Design for Disaster Prevention

El artículo presenta una experiencia de gestión comunitaria del riesgo como parte de la construcción social barrial, sorteando el conflicto generado por la aplicación de lineamientos normativos para el ordenamiento territorial de Medellín (Colombia) y las condiciones geomorfológicas adversas de un contexto de ladera. Para esto, se aplicó una metodología de investigación-acción, estructurada desde escenarios participativos de educación popular con una comunidad barrial: El Pacífico, ubicado en la parte alta de la Comuna 8, ladera nororiental de Medellín. A partir de esta propuesta, se formuló un plan de gestión comunitaria del riesgo y prevención de desastres, contemplando la identificación de amenazas de orden socioterritorial, medidas de reducción de riesgo y un componente programático. Tomando estos resultados como referencia, se discuten las implicaciones de la gestión comunitaria de riesgos y su capacidad para reducir la brecha de las inequidades socioespaciales. Se concluye que...

The Caribbean School of Architecture, University of Technology, Jamaica (UTECH.) in collaboration with the governmental agency the Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management Jamaica have researched over a two-year cycle, shelter solutions for Disaster Emergency Management. The results address constraints and demands of disaster management in Jamaica as well as present how spatial thinking
can induce strategies connecting structural and non-structural mitigation efforts.

With 5.42 square meter per capita the ratio of open space in Tokyo is fairly low compared to other Japanese and international cities. The planning authorities of Tokyo aim at increasing this figure constantly. The guiding question of the paper is why this value is so extraordinarily low? Sheer lack of land is historically not the only reason for this low number. The next question to be answered must then be what are the consequences of this deficit? With the historical review it is demonstrated that the stock of physical open space was largely produced within distinct periods of time. It is identified that there are five major driving factors such as societal changes, one-dimensional development policies, disaster prevention measures, administrative governing and private organisations. They are all of equal importance, but if applied in an isolated way, they result in an imbalanced urban open space development.

El artículo presenta una experiencia de gestión comunitaria del riesgo como parte de la construcción social barrial, sorteando el conflicto generado por la aplicación de lineamientos normativos para el ordenamiento territorial de Medellín (Colombia) y las condiciones geomorfológicas adversas de un contexto de ladera. Para esto, se aplicó una metodología de investigación-acción, estructurada desde escenarios participativos de educación popular con una comunidad barrial: El Pacífico, ubicado en la parte alta de la Comuna 8, ladera nororiental de Medellín. A partir de esta propuesta, se formuló un plan de gestión comunitaria del riesgo y prevención de desastres, contemplando la identificación de amenazas de orden socioterritorial, medidas de reducción de riesgo y un componente programático. Tomando estos resultados como referencia, se discuten las implicaciones de la gestión comunitaria de riesgos y su capacidad para reducir la brecha de las inequidades socioespaciales. Se concluye que...

The paper documents the resettlement process undertaken following the 2011 heavy rains in Dar es Salaam City, which adversely affected many people who lived in flood prone areas particularly in and along Msimbazi river valley. Within the resettlement process, challenges which were encountered by different actors during the resettlement process were investigated. With the use of qualitative and quantitative data, the paper shows that the resettlement of households from Msimbazi River Valley to Mabwepande followed a number of steps decided during the process with no pre-determined guidelines. The process largely centred around identifying those to be resettled, relocating them to the resettlement area and issuing alternative plots. The physical, economic, social, cultural and environmental dimensions of resettlement were less coherent in the process. Subsequently, the process resulted into both negative and positive outcomes, which are persistent until today. These include poor housing conditions, disruption of economic and income generating activities, unreliable social and technical infrastructure services, inability and or reluctance to develop the new plots and low living standards. However, high level of tenure security and certainty of being free from flood risk are some positive outcomes of the resettlement. The paper argues that the implementation of resettlement projects with no well-articulated process that takes care of the environmental, spatial, economic and social needs of the resettled population obscures the outcomes of the project. It therefore calls for caution when planning and implementing disaster led resettlement projects that necessary steps ought to be carried out to protect and enhance the wellbeing and livelihoods of those resettled apart from issuing alternative parcels of land.

El presente artículo de reflexión derivada de Investigación relaciona los resultados obtenidos en dos investigaciones realizadas por el autor para la aplicación, por primera vez en Colombia, de la Metodología de Gestión de Riesgos en Colecciones (ICCROM-UNESCO 2009) en dos museos regionales: la Casa del Escribano Don Juan de Vargas (2011) y la Casa del Fundador Gonzalo Suárez Rendón (2013). Se destaca la importancia de la metodología en cuestión para renovar la mirada de la ciencia de la conservación de colecciones en museos. Como punto de partida se toma el concepto de gestión de riesgos, para exponer luego los resultados a la luz de las fases metodológicas propuestas. De acuerdo con dichos resultados, se trata de dos entidades museales amenazadas tanto por agentes ambientales como antropogénicos que de no ser corregidos a tiempo atentan contra el sistema integral de valor custodiado. Se termina con una serie de conclusiones que giran en torno a la efectividad de la metodología implementada para los casos de aplicación, sus necesidades de adaptación al contexto local y la preocupante situación actual de la conservación de acervos museológicos en Colombia.

Se prevé la realización de este estudio para el primer semestre 2007. Actualmente existen 3 empresas calificadas en el proceso de preselección de firmas interesadas. (Septiembre 2006). Unidad Responsable: Gerencia de Planificación y Desarrollo Tecnológico del SNC. Diseñar el Sistema de Gestión de Riesgos como mecanismo que permita tomar decisiones e implementar actividades de reducción de riesgos de la infraestructura vial, para reducir la vulnerabilidad de la carretera, mejorar la transitabilidad y aumentar la capacidad de respuesta a las emergencias generadas por eventos imprevistos o desastres. 1. Evaluación, selección y diagnóstico de la información disponible en el Servicio Nacional de Caminos, principalmente la proveniente del Diagnóstico y Manifiesto Ambiental en el tramo Cotapata-Santa Bárbara e informe de Comisión SNC-BID. 2. Contar con el Sistema de Gestión de Riesgos con capacidad de implementación y actualización periódica. 3. Programar la ejecución inmediata de las obras prioritarias de estabilización ya identificadas en el Diagnóstico y Manifiesto Ambiental del tramo vial Cotapata-Santa Bárbara.

The socio-environmental disaster of Mariana, which affected the Rio Doce basin, is considered a renowned tragedy due to the complexity and magnitude of the damage, the institutional framework engendered, and the capacity of companies to neglect effective and broad measures to
compensate and repair the damage caused. The reflections aim to understand the negotiated mechanisms for mitigating the effects of environmental disasters, social actors, and the actions of economic agents in the case of the Rio Doce disaster. With this scope, the institutional framework created to carry out policies aimed at mitigation and the processes of socio-state interaction are analyzed. Different research strategies were used in combination using documentary data in the materials produced by various state agencies involved and in research reports carried out by academics and companies in a systematic journey in times of electronic availability. The theoretical framework is based on environmental sociology, approaching environmental disasters with the aim of privileging relational mechanisms. Regarding the results, it can be highlighted that multiple aspects highlight the peculiarities of the institutional arrangement arising from tacit agreements. However,
strategic challenges arising from asymmetries and paradoxes existing in the relationships between the three pillars of the conflict also stand out: public authorities, mining companies, and those affected by the tragedy. It can be understood that the national State is not strategically prepared nor does it have public policy mechanisms to face major social and environmental disasters.

In response to the financial climate, the UK healthcare system is undergoing major restructuration in which many organisations are 'disappearing' or re-integrating to create new organisations. These will play a role in the delivery of healthcare in major emergencies. This study aims to examine the challenges and opportunities that the UK healthcare emergency planners and responders have in coping with major hazards. The study followed a qualitative research methodology where data was collected from a comprehensive literature review, an international workshop and interviews. The findings established that the UK healthcare emergency planning process needs to: consider the integration of soft and hard resources (e.g. processes, staff and infrastructure) in planning; involve independent experts (e.g. academics) for further support; and use IT systems innovatively to develop a comprehensive emergency model, predict vulnerabilities and optimise effectiveness and efficiency. The major recommendations are to: identify and evaluate risks more accurately; enhance opportunities and reduce risks associated with multi-agency approaches; ensure that soft and hard resources are well integrated in planning; involve and integrate more with independent parties such as academia for extra support; and innovatively use IT systems to develop a comprehensive emergency model, predict vulnerabilities and optimise effectiveness and efficiency.

Recent tsunamis, especially after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, provided a better understanding and knowledge of tsunami science as well as on how to build awareness and preparedness. However, tsunamis that happened before 2004, there is limited and/or scattered data, information, records, and reports of the events. In addition, there is either limited or no eyewitness’s story documented, including pictures and videos. The lack of information makes it difficult for policymakers, researchers, and other institutions to disseminate local and contextualized information to the public in raising awareness and education on disaster preparation and mitigation. If a tsunami has happened in the past, it is most likely to happen again in the future. It is imperative that we learn from the past and prepare for the future. This study aims to improve the knowledge of the impact of the tsunami in selected sites in Indonesia and the Philippines prior to 2004, through investigation of historical do...

Much research has been conducted to increase the resilience of healthcare service to major hazards; however, every time a major hazard takes place we discover that this critical service is yet to reach the anticipated resilient state. This paper reports an ongoing research work that looked at: the resilience of the structure of healthcare facilities, equipment stability, lifeline (utility) supplies, the interaction between hospitals and emergency agencies and the support the latter can provide during major emergencies. This paper presents findings on the ability of human resources to deal with the stress associated with major hazards. A mixed research method was adopted, including a systematic literature review followed by a survey to gather evidence about the stress level amongst healthcare staff in hospitals and their motivation. The literature review was conducted to find information about the level of stress healthcare staff experience with during major emergencies. Findings suggest that healthcare staff remain at high risk of stress and thus represent a major weakness of healthcare service resilience. The research concludes with a set of recommendations to address this issue.

RESUMEN Dentro de los planes de desarrollo socioeconómico de un país, las obras civiles como carreteras y centros educativos ocupan un puesto prioritario. Dependiendo de la ubicación geográfica, se producen distintos tipos de fenómenos naturales que pueden poner en peligro a dichas infraestructuras. Por tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo es identificar los centros educativos y carreteras de la cuenca del Paute que están expuestos a dos tipos de riesgos: inundaciones y movimientos de ladera. Para ello se han aplicado técnicas de análisis espacial vectorial en un Sistema de Información Geográfica. Los resultados muestran que el 14,6 % de centros educativos se encuentran en riesgo por inundación, y el 6,7% en riesgo por movimientos de ladera. Respecto a la vialidad, el estudio ha determinado que 42,9 kilómetros de vía se encuentran en riesgo por inundación, y 19,9 kilómetros en riesgo por movimientos de ladera. Palabras clave: Riesgo, inundaciones, movimientos de ladera, infraestructuras, centros educativos, carreteras, cuenca del Paute.

This paper evaluates three agency-driven resettlement communities following the devastation caused by Typhoon Washi in Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines. Our study draws insights from primary data collection using questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and field work observations in the resettlement communities and from the analysis of secondary data such as government documents and media reports. While the national and local governments as well as non-government organizations worked together in reconstruction and recovery, Typhoon Washi survivors at the three relocation sites still suffer from the effects of privation and displacement more than two years after the disaster. Moreover, the agency-driven reconstruction programs at the three resettlement sites-one was established and managed by the city government, another by the National Housing Authority regional office, and the third by an academic institution-resulted in disparate outcomes, not only in the physical infrastructures and provision of basic utilities, but in the attitudes of the residents towards the recovery process. We identify two opposing tendencies arising from said attitudes, and we propose a singular measure to address the opposing tendencies that can possibly lead to transformative recovery.

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There are an increasing number of articles and publications that attempt to define resilience in the face of numerous drivers of risk. Most of this work has tried to identify the values and virtues that are encompassed within a resilient approach in relation to the fragile relationships between the social, natural and built environments (including, for instance, abilities to prevent, react, transform and adapt). However, much less attention has been paid to identifying the practical implications of these values and virtues once a paradigm of resilience has been adopted. In order to address this gap, this study examines what institutions in the UK have actually done when they attempt to enhance resilience. Instead of defining what resilience is, this paper focuses on what local and national governments and other stakeholders do when something is called (or is attempted to be made) 'resilient'. The analysis of 30 key policy documents, a review of 20 formal meetings of a Local Resilient Forum, and 11 interviews with stakeholders confirm that different (and often competing) understandings of resilience coexist; but this work also reveal that two rather different approaches to resilience dominate in the UK. The first responds to security risks, based on a protectionist approach by the State, the other responds to natural risks, and prescribes the transfer of responsibilities from the State to other stakeholders. The analysis illustrates the extent to which resilience has become a highly complex, malleable and dynamic political construct with significant implications for the ways in which policy is enacted and enforced, often with unexpected consequences.

Esta investigación detalla la recopilación, análisis y procesamiento de resultados de diferentes aspectos de los puentes de la avenida 16 de abril sector la Concordia en la ciudad de Azogues, para estimar condiciones que permitan establecer factores que comprometan la estabilidad de los mismos. Para cumplir con los objetivos se determinan procesos de revisión de documentación existente, recopilación y generación de datos de los aspectos naturales, físicos y antrópicos que tienen influencia en la vida útil de un puente. El estudio determina las condiciones que influyen en la infraestructura y superestructura de los puentes, condiciones hídricas e hidrológicas, características del suelo en los límites definidos dados por la topografía. Entre los resultados de esta investigación están principalmente las afecciones que presenta el sector, uso del suelo, la resistencia del material de la zona, condiciones actuales de socavación, delimitación de la cuenca hidrográfica que influye en el fl...

Tropical cyclones have caused significant damage to low-rise buildings in the Philippines, with severe to complete damages observed in non-engineered houses. As a response, vulnerability assessments need to be conducted to identify strategies that will improve the resilience of buildings against the severe wind. This paper presents a methodology for identifying critical key building components and building typologies that can be used for a component-based vulnerability assessment against extreme wind loads. The paper discusses the recommended survey
preparations, survey proper and post-survey activities needed to produce vulnerability and fragility curves. The paper focuses on collecting data wherein buildings can be classified into key building typologies based on their key critical components. Furthermore, a discussion on the
application of the methodology in the province of Cebu is presented, wherein four new building classifications are proposed in addition to the existing key building typologies identified in previous research for the Philippines. The new classifications are as follows: Reinforced concrete
moment frame, open/without walls (C1o), Steel moment frame, open/without walls (S1o), Wood frame with CHB walls (W4), and wall: bottom half concrete and upper half wood (W5). The amended key building types for the Philippines can then be used for risk assessments initiatives wherein the results can be implemented in disaster risk reduction mitigation strategies (DRRM).

sobre el curso del río Suquía. Aguas abajo de la presa, sobre las márgenes de este río, se encuentran grandes asentamientos urbanos como la Ciudad de Calera (a 13 km) y la Ciudad de Córdoba (a 42 km), esta última capital de la provincia con más de un millón trescientos mil habitantes. Además, una gran parte de la vida de esta ciudad está localizada en las márgenes del Suquía; en particular servicios fundamentales como el suministro de agua potable, electricidad, policía y hospitales. En este artículo se describen estudios y resultados obtenidos que son la base para la realización del Plan de Acción Durante Emergencias de la Presa San Roque. Se plantearon posibles escenarios de rotura, se estudió de manera particular la rotura por sobrepaso y la rotura por actos de vandalismo. Se confeccionó el mapa de inundación para un caso hipotético de rotura por vandalismo utilizando los valores obtenidos de la modelación con HEC-RAS en régimen no permanente. Se realiza también un primer análisis de la vulnerabilidad de la Ciudad a este tipo de eventos. Se recomienda realizar estudios del escenario posible de rotura por sismo.

Social media is a popular tool of communication to use as a sharing content platform. Many people use it as their media, but little do we know that the government nowadays use it as a tool to engage their public, especially at crisis and disaster. This article describes the analysis of how local government organizations used social media during the Earthquake disaster as a tool to communicate with the public. Indonesia's national Meteorology Climatology and Geophysics council have been used social media to connect with the audience. In the case of Ambon Earthquake 2019, the organization uses local agency social media to communicate. The article finds that there is a high number of the Instagram user responding @infobmkgmaluku post during the disaster; also, the analysis shows there is a relation between the earthquake magnitude and user response.

Cabrera, Boris y cols. 26 infraestructura y superestructura de los puentes, condiciones hídricas e hidrológicas, características del suelo en los límites definidos dados por la topografía. Entre los resultados de esta investigación están principalmente las afecciones que presenta el sector, uso del suelo, la resistencia del material de la zona, condiciones actuales de socavación, delimitación de la cuenca hidrográfica que influye en el flujo del agua así como también el caudal promedio del río; la investigación se empezó en septiembre del año 2018 y culminó en abril del 2022, todos estos aspectos permitieron determinar si los puentes de la avenida 16 de Abril sector la Concordia son estables; aunque adicionalmente se presentan otros criterios como la confiabilidad, nivel del servicio y estado de señalética que los puentes actualmente está brindando a los usuarios del sector y a la población de Azogues en general.

La presente investigación consistió  establecer la capacidad de reposición natural de material pétreo  del rio Upano en  el tramo denominado la Barranca, que abarca una longitud de 6 Km, se inició con el levantamiento batimétrico, determinación de franjas de control;  monitoreo mensual durante un año a los puntos de control; estudio físico granulométrico del material depositado , para luego establecer un modelo de explotación  de los materiales pétreo, de tal manera no altere ambientalmente de manera significativa un posible aprovechamiento