Cycle of Violence

As Qur‟an is the bedrock of Islamic Laws and principles which must be
understood by Muslims in order to be saved from the manipulation and selfinterpretation of some individuals and sects that employ the Qur‟an to support and
defend their innovative doctrines; there is a need for an unbiased interpretation of
the Qur‟an through the established method of interpretation (Tafsir), particularly
through the interpretation of the Quran by the Qur‟an itself. This is to do justice to
the understanding and message of the Quran which has been misconceived by
majority of Muslims and non-Muslims alike due to the confusion created by the
deviant interpretation of some sects and charlatans among Islamic scholars

O presente artigo analisa a relação entre violência de gênero e religião, tendo como recorte a violência doméstica e os desafios éticos que se impõem à religião no enfrentamento dessa questão. O texto foi desenvolvido a partir dos relatos de duas entrevistadas que tiveram casamentos violentos: Angélica, viúva, idosa e católica, e Virginia, jovem pentecostal divorciada. As duas mulheres deram rumos distintos a suas vidas, sendo que a religião se mostrou fundamental no processo de perpetuação da violência em um dos casos, e no processo de ruptura com o ciclo de violência no outro. Palavras-chave: Religião; ética; violência doméstica; gênero.

This study introduces the concept of chronic (i.e., repeated and cumulative) mediated exposure to political violence and investigates its effects on aggressive behavior and post-traumatic stress (PTS) symptoms in young viewers. Embracing the risk-matrix approach, these effects are studied alongside other childhood risk factors that influence maladjustment. A longitudinal study was conducted on a sample of youth who experience the Israeli-Palestinian conflict firsthand ( N = 1,207). As hypothesized, higher levels of chronic mediated exposure were longitudinally related to higher levels of PTS symptoms and aggression at peers independently of exposure to violence in other contexts. In the case of aggressive behavior, structural equation analysis (SEM) analyses suggest that, while it is likely there are causal effects in both directions, the bigger effect is probably for exposure to violence stimulating aggression than for aggression stimulating exposure to violence. Both the longitudi...

Violence within the home is a significant problem in communities across the country. Burlington is no exception. Family, or "domestic" violence includes abuse -physical or mental -of children, adults, the elderly, roommates, spouses or partners (current or former), and other family or household members. In this section you will find information on the following topics:

Diferentes estudios epidemiológicos consideran el maltrato psicológico como la forma de agresión de mayor incidencia en las relaciones de pareja, y proporcionan información reveladora al respecto. No obstante tales evidencias, el maltrato físico se constituye como el principal objeto de análisis en las relaciones de pareja, frente a la olvidada figura del maltrato psicológico. El presente artículo pretende revisar las propuestas teóricas más representativas en el estudio de la violencia conyugal identificando el papel del maltrato psicológico en cada una de ellas, y concluye apuntando la ausencia manifiesta de modelos que hagan referencia directa al rol que desempeña la violencia psicológica como una fase previa al maltrato físico en la pareja.

The use of corporal punishment (CP) is controversial despite the negative consequences of its use that have been documented. Consequences include the use of CP by those who experienced CP themselves, described in the theory of the cycle of violence. There are little data on the cycle of violence, especially on those who break it and in representative samples. This study examines the cycle of violence in a representative sample by analyzing experiences of and attitudes toward CP. Attitudes toward, and own experiences of, CP by their parents were assessed in a sample of 2,519 individuals (female 54.6%, age range = 14-99 years, M = 48.9 years). Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify subgroups of participants who support and oppose CP. Breaking the cycle, defined as having experienced CP and opposing CP, was examined. Factors associated with positive and negative attitudes toward CP were identified using group comparisons and binary logistic regression. The majority of the sam...

The use of corporal punishment (CP) is controversial despite the negative consequences of its use that have been documented. Consequences include the use of CP by those who experienced CP themselves, described in the theory of the cycle of violence. There are little data on the cycle of violence, especially on those who break it and in representative samples. This study examines the cycle of violence in a representative sample by analyzing experiences of and attitudes toward CP. Attitudes toward, and own experiences of, CP by their parents were assessed in a sample of 2,519 individuals (female 54.6%, age range = 14-99 years, M = 48.9 years). Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify subgroups of participants who support and oppose CP. Breaking the cycle, defined as having experienced CP and opposing CP, was examined. Factors associated with positive and negative attitudes toward CP were identified using group comparisons and binary logistic regression. The majority of the sam...

In December 2024, the Women’s Refuge research team conducted research into the impacts of IPV on victims and their experiences of help seeking. We heard from 1707 women and non-binary victims. While most reported that they were no longer experiencing violence, 21 percent (375) reported that it was ongoing. The majority (1328) had been physically assaulted by their partners, 10 percent (138) of whom reported having a (known) TBI caused by their partners’ use of violence. Given IPV-inflicted TBI is often undiagnosed, the actual prevalence amongst this sample is likely far higher. To explore how those with a TBI experienced risk, support, and safety, we analysed the data based on two groups of respondents: the 138 respondents who reported that they had an IPV-inflicted TBI, who are referred to throughout as ‘victims with a TBI’ or ‘respondents with a TBI’, and the 1707 total respondents, who are referred to throughout as ‘overall respondents’ or ‘overall victims’. Rates of TBI sustained through IPV were slightly higher for wāhine Māori, women who had children under the age of 18 at the time of the abuse, women who were still in relationships with their abusers, and women who had sought help from Women’s Refuge. These results offer insight into how the conditions of IPV complicate TBI recovery, and how the symptoms of TBI complicate pathways to safety from IPV. They show how victims’ needs for safety and support can be better met by considering IPV and TBI in tandem.

Bolstering women's resilience in the context of gender-based violence (GBV) requires attention to structural conditions needed to support women to thrive, particularly in rural communities. This cross-sectional study explored how resilience was influenced by structural violence in rural Ontario among women experiencing GBV (n = 14) and service providers in the GBV sector (n = 12). Interviews were conducted and revealed forms of structural violence that undermine resilience for women experiencing GBV in rural communities, including 1) housing-gentrification, short-term rentals of residential properties, and long waitlists, 2) income-fighting for enough money to survive, 3) safety-abusers gaming the system, and 4) access-successes and new barriers. Structural conditions must be attended to as they are prerequisites required to build resilience.

Children are not resilient, children are malleable." RESILIENT 1. Marked by the ability to recover readily, as from misfortune. 2. Capable of returning to an original shape or position, as after having been compressed. 1. Capable of being shaped or formed, as by hammering or pressure: a malleable metal.

Children are not resilient, children are malleable." RESILIENT 1. Marked by the ability to recover readily, as from misfortune. 2. Capable of returning to an original shape or position, as after having been compressed. 1. Capable of being shaped or formed, as by hammering or pressure: a malleable metal.

A parental history of experiencing child maltreatment is an important risk factor in several etiological theories of child maltreatment. In the past, two reviews have been conducted on the available evidence for intergenerational continuity in child maltreatment, but were only qualitative in nature. Therefore, the present review aimed to provide a quantitative summary of the current knowledge on intergenerational transmission of child maltreatment. In our 3-level random-effects meta-analysis, we included 84 studies reporting on 285 effect sizes and found a medium summary effect of r = 0.289; 95% CI [0.257, 0.337], with significant variation in effect sizes within (level 2) and between (level 3) studies. This implies that in families of parents who experienced maltreatment in their own childhood, the odds of child maltreatment are almost three times the odds of child maltreatment in families of parents without a history of experiencing child maltreatment (OR = 2.990). However, as indications for bias were found, caution is warranted in interpreting this effect. Moderator analyses revealed that the effect of intergenerational transmission was the smallest in children who experienced physical abuse. Further, study quality was negatively associated with effect size magnitude. We highlight the need for an improvement in quality of primary research, and discuss implications of our findings for clinical practice. Child maltreatment is a worldwide problem that severely impacts both victims and society. Stoltenborgh, Bakermans-Kranenburg, Alink, and Van IJzendoorn (2015) demonstrated in their meta-analytic review that estimated prevalence rates based on self-report studies were 12.7% for sexual abuse, 22.6% for physical abuse, 36.3% for emotional abuse, 16.3% for physical neglect, and 18.4% for emotional neglect. Other researchers have provided evidence for the association between child maltreatment victimization and problems in multiple domains of functioning, such as academic achievement, social and emotional development, psychopathology, and neurobiological deficits (see Widom, 2014 for a review of child maltreatment consequences). Therefore, it is important to understand the risks associated with child maltreatment, so that effective preventive strategies can be developed targeting these risks.

Domestic violence, which takes place within the home environment, and school bullying, which takes place within the compulsory education system, are inextricably linked. They both involve unauthorised force or violence, either psychological, emotional or physical. They both cause harm to the victim, the perpetrator and the wider community. This paper discusses the causal link between these two acts of violence and proposes a system of restorative justice to break the cycle.

Despite advances in understanding the role that several physiological systems play in the occurrence of general violence, little progress has been made toward understanding biological correlates of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV). We explored involvement of one physiological system, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Among 137 heterosexual couples expecting a first child, baseline level of HPA activity --assessed via salivary cortisol collected before a couple conflict discussion --was linked to both men's and women's violence perpetration. HPA reactivity to the conflict bout did not show an independent association with IPV. However, persisting elevation in men's, and down-regulation in women's, HPA activity during a further recovery period was linked to men's violence perpetration. Violence among married and unmarried couples carries a heavy public health burden (Krug, 2002). Relationship violence is linked to psychological disorder, injury, and death, as well as to disrupted parenting and child mental and behavioral health problems (El-

Diferentes estudios epidemiologicos consideran el maltrato psicologico como la forma de agresion de mayor incidencia en las relaciones de pareja, y proporcionan informacion reveladora al respecto . No obstante tales evidencias, el maltrato fisico se constituye como el principal objeto de analisis en las relaciones de pareja, frente a la olvidada figura del maltrato psicologico . El presente articulo pretende revisar las propuestas teoricas mas representativas en el estudio de la violencia conyugal identificando el papel del maltrato psicologico en cada una de ellas, y concluye apuntando la ausencia manifiesta de modelos que hagan referencia directa al rol que desempena la violencia psicologica como una fase previa al maltrato fisico en la pareja.

Children exposed to family violence are at risk for developing long-lasting problems. Family violence is a pervasive problem, however, studies comparing continuation with cessation of family violence are limited. Understanding the cessation or continuation of family violence on child development is a prerequisite to prevent enduring problems and develop interventions. This study compares posttraumatic stress and delinquent behavior of children aged between eight and eighteen years for whom severe violence continues to children for whom violence diminishes or ceases. Children (N = 162, 43% boys, mean age 12 years) and their parents reported to child protection services (CPS) with severe violence were included. Levels of family violence, posttraumatic stress and delinquent behavior were re-assessed after 18 months. Most families (74%) still experienced severe family violence at the second assessment despite involvement of CPS. Structural equation modelling was applied. In the group where violence diminished or stopped, delinquent behavior decreased. A decrease of posttraumatic stress only occurred when violence diminished but surprisingly no decrease was observed when violence stopped completely. The findings demonstrate that overall family violence is persistent. Differing paths can be discerned for delinquent behavior and posttraumatic stress, indicating different developmental and recovery pathways after cessation of family violence. Nonetheless, it is fair to state that specialized and long-term care is crucial.

The prevalence of childhood sexual abuse in child molesters is considerably higher than that in the general population. This finding had led to the "victim-offender cycle" being popularized as an explanation for sexual offending. However, not all child molesters were victimized as children, so it is of interest to examine the factors that contribute to the victim-offender cycle or, conversely, resiliency. This study examined the "moderating factors" that may prevent a male victim of sexual abuse from entering the victim-offender cycle. Two groups were interviewed as part of the study: a "resilient group" (n = 47) and a victim-offender group (n = 41). After correction for age and education level, the resilient group were less likely to have fantasized and masturbated about the abuse, less likely to report deriving pleasure from the abuse, more likely to have had frequent social contact with adolescent peers and to have had more family and nonfamily suppo...

This article highlights the mistaken paradigms that underpin the use of Islam to justify violence and terrorism. Its exploration of the Qur'an shows that Islam emphasizes peaceful values and promotes non-violent approaches; this study, thus, differs from previous ones that have argued Islam's emphasis on peace based on a deconstruction of verses with violent implications, thereby challenging religious violence and violence perpetrated in religion's name. This study analyses the content of the Quranic verses that emphasize Islam's openness and friendliness, prohibit acts of violence and narrate the peaceful resolution of problems as well as mitigating conflict. The analysis of these patterns of Quranic verses shows Islam's alignment with the values ​​of peace and, conversely, disapproval of violence. This exploration of the non-violent values offered by the Qur'an thus offers an important complement to the existing literature on peace and Islam. This study, th...

Bolstering women's resilience in the context of gender-based violence (GBV) requires attention to structural conditions needed to support women to thrive, particularly in rural communities. This cross-sectional study explored how resilience was influenced by structural violence in rural Ontario among women experiencing GBV (n = 14) and service providers in the GBV sector (n = 12). Interviews were conducted and revealed forms of structural violence that undermine resilience for women experiencing GBV in rural communities, including 1) housing-gentrification, short-term rentals of residential properties, and long waitlists, 2) income-fighting for enough money to survive, 3) safety-abusers gaming the system, and 4) access-successes and new barriers. Structural conditions must be attended to as they are prerequisites required to build resilience.

Ending violent international conflicts requires understanding the causal factors that perpetuate them. In the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, Israelis and Palestinians each tend to see themselves as victims, engaging in violence only in response to attacks initiated by a fundamentally and implacably violent foe bent on their destruction. Econometric techniques allow us to empirically test the degree to which violence on each side occurs in response to aggression by the other side. Prior studies using these methods have argued that Israel reacts strongly to attacks by Palestinians, whereas Palestinian violence is random (i.e., not predicted by prior Israeli attacks). Here we replicate prior findings that Israeli killings of Palestinians increase after Palestinian killings of Israelis, but crucially show further that when nonlethal forms of violence are considered, and when a larger dataset is used, Palestinian violence also reveals a pattern of retaliation: ( i ) the firing of Palestin...

Groups of people who have been victims of intense persecution, violence, mass killings, and genocide are deeply affected. This is true, of course, of individual survivors of mass killings or genocides, who were in camps or in territories where the violence occurred and who were personally targeted as victims. But it is also true of members of the victim group who were not in direct danger. They are also deeply affected by the persecution and the attempt to eliminate all or part of their erouu. -" F& most people, individual identity is deeply rooted in their group identity (Bar-Tal & Staub, 1997; Staub, 1997a), especially in the case of racial, ethnic, and to some extent religious groups, when membership in the group is not a matter of . . Illis is e g r d y expi~ntlcd vcrsion ol' 1111 :~rliclc ill tl~c ./or~rnd of /l~wt~nnl wrd I~rfi~rl~iwrinrrl loss (SLuub. 199611). 'l'hc original unicls focused only OII I ~c i ~l i ~~g . Ilrre, I ~c r ~l i ~~g , ~c c ~r n c i l i ~~f i ~~r ~. 111111 theif relationship are discussed.

This article explores the theological implications of the well-known cyclical pattern of the book of Judges. Previous approaches (historical critical, sociological, and narrative) have located the cycle within the compositional history of Judges; they have identified the ideological agendas inherent within the elements of the cycle; and they have examined the role of the cycle within the overall structure of the book. Building upon these earlier results, I argue here that the cycle of Judges registers a deep theological tension within the character of Yahweh himself, an irreconcilable conflict between his anger and his compassion. I propose further that the breakdown of the cycle in the latter part of Judges is a manifestation of Yahweh's frustration and his unwillingness to make a final choice between justice and mercy for Israel. I conclude that the tension between Yahweh's anger and his compassion belongs to his disposition as a relational being; therefore, it is a tension that must not be mitigated in our theology.

There has been a dynamic development of Islam in contemporary Indonesia as seen from the approaches to interpreting the Quran. One of the trends of thought is traditionalism, which is commonly perceived as a broad category of the school of thought. There is no single entity called traditionalism since it takes on different faces. With specific references to M. Quraish Shihab, Abd Muin Salim and Nashruddin Baidan, this article aims to study all these traditional Muslim thinkers’ views on Quran interpretation by employing a historical approach. The study mainly focuses on, first, the continuity and changes concerning elements initially derived from some sources and elements developed originally and secondly, on response to modern Western legacies of social sciences and humanities approaches. This article will argue that critical traditionalism constitutes many faces. This trend of a mode of thought is viewed from its followers’ insisting on the sufficiency of traditional sources of in...

There has been a considerable amount of published research investigating the link between experiencing child abuse and later offending and victimization. Most of the evidence gleaned from these studies demonstrates support for a cycle of violence. However, prior research has overwhelmingly been based on correlational observations. Considering this limitation, the current study uses a rigorous, quasi-experimental research design to assess the causal effect of experiencing child abuse on adult dating violence perpetration and victimization. Relying on data from a large sample of college students and utilizing a propensity score matching approach, the results indicate that the link between child abuse and adult dating

Since it emergence on the international scene more than two decades ago, Hamas has stuck to its guns, labouring tirelessly to establish a Muslim state based upon the principles of Jihad, and to propagate Jihadi values in all aspects of life as outlined in its 1988 Charter. On its path to realize its ultimate goals, and acting upon the credo that "Islam is the Solution," Hamas has persisted in killing and maiming Israelis, civilians and soldiers alike, through a variety of violent means. This article explores the Hamas as a longstanding terrorist organization and its instrumentality of violence in the Middle East. The argument is presented that although it is seen by some as a legitimate political and social movement Hamas has not departed from its violent practices in order to achieve its political objectives, and does not seem to qualify as a new and dynamic actor in the Middle East simply because it was elected to govern in Gaza.

This study introduces the application of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) within Qur'anic sciences to enhance understanding and interpretation of the sacred text. Traditional Qur'anic studies, while rich in depth and theological insight, often lack standardized frameworks for systematic evaluation. By integrating KPIs—specifically accuracy, relevance, and consistency—this research bridges classical exegesis with modern analytical methods, fostering a more precise and applicable approach to Qur'anic interpretation. The methodology involves selecting key concepts such as justice (‘adl*), compassion (rahmah), and wisdom (hikmah), which are central to Islamic teachings. These concepts are analyzed using the KPI framework, incorporating interdisciplinary methods from linguistics and data analytics. The analysis reveals that applying KPIs enhances analytical precision, ensures consistency across interpretations, and increases the relevance of Qur'anic teachings to contemporary issues such as social justice, ethical governance, and humanitarian efforts. The findings demonstrate that KPIs effectively facilitate a harmonious alignment between classical and contemporary interpretations without compromising theological integrity. The study discusses the implications for researchers, educators, and Islamic scholars, highlighting the potential for KPIs to modernize Qur'anic studies and make them more accessible and actionable. Challenges such as theological sensitivity and methodological constraints are acknowledged, and recommendations are provided for expanding KPI application, leveraging technology like artificial intelligence, and promoting interdisciplinary collaboration. The integration of KPIs into Qur'anic sciences offers a promising pathway for revitalizing Islamic scholarship, ensuring that the timeless teachings of the Qur'an continue to guide and inspire in an ever-changing world.

SummaryWe contest Jaeger and Paserman's claim (Jaeger and Paserman , 2008. The cycle of violence? An empirical analysis of fatalities in the Palestinian–Israeli conflict. American Economic Review 98(4): 1591–1604) that Palestinians did not react to Israeli aggression during Intifada 2. We address the differences between the two sides in terms of the timing and intensity of violence, estimate nonlinear vector autoregression models that are suitable when the linear vector autoregression innovations are not normally distributed, identify causal effects rather than Granger causality using the principle of weak exogeneity, and introduce the “kill‐ratio” as a concept for testing hypotheses about the cycle of violence. The Israelis killed 1.28 Palestinians for every killed Israeli, whereas the Palestinians killed only 0.09 Israelis for every killed Palestinian.