Corpus-based Critical Discourse Analysis

This paper attempts to study lexical changes that the English language
underwent under the influence of the Coronavirus pandemic. Drawing upon the
theoretical framework of language change, corpus linguistic analysis has been
conducted with the help of Antconc (2002). The corpus consists of a total of forty
newspaper articles comprising eight articles each from five international
newspapers (online). It was found that although English language apparently
seemed to have undergone drastic changes under the influence of the Corona virus
pandemic, yet the data shows the entry of only 27 new lexemes and 156 new
collocations. The rest of the lexemes and collocations had either semantically
shifted or metaphorically extended. Thus, it was found that the pandemic changed
the English language through coinage, semantic shift and metaphorical extension.

In Origins of Totalitarianism, Arendt is particularly concerned with the notion of hate as a function of negative solidarity, charting how it becomes weaponised by both the masses and the elite. Extending this further, one of the vehicles through which negative solidarity is enacted is language, with hate speech arguably its most explicit articulation. As Reshaur observes, “Arendt’s writing documents how the idea of humanity, to which we give ourselves and from which we receive confirmation of our identity, has become a notion which terrorizes, haunts, grieves and burdens us”. Hate speech, then, becomes one of the means through which negative solidarity is achieved, pitting groups and communities against one another, sometimes influenced (or even directed) by prominent public figures. This interplay between the ‘elite’ and the ‘masses’ is a key part of understanding how hate speech becomes legitimised by culturally powerful groups, in some cases leading to an escalation of violent action spurred on by a manipulative frontman (or woman). Such processes have historically been facilitated through a variety of broadcast media outputs, but it is fair to say that the democratisation of online (social) media platforms over the past 10-15 years has widened the sphere of influence. More specifically, the shift to self-authored and self-published online media platforms has led to substantial shifts in the vectors through which hate speech is transmitted. This also means that any consideration of hate speech must also take into account the role of different forms of media. Writing more than 70 years ago, Arendt made the point that “for the first time in history all peoples on earth have a common present”. Since then, this “common present” has become even more pronounced through the invention of social media, the ubiquity of high-speed internet and smartphone technology, and the hyper-connectedness of contemporary society. All of this has implications for the easy transmissibility of hate speech, outstripping even the reach and range of more traditional forms of broadcast media.

This study is the corpus-based study of the comparison between the male and female writers specifically Paulo Coelho and Jane Austen. The specified text for this corpus-based study is 'The Alchemist' by Paulo Coelho and 'Pride and Prejudice' by Jane Austen. It is believed that female uses more discourse markers than a male. It is also believed that as far as the linguistic behavior of the male is concerned, the males are characterized by less use of discourse markers in language whereas the female is concerned, the female uses more discourse markers as meaningless fillers than males. The data for corpus analysis is taken as the text in a machinereadable format that is TXT. The data for this research includes the text of two pieces of writings one by a male writer and another written by a female writer. These two novels include 'The Alchemist' by Paulo Coelho and 'Pride and Prejudice' by Jane Austen. These novels are downloaded in pdf form and then converted in the xxx.txt format that can be used as input for AntConc. The present research is done by using the software 'Ant Conc.' because this is appropriate software that the researcher can use it easily and have the appropriate results.

This article examines the localisation of the Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) agenda as a contested political process shaped by negotiations between local, national, and international actors. Drawing on semistructured interviews with activists and women peacebuilders in 10 conflict-affected contexts, alongside analysis of policy documents, it explores how localisation is understood, implemented, and experienced at the community level. Findings reveal that while localisation can amplify community agency and embed WPS commitments in subnational governance, it is often constrained by centralised decisionmaking, tokenistic consultation, resource precarity, and donor-driven priorities. Effective localisation emerges where sustained relationships, direct funding to grassroots actors, inclusive participation, and multilevel accountability converge. This article advances a justice-oriented conceptualisation of localisation, reframing it from a technical exercise to a transformative process of redistributing power. It argues for context-responsive strategies that prioritise community ownership and ensure WPS implementation reaches the sites where peace and security are most urgently contested.

Transitivity is a tool that has been employed for literary purposes, several times. The present study has explored the transitivity choices of Akbar Chidarwi's poem "Bnd Hui Barsat", constructing culture as its aim. The framework applied to the study for achieving the purpose is Transitivity. The transitivity elements, i.e. participants, processes, and circumstances have been processed and annotated through Sydney model of transitivity. The study has utilized the translated text Bnd hui barsat Mianwali and converted it into clauses in English. Translation and analysis of the text is done manually. The result shows the occurrence of material, relational, existential, and mental processes respectively in the percentage of 57%, 35%, 2%, and 1.7%. The result ascribes the culture to the material process. The relational process has been utilized to link the culture with its ascribed features. In the teaching of literature, the model could help to gain critical and cultural insight into the text.

Critical discourse analysis (CDA) is a branch of applied linguistics, and an interdisciplinary field with methodological approaches and analytical frameworks involving investigation and exploration of power relations, societal relations and inequality, aiming to raise awareness and ultimately emancipate individuals and social groups. Computers have been used in applied linguistics since their public availability in late 1970s and the 1980s, assisting researchers in various disciplines, especially corpus linguistics. With recent revolutionary advancements and transformations in artificial intelligence (AI), natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning (ML), most, if not all, academic disciplines have adapted solutions to leverage the power, potentials and advantages of these technologies in their inquiries. Application of computers and related digital technologies in CDA has been underexplored. This paper aims to review and propose some of the possible applications of computerized and AI-powered solutions and tools in CDA. Based on the highlights and trends in relevant literature, some of these applications are identification of discursive structures and patterns, detecting tone, sentiment signs, reference, and contextual connections, tracing intertextuality, discovering generalizations, associations, themes and signals, assisting in discourse parsing, topic modeling, frame analysis and bias detection, helping with multimodal analysis, frequency calculation, recognizing and categorizing textual and metatextual elements, and data visualization. AI- and ML-enabled tools can process and analyze large corpora, providing in-depth analysis of linguistic, metalinguistic, stylistic, syntactic, semantic, semiotic and sociolinguistic characteristics of texts to different extents and levels, aiding researchers in understanding the systematic indicators, implications and parameters related to power, inequality and societal relations.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence in Applied Linguistics, Computers in Applied Linguistics, Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), Machine Learning (ML), Natural Language Processing (NLP)

Critical discourse analysis (CDA) is a branch of applied linguistics, and an interdisciplinary field with methodological approaches and analytical frameworks involving investigation and exploration of power relations, societal relations and inequality, aiming to raise awareness and ultimately emancipate individuals and social groups. Computers have been used in applied linguistics since their public availability in late 1970s and the 1980s, assisting researchers in various disciplines, especially corpus linguistics. With recent revolutionary advancements and transformations in artificial intelligence (AI), natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning (ML), most, if not all, academic disciplines have adapted solutions to leverage the power, potentials and advantages of these technologies in their inquiries. Application of computers and related digital technologies in CDA has been underexplored. This paper aims to review and propose some of the possible applications of computerized and AI-powered solutions and tools in CDA. Based on the highlights and trends in relevant literature, some of these applications are identification of discursive structures and patterns, detecting tone, sentiment signs, reference, and contextual connections, tracing intertextuality, discovering generalizations, associations, themes and signals, assisting in discourse parsing, topic modeling, frame analysis and bias detection, helping with multimodal analysis, frequency calculation, recognizing and categorizing textual and metatextual elements, and data visualization. AI- and ML-enabled tools can process and analyze large corpora, providing in-depth analysis of linguistic, metalinguistic, stylistic, syntactic, semantic, semiotic and sociolinguistic characteristics of texts to different extents and levels, aiding researchers in understanding the systematic indicators, implications and parameters related to power, inequality and societal relations.

Arsalan Abdollahpour et al., The Frequency of Concepts and Instances of Corruption in… level documents of the System and intermediary laws and the realization of the abovementioned documents, attitudes and governance principles in Iran can be summarized in the following table:

This study analyzes 90 English language dissertation abstracts from research theses found in English language departments at Pakistani universities written by postgraduate students. It first presents some theoretical background on discourse, discourse community and genre analysis. The analysis's primary objective is to determine whether the rhetorical motifs used by organisations and the strategies discovered in abstracts align with those suggested by Bhatia (2004) in his analysis of research articles and introductions. Additionally, it aims to assess the verb tenses and preferred voice in this type of content. The samples came from various institutions' English departments at random. The research shows that, although they are not in the same order, the rhetorical strategies and some moves suggested by Bhatia can be found in abstracts. Additionally, it has frequent use of the present simple tense and passive voice across all movements, as well as sporadic usage of the past simple and present perfect. Additionally, it has been discovered that some abstracts prepared by graduate students have weak. Additionally, it has been discovered that certain abstracts prepared by graduate students use poor techniques and are unlikely to respond to a general approach. The study suggests using a generic approach in the researcher's abstract writing and training advanced students to adopt workable pedagogical templates that are written into the curriculum to help students come up with coping mechanisms for the demanding writing requirements.

The corpus-based analysis of modern English tends to focus on language which has been written or spoken at a particular point in time, and a corpus is conventionally set up as synchronic entity. A synchronic study is often entirely appropriate, but language is a changing phenomenon, and linguists are also interested in that dimension: curious to trace an earlier language feature through to the present, or a current feature back to its source, and in studying recent changes in language use. Within this context, I shall discuss new developments in three areas of research activity: firstly, the setting up of a means of tracing morphological, lexical and semantic changes in Modern English text across time; secondly, the use of the web as a linguistic resource; and thirdly, the coordination of methodologies and resources in modern and historical corpus linguistics.

Education and training based on the management of inclinations is one of the new approaches in religious education, the main solution of which is jihad with the soul and its main goal is to increase the ability of educators to manage inclinations. The following article aims to examine this approach to religious education in the ideas of Hujjat al−Islam and Muslimeen Panahian. The explanation of this approach begins with the pathology of the current state of education in the country and the focal point of religious education and leads to a revision of the concept of religious education. In this article, using the qualitative analysis method, the general framework of this approach is introduced, including the characteristics of religious education based on the management of desires, foundations, goals, content, presentation methods, educational environment, and stages of religious education.In this approach, the goal of religious education is to provide a program for managing tendencies and empowering the teacher to oppose the lovable. Informing the teacher about all kinds of tendencies and providing exercises to increase the strength of opposition to the air of the breath is one of the characteristics of the content, methods and educational atmosphere of this approach. In the stages of religious education, in the first period, the focus is on recognizing desires, and the second period is followed based on paying attention to deeper and hidden desires.

Experts claim UK has experienced a process of growing economic inequality since 1971. Following a socio-constructionist approach, it is assumed in this chapter that, since language helps maintaining or changing power relations in society, newspapers may therefore have contributed to such growing inequality by shaping people’s attitudes and expectations towards different societal issues. My overarching objective is therefore to explore discourse and look for possible discoursal changes (if any) in discussions around wealth inequality in the UK from 1971 onwards. As part of this project, this chapter examines the process of compilation of a large-scale diachronic corpus of newspaper material that will serve for future investigations in discourses around economic inequality in this country since the early 1970s: the Corpus of News on Economic Inequality (DINEQ corpus). Since there is no single available database providing access to the whole period under consideration, the process of compilation of DINEQ will inevitably include the gathering of both text-readable data (temporarily referred to as Dineq_online) and OCR data (temporarily referred to as Dineq_historical). These two types of data imply significant differences from a methodological perspective. The present chapter specifically focuses on the text-readable data gathered through Nexis UK database, with further work still to be done for the completion of DINEQ.

This research discusses about material processes in novel The Chronicles of Narnia (The Voyage of The Dawn Treader by C.S Lewis) from two chapters. They are chapter 12 and 13 based on Systematic Functional Linguistic. This research objective is to describe material processes and to describe the dominant material processes used in Novel. The research used Library Research and focus on Material Process only, to find the theories that support qualitative methods for analyzing data. In order to analyze the data, the researcher analyzes based on SFL. The researcher takes document to classify clause, giving code, analyzing clause for collecting data which is relating with material processes. The theoretical basis used the theory of M.A.K Halliday which maintains material process is process of doing and happening. The result of this research shows that there are 107 clauses belong to material process. From the results of the analysis it was found that the material processes is more dominant. Such as come, sail¸ turn, go, order, began, trying, flying, steering, bring, left, got, sit, took and eat. There are three elements of material process, namely; actor, material process and goal. The reason why material process used in the novel to express writer"s opinion more complicated and to make learners or people are not only monotonous in knowing Traditional Grammar but should be mastered in systematic functional linguistic.

This paper examines the adjustments in transitivity in Punjab laws as a result of the translation from English to Urdu. The study has a great significance in the field of translation as it expounds the role of co-text and context in conveying true sense of source text. The co-text and legal context of the extractions taken for analysis are analysed using Halliday and Martin's (1993) context model. The transitivity processes from each Hallidayan transitivity process category, along with their Urdu translation, are taken from the legal data. The findings show that the legal context has an impact on translational decisions. The communicative intentions of the source text are fully realised; however, translation choices based on context and target language norms have an impact on the mechanism of transitivity from one category to another. This paper serves as a guide for new translators attempting to translate law from English to Urdu.

This study focuses on paratexts as recontextualization tools, specifically prefaces written for (re)translations, and problematizes Turkish (re)translations of modernist novels written in English, which, for reasons of morality, encountered legal difficulties, and were stigmatized, banned, or confiscated in the source culture. Recontextualization resonates with (re)producing ideologies, exposing various agents' deliberate power positions in determining discourse structures within the more general framework of Critical Discourse Analysis. Against this backdrop, this study, which is part of a larger project, has a twofold purpose: a) to evaluate 15 prefaces extracted from (re)translations of 10 modernist novels as a tool for recontextualization; and b) to investigate the preface discourse regarding the transfer of modernist novels into the target culture through the lens of transitivity analysis, based on Halliday's Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) model. SFL proposes tha...

This research discusses about material processes in novel The Chronicles of Narnia (The Voyage of The Dawn Treader by C.S Lewis) from two chapters. They are chapter 12 and 13 based on Systematic Functional Linguistic. This research objective is to describe material processes and to describe the dominant material processes used in Novel. The research used Library Research and focus on Material Process only, to find the theories that support qualitative methods for analyzing data. In order to analyze the data, the researcher analyzes based on SFL. The researcher takes document to classify clause, giving code, analyzing clause for collecting data which is relating with material processes. The theoretical basis used the theory of M.A.K Halliday which maintains material process is process of doing and happening. The result of this research shows that there are 107 clauses belong to material process. From the results of the analysis it was found that the material processes is more dominant. Such as come, sail¸ turn, go, order, began, trying, flying, steering, bring, left, got, sit, took and eat. There are three elements of material process, namely; actor, material process and goal. The reason why material process used in the novel to express writer"s opinion more complicated and to make learners or people are not only monotonous in knowing Traditional Grammar but should be mastered in systematic functional linguistic.

هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی ویژگی‌ها و نظام ارزشی گفتمان حکومتی پادشاهی و خلیفگی در کتاب نصیحه الملوک امام محمد غزالی می‌باشد. روش پژوهش توصیفی – تحلیلی بوده و نتایج حاکی از آن است که، در گفتمان حکومتی پادشاهی، پادشاه فرّه را از ایزدان گرفته و موظف به اجرای عدالت و استیفای حقوق انسانی بوده و رعیت نیز تابع بی‌چون و چرای اویند. درگفتمان حکومتی خلیفگی نیز، خلیفه، سایه خدا روی زمین، مامور اجرای احکام و حدود الهی و احسان به مردم بوده، مردم نیز باید تابع محض خلفا و امرا باشند. در گفتمان پیشنهادی غزالی رابطه دو گفتمان، تعاملی است نه تقابلی. بدین معنا که ارزش‌ها و مفاهیم از اسلام و سیستم، آداب

Anger as one of the basic emotions has attracted much attention. In the construction of “Anger adjectives + prepositions”, the temporal duration of the Anger adjectives is closely related to their prepositional collocates. Differences in the use of the Anger adjectives and their prepositional collocates might be captured in the world English varieties. The corpora used in this study cover eight varieties of English. The five varieties of English used in Canada, Philippines, Singapore, India and Nigeria are from the International Corpus of English (ICE). The China English corpus (ChiE) consists of news texts crawled from six Chinese English media. American English is taken from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) and British English is taken from British National Corpus (BNC). By investigating the use of the Anger adjectives and their prepositional collocates in the eight varieties of English, this paper finds that, on the continuums of the temporal duration of Anger a...

Introduction
  Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) is native plant in Bolivia, Chile and Peru, which is widely adapted to different climatic conditions and can grow in all soils. This plant has shown adequate adaptation to arid and semi-arid areas conditions and is planted from areas with low elevation (sea level) to areas with an altitude of 4000 meters above sea level. Quinoa is often cultivated in areas with limited water resources, and it is rare to find quinoa cultivation under full irrigation conditions. Some studies have shown that quinoa yields slightly better under full irrigation (without water restriction) than quinoa under deficit irrigation. Crop growth models are very important tools in the study of agricultural systems and they can be used to simulate the yield of crop in different conditions. Given that the study of performance limiting factors requires numerous and costly research and experiments in different areas, so finding a way to reduce the number, time and cost of these experiments is worthwhile. Aquacrop model is one of the applied models that are used to simulate yield variations in different water and soil management.
Materials and Methods
  This investigation was carried out in two growing seasons of 2019 and 2020 to determine the efficiency of Aquacrop model for simulating Quinoa grain yield and biomass under imposing three stress treatments of 30, 50 and 70% of water consumption in development and mid-growth stages. Plant spacing was 40 cm between rows and 7 cm between plants within rows. Seeds of quinoa (Titicaca cultivar) were cultivated in the first decade of August 2019 and in the third decade of July 2020. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with three replications. Three deficit irrigation treatments including 30, 50 and 70% of available water were considered in two growth stages (development and mid-growth) in 18 experimental plots (3 × 4 m). Soil moisture in rooting depth (about 40 cm) was measured by TDR and after the soil moisture of the treatments reached the desired values, plots were irrigated until the soil moisture reached the field capacity. The results of grain and biomass yield in the first year were used to calibrate the Aquacrop model and the results of the second year were used to validate the model. Root mean square error (RMSE), normalized root mean square error (NRMSE), Willmott index (D), model efficiency (EF) and mean error deviation (MBE) were used to compare the simulated and observed values.
Results and Discussion
  The results of the first and second year were used to calibrate and validate the model, respectively. The results of the first year showed that irrigation with 50 and 70% of available water in the development stage reduced quinoa grain yield by 17 and 33%, respectively, compared to the control treatment. The application of these two deficit irrigation treatments in the middle stage reduced the yield by about 12 and 28%, respectively. The results of comparing the statistical indices of grain yield, biomass and water use efficiency showed that the NRMSE for grain, biomass and water use efficiency were 9, 8 and 14% in the first year and 9, 6 and 9% in the second years. Furthermore, the EF for these traits were 0.81, 0.77 and 0.64 in the first year and 0.68, 0.71 and 0.62, in the second year, respectively.
Conclusion
The results of calibration and validation of the model showed the accuracy and efficiency of the Aquacrop model in simulating grain yield, biomass and water use efficiency of quinoa. This model can be used to provide the most appropriate scenario and irrigation management for different levels of deficit irrigation managements.

This research was conducted with attention to the examination of presuppositions in the journal articles published by non-native English writers’ case study Kurdish researchers. The study mainly intends to highlight the presupposition triggers, the nature of presupposition, and recognition of presupposition triggers in a particular presupposition in publications by Kurdish scholars. The significance of the thesis is to lead people to understand presuppositions in the writing language and to learn more about how presuppositions are triggered by native Kurdish writers. Students of linguistics may benefit from this research. The outcomes of the study are expected to be theoretically and practically helpful and relevant, especially for those specialized. The research focuses on publications by non-native English writers or authors from the Kurdistan region of Iraq. There is a plan to compile the journal text from 2000 to 2021. The researcher in this research relies on theories of presup...

reinforced me to believe for a betterment, which is actualized through the completion of my thesis. Thus, I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. B. Ria Lestari, M.Sc. for her guidance and my co-advisor, Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A. for the alternatives which lead to the betterment of my thesis. I am also indebted to Simon Arsa Manggala, S.S., M.Hum. for his enlightening ideas. The completion of my study would not be viable without the support from my parents, my brother Octavion Tjia, my sister Natalie Christy Tjia, and my friends, especially

Article type: Research Article Matter consciousness is a view along the lines of ontologists and modernists and the result of a series of field and laboratory research on the two categories of matter and consciousness, new dimensions of which have been considered in recent centuries. According to this theory, the realm of consciousness and perception is very wide and all objects are conscious. This theory, the main basis of which is indebted to Eastern philosophy and mysticism, has been crystallized in the works of contemporary Arabic and Persian poets, Among its followers are Mohammad Reza Shafiei Kadkani and Fatemeh Naoot. The category of material consciousness has a significant presence in the poetry of two poets and has made the minds of two poets to spread the spirit of this meaning in various events and forms today. For this reason, the readability of their poetry based on the theory of matter consciousness is one of the most important findings in the study of their poetry. The present article intends to examine the degree of compatibility of the works of the two poets with the foundations of the theory of matter consciousness. The results of this study show that Naoot and Shafi'i, while accepting the perceptibility and intelligence of the elements, discovered the relationships between objects based on systematic networks, hidden memory and intelligence, and reflected them using poetic techniques, albeit for Escape from the complexities of philosophical and mystical language have generally used tangible subjects in poetry.

This research describes about presupposition in candy advertisements. It is a descriptive-qualititve research.Descriptive study in textual analysis is applied in this study to analyze the presupposition of the utterances produced by slogan in candy advertisements.The purpose of The study is to identify the type of presuppositions in candy advertisements and the phenomena that are appeared in the advertisement in presupposition as one part of pragmatics stud y . The result of the study showed that there are two types of Presupposition appeared from all of the data. The first type is Existential presupposition and the second type is Non- Factive Presupposition. This research also showed that there are four brands for the Existential Presupposition and one brand for the Non-Factive Presupposition. Keyword s : Pragmatics, presupposition, existential presupposition Abstrak Penelitian ini menjelaskan tentang pengandaian dalam iklan permen. Ini adalah penelitian kualitatif. Studi deskripti...

Resumen. Valor visualizador del gerundio en construcciones adjuntas del español de Cuba. El gerundio ha sido analizado desde diferentes perspectivas, de entre las que sobresale su interpretación semántica, según los rasgos de la construcción en la que se inserta (Bello, 1847; Fernández Lagunilla, 1999; Gili Gaya, 1961; Moreno, 2015). Sin embargo, resulta novedosa la propuesta de Verhaert (2008), quien, desde una aproximación cognitiva, demuestra que los gerundios modales focalizan detalles de la acción principal (zooming in). Este trabajo se ha propuesto comprobar, en una muestra del español de Cuba, cómo se comportan los gerundios modales, y determinar si otras interpretaciones (activadores mentales, ilocutivos y localizadores de tiempo y espacio) ofrecen diferentes tipos de visualización. Los resultados indican que los modales sí poseen un valor de zooming in, pero el resto de las interpretaciones constituyen marcos mentales, ilocutivos o espacio-temporales, que incluyen al evento principal desde una perspectiva de zooming out.