweite Stufe dieses Systems – die repräsentative Demokratie auf Landes- oder Bundesebene – bricht mit einem fundamentalen Prinzip: Sie konzentriert notwendigerweise politische
Macht in dauerhaften Organisationen (Parteien, Parlamentsfraktionen, Regierungsapparaten) und entzieht sie der direkten Kontrolle der Einzelnen. Die Wahl allein vier Jahre genügt nicht, um aus einem Repräsentationssystem eine „wirkliche Demokratie“ zu machen; sie institutionalisiert vielmehr eine periodisch erneuerte Delegation von Souveränität.

Gehen wir weiter: Was ist eine „Landesregierung“ oder eine „Bundesregierung“ anderes als eine – durch Wahlen lediglich legitimierte – Machtkonzentration, die für Jahre über das Leben von Millionen entscheidet? Was ist die Europäische Kommission anderes als eine exekutive Elite, deren demokratische Rückkopplung über ein mehrstufiges, stark gefiltertes System von Delegationen so verdünnt ist, dass sie kaum noch spürbar ist?
Die hier entwickelte Theorie nennt diese Dinge beim Namen. Sie postuliert in ihrer Radikalität, dass jede stabile Organisation, deren Zweck die Ausübung politischer Macht ist, per Definition undemokratisch ist (Axiom 2). Folgerichtig kann ein föderaler Staat mit seinen Regierungsebenen aus dieser Perspektive nur als eine Hierarchie von Machtkonzentrationen verstanden werden, die sich über die eigentlichen Träger der Souveränität
– die Individuen in ihren Lebenswelten – geschichtet hat.
Die scheinbare Stabilität und Effizienz dieses Systems erkaufen wir mit einem systematischen Demokratiedefizit. Dieses Defizit ist kein bedauerlicher Unfall, sondern das konstitutive Merkmal der repräsentativ-föderalen Ordnung.

Dieses Buch führt diese radikale Kritik nicht als destruktive Geste aus. Im Gegenteil: Sie ist der Ausgangspunkt für den konstruktiven Versuch, zu ergründen, wie eine Gesellschaft beschaffen sein müsste, die den Namen „Demokratie“ ohne Vorbehalt verdient. Die fünf Axiome, die im ersten Kapitel entfaltet werden, sind der Versuch, die Grundlagen für eine solche Gesellschaft zu legen. Sie sind kompromisslos, vielleicht sogar utopisch. Doch ihr größter Wert liegt vielleicht gerade in dieser Kompromisslosigkeit: Sie zwingen uns, jede einzelne Institution, von der wir umgeben sind, erneut zu befragen.

Kann es Demokratie in Millionenverbänden geben? Muss eine demokratische Gesellschaft notwendig klein oder dezentral sein? Kann wissenschaftliche Rationalität mit Volkssouveränität versöhnt werden, ohne in Technokratie umzuschlagen? Diese Theorie gibt provokante Antworten, die nicht gefallen werden. Aber sie zwingt zur Stellungnahme.

Dieses Buch ist somit eine Einladung. Eine Einladung, die selbstverständlich gewordenen Grundlagen unseres Zusammenlebens nicht als naturgegeben hinzunehmen, sondern sie durch das Prisma einer konsequenten Idee zu betrachten: der Idee, dass die Herrschaft des Volkes wörtlich zu nehmen ist. Das Ergebnis wird unbequem sein. Es wird zeigen, wie weit wir von einer „wirklichen Demokratie“ entfernt leben. Doch nur wer das Ausmaß der
Entfernung kennt, kann überhaupt einen Weg einschlagen.