Crime and Victimization

Purpose-This study aims to examine how trust in the police shapes reporting decisions for theft and robbery and whether this relationship varies by offense type, race and crime characteristics in a Global South context. Design/methodology/approach-Using nationally representative survey data on victims of theft and robbery in Brazil, crime reporting is conceptualized as a post-victimization decision under uncertainty. Separate probit models are estimated for theft (N 5 3,417) and robbery (N 5 677). Results are presented as average marginal effects, controlling for prior victimization, socioeconomic characteristics and crime attributes, including incidents involving vehicles, documents or mobile phones. Findings-Trust in the police is positively associated with reporting for both types of offenses, but the magnitude differs substantially. The association is considerably stronger for robbery than for theft and is amplified in incidents involving higher material or administrative stakes. Non-white victims are consistently less likely to report, even after accounting for trust and socioeconomic differences, suggesting that racial disparities in engagement with the criminal justice system extend beyond attitudinal factors. Originality/value-By distinguishing between theft and robbery and incorporating crime-specific attributes, the study refines existing debates on trust and reporting behavior. Focusing on Brazil contributes evidence from the Global South to a literature largely centered on the Global North and highlights how institutional trust, structural inequality and instrumental incentives jointly shape crime reporting.

This paper analyzes the concept of the “Ideal Victim” in societies, paying attention to how media, politics, and cultural norms shape public perceptions of victimhood. Looking at theories by Emilio Viano, Nils Christie, and Stanley Cohen, it explores the psychological and social processes that determine which victims receive recognition, empathy, and support. It focuses on the role of vulnerability and perceived moral worth. Through case studies such as media portrayals of Palestinians, the paper reveals how selective narratives and stereotypes marginalize a certain group of people, denying them the status of “Ideal Victim” and consequently reducing their access to protection and justice. The analysis underscores the consequences of this selective empathy, including the normalization of structural violence and the perpetuation of injustice. Lastly, the paper calls attention to the need for critical reflection on social and media-driven hierarchies of victimhood to foster more equitable responses to suffering.

(1) Background: The purpose of this paper is to explicate the logic of community engagement in American policing. In the United States, the police are organized for crime control and social order through law enforcement. In fact, the terms police and law enforcement are often used interchangeably. This linguistic trap reifies the law-enforcer identity and disposition, while producing a logic of professional practice that prioritizes enforcement over more effective crime prevention activities. We ask, "Are there better ways to organize the police to make communities safer?" If so, what could the police do and why? To answer these questions, we first explore the structure of American policing and the logic it creates. We then examine latent community dynamics and their impact on public safety. (2) Methods: Using survey data from a statewide probability sample of households, the authors examine the impact of these dynamic processes on crime, informal social control, and support for those returning to the community from prison. (3) Findings: The findings demonstrate, in measurable ways, the essential function of community-engagement in creating safe, strong neighborhoods. (4) Conclusion: The study's findings suggest a new framework for policing that prioritizes community engagement for relationship building and problem-oriented policing over more aggressive law enforcement campaigns.

The objective of the chapter is to broaden the understanding of the determinants of fear of crime and fear of terrorism, while expanding the existing literature. Israel and Sweden provide case studies of two countries with a relatively similar population size, whereas their cultures are inherently different in their attitude toward terrorism and refugees. Several conclusions can be drawn from this study. The findings show higher rates of fear of crime and terrorism in the Israeli group than among the Swedes, despite the similar rates of actual exposure to crime. This finding could be explained by the Israeli society's higher exposure to terrorism. In addition, the comparison between the Israeli and Swedish samples may indicate the significance of cultural explanation in accounting for differences between the two groups, especially with regard to fear of being a victim of crime. It is suggested that the diverse perception of the government's responsibility for preventing the negative effects, and of the "other" as a source of harm may account for the higher rates of fear of crime among Israelies explain this finding.

Mexico has been a country of important discontinuities on multiple themes, among which security stands out; This constant, has, in my opinion, various guidelines, among the most important, the growing corruption of the authorities, which, puts in question, public opinion, the legality in terms of government functions-of the three orders-in the exercise of security; Similarly, the huge discontinuities in the exercise of economic policy, which, in addition to clearly dividing population groups, from admission, have subtracted value from the idea of integral development of the social complex and, without a doubt, daily in multiplicity of activities.

Mexico has been a country of important discontinuities on multiple themes, among which security stands out; This constant, has, in my opinion, various guidelines, among the most important, the growing corruption of the authorities, which, puts in question, public opinion, the legality in terms of government functions-of the three orders-in the exercise of security; Similarly, the huge discontinuities in the exercise of economic policy, which, in addition to clearly dividing population groups, from admission, have subtracted value from the idea of integral development of the social complex and, without a doubt, daily in multiplicity of activities.

This paper tests the pertinence of individual-level theoretical framework of fear of crime to explain fear of terrorism and underscores the significance of the nexus between fear of terrorism and perceived risk of terrorism. It reviews the literature on conceptualization of terrorism and crime, focusing on individual-level determinants of fear of crime and terrorism through victimization and vulnerability perspectives. The study explores the impact of individual-level predictors and of perceived risk of terrorism on fear of terrorism through three complimentary multiple linear regression models on the basis of results of a web-based survey conducted in Spring semester of 2013 among 504 undergraduate and graduate students from Kent State University between the ages of 19-36, directly following the Boston Marathon Bombings. The study concludes that perceived risk of terrorism on future attacks is a robust indicator of fear of terrorism and the influence of individual-level predictors of fear of crime literature, media exposure, and indirect victimization should not be underestimated.

Currently, the level of reliance of ICT among university students across the globe is unpresented. Students are heavy internet users because they perform the majority of their daily communications and school related activities on the internet. As a result the students are highly exposed to cybercrime victimization. Therefore, it's important to determine issues surrounding their level of awareness of cybercrime. This study sought to examine the factors associated with students' level of awareness of cybercrime at

Illicit brew consumption is a social challenge in most parts of the world today. Although illicit brew consumption results in psychological, social, physical and health problems, available studies have mostly linked the consumption of illicit brew to criminality in western countries with little evidence from the developing countries especially Kenya. The study sought to investigate the influence of illicit brews on security in Rongai Sub-County, Nakuru County Kenya, an area that has experienced an exponential rise of crime cases. The study had three objectives; to establish public perceptions on the influence of illicit brews on crimes causation, establish the influence of illicit brews use on public violence, and to determine the factors that impinge security management measures against illicit brews on security and safety in Kampi ya Moto in Rongai Sub-County. The study utilized a mixed methods research design. The census and purposive sampling techniques were used to draw a sampl...

Following a sharp increase in the number of border arrivals from the violence-torn countries of Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras in the spring and summer of 2014, the United States quickly implemented a strategy designed to prevent such surges by enhancing its detention and deportation efforts. In this article, we examine the emigration decision for citizens living in the high-crime contexts of northern Central America. First, through analysis of survey data across Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras, we explore the role crime victimization plays in leading residents of these countries to consider emigration. Next, using survey data collected across twelve municipalities in Honduras, we evaluate the extent to which knowledge of heightened US immigration deterrence efforts influenced respondents’ emigration decision. Though a vast majority of these respondents were aware of the stricter US immigration policy regime, this awareness had no effect on their consideration of emigrati...

The study assessed the changes in murder counts and patterns under COVID-19 conditions in The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. Initial research indicates that crime rates and patterns have changed under the COVID-19 pandemic possibly because of government implemented restrictions. The specific impact of these responses on murder has not been examined. To fill this gap in the literature the study utilized several interrupted time-series analyses to assess the change(s) in murder trends and their possible relationship to restrictions in movement associated with COVID-19. Overall, murder decreased while under COVID-19 conditions. However, the change was not consistent across different classifications of murder, with some increasing while others continued a downward trend that started before COVID-19 restrictions. The findings suggest that the change in murder trends under COVID-19 was not based on a linear relationship with restrictions in movement. Rather the results suggest that the data contains nonlinear components, which are associated with an initial but inconsistent change in murder counts among different classifications of murder. Which was followed by a phase of diminishing return on the effect of restriction on movement on the murder count. Further, in support of the findings the forecasting of murder was found to be better achieved by an algorithm which supports continuous non-linear functions (Artificial Neural Networks) when compared to a linear approach (Bayesian Structural Time-Series).

This dissertation is dedicated to the memory of my late father, Ahmed. May Allah bless him and rest him in Paradise. To my mother, Haya. May Allah reward and grant her with a good health. To my beloved and sweetheart wife, Nourah. To my sunshine children, Ahmed and Sadeem. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks and praises are all to be to Allah, who bestowed me with all bounties, and helped to complete this project. I am most grateful to all of those who have made this project possible. First and foremost, I acknowledge my major advisor, Dr. Peter Wood, who guided me and shared with me his rich knowledge to complete this dissertation. His knowledge and guidance were the lights that shed on my way toward the end of this project. I am so thankful to him for giving me the chance to be the first to work on the 2004 National Cyber Crime Victimization Survey dataset.

The issue of timeliness in rape and other serious sexual offence investigations has been raised in a number of inspections and reviews, and there are policy imperatives to decrease delays, but there has been little exploration of police data to understand what contributes to them and enable practical recommendations or options. This paper explores what official data from two police forces participating in Operation Soteria Bluestone tell us about the timelines of these investigations, what this reveals about the gaps in policing data, and what additional knowledge can be gained from qualitative methodologies, in this instance case file analysis and case reviews.

Effects of Social Support and Life Satisfaction on Occupational Stress: A Research on Business Owners in Kayseri Effects of social support and life satisfaction on organizations have been an area of interest in academia in the last two decades. This study looks at the effects of social support and life satisfaction on the occupational stress of business owners. A questionnaire has been employed on the owners of 264 small-and-medium-sized businesses and big businesses in Kayseri. The study concludes that both social support and life satisfaction decrease occupational stress. Moreover, it is concluded that there is a positive relationship between life satisfaction and social support. By this results, it is being undestood that social support and life satisfaction of business owners should be increased for optimal occupational stress.

It can be ensured that disabled individuals can continue their lives without the need for any assistance with suitable solutions and appropriate equipment designs. Arrangements to be made are necessary to increase the living comfort of disabled individuals rather than legal obligations. In this study, a project is proposed for wheelchair users. The objectives of the study are to provide the necessary environment for dressing, working, and socializing on a minimum scale for people with walking disabilities; to design and develop a working unit and modules that will meet the needs of disabled people who work from home; to produce affordable furniture with service and warranty. In the furniture sector, which is one of the largest sectors in our country, there are not many products for the disabled to make their lives easier. With this study, it is aimed to fill the gap in the field and to fulfill social responsibility, to integrate individuals with walking disabilities into society, and to add quality to their lives. The aim of this project is to create a living space concept for people with walking disabilities. The project developed for this purpose consists of a dressing cabinet, a desk with movable storage, and a unit integrated with it, which will meet small storage needs and can be used as a service table. At the beginning of the project, previous research and projects for disabled individuals were examined in detail and a compact and multifunctional product was desired. The final product includes many functions, can meet the targeted needs, and can be easily used by wheelchair users.

The currentera has been defined as "Dijital Age" and "Information Age" since it is characterized by an exponential growth of data, generated by bothhuman, i.e. social environments, and machine, i.e. Internet of things. The challenge is to convert "data" into "information", by analyzing the data and discovering patterns hidden inside it. In this paper the two basic human feelings of Happiness and Sadness are extracted from a subset of Google n-grams corpus and analyze daccording to gender. Google n-gramscorpus is generated from millions of scanned boks published between year 1500 and 2008; it can be considered as an indicator forhuman specific feature and behavior. Under the hypothesis thatuser'semotion can be extrapolated by the frequency of the corresponding emotional words, this study applies regression to predict the importance of the Happiness and Sadness emotional states in future years. This study is enhanced version of the "Feeling Analysis for Sadness and Happiness using Google n-gram Database"study which includes gender fraction for each analysis.

EL IMPACTO DE LA INSEGURIDAD PÚBLICA EN LA COMPETITIVIDAD EMPRESARIAL. ANÁLISIS COMPARATIVO DE LAS ENTIDADES FEDERATIVAS EN MÉXICO empresas al impactar su estructura de costos vía el incremento de gastos y pérdidas asociadas. La delincuencia también reduce las utilidades de los negocios y obstaculiza sus procesos de inversión. Dicha afectación es mayor donde estos fenómenos son más intensos. Se prueban 4 hipótesis analizando la racionalidad del comportamiento de los empresarios ante dicho fenómeno. Se utiliza información de la ENVE y la unidad de análisis es la Unidad Económica, como la define el INEGI. EL análisis compara las entidades federativas, aplicando estadística elemental. El análisis comparativo detecta un círculo vicioso en las entidades más impactadas como Guerrero, Michoacán, Morelos y Tamaulipas. Es urgente una política de seguridad ciudadana coordinada entre federación, estados y municipios para resolver estos problemas.

EL IMPACTO DE LA INSEGURIDAD PÚBLICA EN LA COMPETITIVIDAD EMPRESARIAL. ANÁLISIS COMPARATIVO DE LAS ENTIDADES FEDERATIVAS EN MÉXICO empresas al impactar su estructura de costos vía el incremento de gastos y pérdidas asociadas. La delincuencia también reduce las utilidades de los negocios y obstaculiza sus procesos de inversión. Dicha afectación es mayor donde estos fenómenos son más intensos. Se prueban 4 hipótesis analizando la racionalidad del comportamiento de los empresarios ante dicho fenómeno. Se utiliza información de la ENVE y la unidad de análisis es la Unidad Económica, como la define el INEGI. EL análisis compara las entidades federativas, aplicando estadística elemental. El análisis comparativo detecta un círculo vicioso en las entidades más impactadas como Guerrero, Michoacán, Morelos y Tamaulipas. Es urgente una política de seguridad ciudadana coordinada entre federación, estados y municipios para resolver estos problemas.

This article introduces and applies an integrative model of cyberharassment victimization. The model combines routine activity theory (RAT), the general theory of crime (GTC), and the personal resources approach to analyze risk factors for victimization while acknowledging the protective role of a sense of mastery. Survey respondents were aged 15 to 25 years (N = 4816) from the U.S., Finland, Spain, and South Korea. Logistic regression models were used to analyze cyberharassment victimization. RAT-related factors were positively associated with cyberharassment victimization. Low self-control was positively associated with cyberharassment victimization in the U.S., Finland, and Spain but not in South Korea. The sense of mastery was negatively associated with cyberharassment victimization in the U.S., Finland, and South Korea but not in Spain. Protective factors against cyberharassment victimization should be utilized in future studies as adequate knowledge of protective factors could...

Cybercrime has become a major societal concern, and a better
understanding of cybercrime is needed to target and prevent it
more effectively, minimize its consequences, and provide support
for victims. Research on cybercrime victimization has exploded in
the past few years, but much of it relies on convenience samples
and is largely descriptive in nature. The research presented here
involves the collection of data from a large sample of Virginia
households in 2022 (n = 1,206). The data are analyzed to provide a partial test of routine activity theory to better understand fraud and theft via the Internet. The data provide a solid baseline for describing the extent of cyber victimization across the state. Bivariate and multivariate analyses (logistic regressions) show support for routine activity theory and provide important insights for future research. In particular, we find that certain routine Internet activities may better predict unique forms of cybervictimization than others and that length of time on the Internet is not a good indicator of exposure to motivated offenders. Further, protective guardianship mediates the effects of exposure to motivated offenders; thus, efforts to educate the public on best practices are needed. We conclude that to better assess cybercrime, victimization and engagement, better measurement and longitudinal panel data will be needed.

Cyberbullying is a major social issue that has the potential to impact on a large audience. The growth and proliferation of ubiquitous social media platforms, internet and digital technologies have increased the potential for cyberbullying in recent times. As such, cyberbullying too has become ubiquitous and does not seem to discriminate on age, sex, race or any other socio-technical factors. This research derives a conceptual model to intervene cyberbullying by following the cyberbully's journey from conception of the bullying idea, identification of the target to the bullying action. The model is inspired by two competing theories: The General Theory of Crime and Routine Activity Theory. The model incorporates socio-technical crime opportunity factors, which can influence the offender's motivation.