Documented Skeletal Collection

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Objectives New methods for assessing age of non-adult remains are frequently sought to improve the ability to correctly identify individuals in for forensic and archaeological purposes. Especially when faced with comingled remains, it is helpful to have a bone appropriate tool for age estimation. Research was carried out to assess the usefulness of the occipital condyles for aging non-adult individuals using metric and morphology analyses. The research population included occipital condyles, both fused and unfused, of individuals of known age at death non-adult from the from the Hamann-Todd Collection, Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, Ohio, USA (N=69); Colecção Esqueletos Identificados, Natural History Museum, University of Coimbra, Portugal (N=113); Museu Bocage, National Museum of Natural History, Lisbon, Portugal (N=60). Length and width measurements were taken then regression was used to analyse the datasets. Three morphological factors were observed including, level of fus...

Recent years have witnessed an astronomical growth in the amount of textual information available both on the web and institutional wise document repositories. As a result, text mining has become extremely prevalent and processing of textual information from such repositories got the focus of the current age researchers. Indeed, in the researcher front of text analysis, there are numerous cutting edge applications are available for text mining. More specifically, the classification oriented text mining has been gaining more attention as it concentrates measures like coverage and accuracy. Along with the huge volume of data, the aspirations of the user are growing far higher than the human capacity, thus, an automated and competitive intelligent systems are essential for reliable text analysis. Towards this, the authors in the present paper propose an Intelligent Text Data Classification System (ITDCS) which is designed in the light of biological nature of genetic approach and able to acquire computational intelligence accurately. Initially, ITDCS focusses on preparing structured data from the huge volume of unstructured data with its procedural steps and filter methods. Subsequently, it emphasises on classifying the text data into labelled classes using KNN classification based on the selection of best features derived by genetic algorithm. In this process, it specially concentrates on adding the power of intelligence to the classifier using together with the biological parts namely, encoding strategy, fitness function and operators of genetic algorithm. The integration of all biological components of genetic algorithm in ITDCS significantly improves the accuracy and reduces the misclassification rate in classifying the text data.

Recent years have witnessed an astronomical growth in the amount of textual information available both on the web and institutional wise document repositories. As a result, text mining has become extremely prevalent and processing of textual information from such repositories got the focus of the current age researchers. Indeed, in the researcher front of text analysis, there are numerous cutting edge applications are available for text mining. More specifically, the classification oriented text mining has been gaining more attention as it concentrates measures like coverage and accuracy. Along with the huge volume of data, the aspirations of the user are growing far higher than the human capacity, thus, an automated and competitive intelligent systems are essential for reliable text analysis. Towards this, the authors in the present paper propose an Intelligent Text Data Classification System (ITDCS) which is designed in the light of biological nature of genetic approach and able to acquire computational intelligence accurately. Initially, ITDCS focusses on preparing structured data from the huge volume of unstructured data with its procedural steps and filter methods. Subsequently, it emphasises on classifying the text data into labelled classes using KNN classification based on the selection of best features derived by genetic algorithm. In this process, it specially concentrates on adding the power of intelligence to the classifier using together with the biological parts namely, encoding strategy, fitness function and operators of genetic algorithm. The integration of all biological components of genetic algorithm in ITDCS significantly improves the accuracy and reduces the misclassification rate in classifying the text data.

Sex differences are present in all parts of the body, including the skeletal system. Several methods are used to analyze the sex differences of skeleton, while more recently, a new method called geometric morphometry has been used. The aim of this study was to examine the sexual dimorphism of occipital condyles on human skulls originating from the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina using the geometric morphometric method. Material and methods: The study was conducted on 214 human skulls of known gender from Bosnian population. For analysis of sexual dimorphism of occipital condyles, we used geometric morphometry, where all the skulls were scanned to obtain three-dimensional skull models. On the obtained models, we marked anthropometric points on occipital condyles in a Landmark Editor program from which we exported data in the form NTSYS file and analyzed it in MorphoJ program. Results: First principal component PC1 describes 26.917% of total variability, the second principal component PC2 describes 20.992% of total variability, while the first eight principal components together describe 100% of total variability. The greatest variability between the male skulls and female skulls was present in the anterior-posterior diameter (length of occipital condyles). Discriminant functional analysis of the shape and size of the occipital condyles was possible with 69.50% accuracy for male skulls and with 60.27% accuracy for female skulls. The size of the occipital condyles showed a statistically significant effect on sexual determination. Discriminant functional analysis of the shape of the occipital condyles without affecting size enabled the determination of gender with with 65.96% accuracy for male skulls and with 63.01% accuracy for female skulls. Conclusion: Analysis of sexual dimorphism of occipital condyles using geometric morphometry showed statistically significant differences in the shape and size of occipital condyles between the sexes. The accuracy of sex determination based on occipital condyles was higher for male gender.

Sex differences are present in all parts of the body, including the skeletal system. Several methods are used to analyze the sex differences of skeleton, while more recently, a new method called geometric morphometry has been used. The aim of this study was to examine the sexual dimorphism of occipital condyles on human skulls originating from the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina using the geometric morphometric method. Material and methods: The study was conducted on 214 human skulls of known gender from Bosnian population. For analysis of sexual dimorphism of occipital condyles, we used geometric morphometry, where all the skulls were scanned to obtain three-dimensional skull models. On the obtained models, we marked anthropometric points on occipital condyles in a Landmark Editor program from which we exported data in the form NTSYS file and analyzed it in MorphoJ program. Results: First principal component PC1 describes 26.917% of total variability, the second principal component PC2 describes 20.992% of total variability, while the first eight principal components together describe 100% of total variability. The greatest variability between the male skulls and female skulls was present in the anterior-posterior diameter (length of occipital condyles). Discriminant functional analysis of the shape and size of the occipital condyles was possible with 69.50% accuracy for male skulls and with 60.27% accuracy for female skulls. The size of the occipital condyles showed a statistically significant effect on sexual determination. Discriminant functional analysis of the shape of the occipital condyles without affecting size enabled the determination of gender with with 65.96% accuracy for male skulls and with 63.01% accuracy for female skulls. Conclusion: Analysis of sexual dimorphism of occipital condyles using geometric morphometry showed statistically significant differences in the shape and size of occipital condyles between the sexes. The accuracy of sex determination based on occipital condyles was higher for male gender.

Establishing sex of fragmentary skeletal remains is a critical issue in forensic anthropology and is of prime importance, since it helps to significantly narrow down the number of potential victims. Forensic anthropologists have always advocated for population specific sex discriminant formula for each population using different skeletal parts. Till date Gujarati population of India has not have any discriminant formulae for sex determination from fragmentary crania. So, the current research aims to examine the usefulness of foramen magnum variables in sex estimation of Western Indian (Gujarati) population and to provide population data which can be used as reference in cases of establishing identity in unknown fragmentary skulls. A total of 553 adult individuals [♂ = 291, ♀ = 262] of Gujarati origin with age range 18-60 years were subjected to Computed Tomography (CT) scan of skull. Length and width of foramen magnum were measured and based on these, three other variables (areas by Radinsky and Teixeria formulae and foramen magnum index) were calculated. Descriptive and discriminant function analysis was performed using SPSS 20.00. Significant difference was observed in all variables except foramen magnum index, but sexing accuracy didn't exceed 69.1%, even after using multivariate discriminant analysis. It is concluded that the foramen magnum region is not suitable for sexing Gujarati population in forensic context.

The human skull shows certain morphological differences between male and female that can be used in the sex determination of skeletal remains. One of these differences is in the size and shape of the foramen magnum, which is important for sex determination especially in burned cadavers because the area around the foramen magnum is covered by a greater amount of soft tissue which protects bones. The aims of this study were to determine the prediction of sex determination based on craniometric analysis of foramen magnum of the human skulls. Material and method: The research was conducted on 100 human degreased and macerated adult skulls of known sex and known age (50 male skulls, 50 female skulls) selected by randomization of 211 human skulls (139 male and 72 female skulls) belonging to the Osteological Collection of the Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Sarajevo. For analysis of the size of foramen magnum we used the craniometric method where we measured two linear diameters of foramen magnum and where we calculated the area of foramen magnum using two formulas published by Radinsky and Teixeira which are based on the sagittal and transverse diameter. Results: ROC curve revealed that the predictability of sagittal diameter of foramen magnum in sex determination of skull was 73%, the predictability of transverse diameter of foramen magnum in sex determination of skull was 65.3%, and the predictability of area of foramen magnum in sex determination of skull was 70.9% when this area is calculated using Radinsky formula, and 71.2% when this area is calculated using Teixeira formula. Conclusion: All diameters of the foramen magnum and area of the foramen magnum showed sexual dimorphism. Sagittal diameter showed the hightest effect for gender determination (73%), followed by area (FM % 71%) and the least effect was shown by transverse diameter with 65.3% accuracy.

Introduction: Dimensions of the foramen magnum are clinically important because of the vital structures passing through it and for sex determination of the skull. The objective of this study was to measure various dimensions of the foramen magnum in Computed Tomography (CT) and correlate them with sex. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study was done on 120 CT head images in the Department of Radiology and Imaging, from July to October 2019. The shape of the foramen magnum (FM), anteroposterior diameter (APD), transverse diameter (TD), FM area and FM index were calculated. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS 25 and Excel 2016. Discriminant function analysis and binary logistic regression analysis were used for gender verification. RESULTS: The mean values of the APD, TD, area and FM index in males and females were 33.56 ± 4.30 mm, 29.76 ± 4.10 mm, 792.94 ± 191.60 mm2, 85.01 ± 8.67 and 30.01 ± 2.04 mm, 25.33 ± 4.6 mm, 599.63± 128.13 mm2, 83.17 ± 7.78  respectively.  All dimens...

Introduction: Dimensions of the foramen magnum are clinically important because of the vital structures passing through it and for sex determination of the skull. The objective of this study was to measure various dimensions of the foramen magnum in Computed Tomography (CT) and correlate them with sex. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study was done on 120 CT head images in the Department of Radiology and Imaging, from July to October 2019. The shape of the foramen magnum (FM), anteroposterior diameter (APD), transverse diameter (TD), FM area and FM index were calculated. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS 25 and Excel 2016. Discriminant function analysis and binary logistic regression analysis were used for gender verification. RESULTS: The mean values of the APD, TD, area and FM index in males and females were 33.56 ± 4.30 mm, 29.76 ± 4.10 mm, 792.94 ± 191.60 mm2, 85.01 ± 8.67 and 30.01 ± 2.04 mm, 25.33 ± 4.6 mm, 599.63± 128.13 mm2, 83.17 ± 7.78  respectively.  All dimens...

Objectives: Sex estimation in subadult skeletal remains is still considered highly problematic. The aim of this research is to test the reliability of the method of subadult sex assessment proposed by Luna and co-workers in 2017, based on the analysis of the auricular surface of the ilium. Materials and methods: Seven ratios and three morphological traits were recorded for 127 subadult individuals (63 males and 64 females), aged between 0 and 17 years, from several Identified Skeletal Collections of the University of Bologna. Nonparametric Mann Whitney test, Kolmogorov Smirnov test, and the Pearson correlation coefficient were used for continuous variables, whereas the Cramer Coefficient was calculated for qualitative variable. A principal component analysis was also performed on ratio values. The statistic ƞ was taken into account for both types of variables. Results: None of the ratios presented significant dimorphic results. Two qualitative variables show statistically significant differences between sexes. The overall morphology proved to be an accurate sex predictor among children aged ≥4 years (78%-86%) and meets the minimum accuracy standard (75%) for subadult sex estimation for individuals between 1 and 17 years of age. The morphology of the retroauricular end of the superior demiface (MRS) can be used with a high level of accuracy for sexing individuals from 1 to 12 years (77%-81%). Conclusions: The metric variables did not replicate the accuracy values originally obtained by Luna and co-workers. Otherwise, the evaluation of the morphological variables proposed by the authors yielded promising results as a reliable sexing technique for individuals who died before puberty.

El laboratorio de Antropología Osteológica y Forense del departamento de Antropología de la Universidad de Antioquia está conformando una colección osteológica humana de referencia, cuya muestra corresponde a un total de 200 individuos inhumados entre los años 2003 y 2005. El objetivo principal es dar respuesta a la necesidad científica y social de contar con un conjunto de material óseo contemporáneo local en aras de producir investigación básica en antropología física y aplicada en antropología forense. Este artículo presenta un informe preliminar que da cuenta de las características biológicas de la muestra en un total de 101 individuos en su mayoría de sexo y edad conocidos.  

We present a simple genetic algorithm (sGA), which is developed under Genetic Rule and Classifier Construction Environment (GRaCCE) to solve feature subset selection and weighting problem to have better classification accuracy on k-nearest neighborhood (KNN) algorithm. Our hypotheses are that weighting the features will affect the performance of the KNN algorithm and will cause better classification accuracy rate than that of binary classification. The weighted-sGA algorithm uses real-value chromosomes to find the weights for features and binary-sGA uses integer-value chromosomes to select the subset of features from original feature set. A Repair algorithm is developed for weighted-sGA algorithm to guarantee the feasibility of chromosomes. By feasibility we mean that the sum of values of each gene in a chromosome must be equal to 1. To calculate the fitness values for each chromosome in the population, we use K Nearest Neighbor Algorithm (KNN) as our fitness function. The Euclidean distance from one individual to other individuals is calculated on the d-dimensional feature space to classify an unknown instance. GRaCCE searches for good feature subsets and their associated weights. These feature weights are then multiplied with normalized feature values and these new values are used to calculate the distance between features.

Introduction Portugal underwent significant political, demographic and epidemiological transitions during the 20 th century resulting in migration to urban areas with subsequent overcrowding and issues with water sanitation. This study investigates population health during these transitions and interprets results within a framework of recent history and present-day public health information. We investigate skeletal evidence for anemia (cribra orbitalia and porotic hyperostosis) as indicators of stress and frailty-i.e., whether the lesions contribute to susceptibility for disease or increased risk of death. Methods The presence and severity of skeletal lesions were compared against known sex and cause of death data to investigate potential heterogeneity in frailty and the relationship between lesions and risk of dying over time. Additionally, we tested for the presence of selective mortality in our data (i.e., whether or not the sample is biased for individuals with higher frailty). Our sample derives from a large, documented, modern Portuguese collection from Lisbon and is the first study of its kind using a documented collection. The collection represents primarily middle-class individuals. Results and conclusions Analyses indicated that porotic hyperostosis became more common and severe over time, while cribra orbitalia severity increased over time. Neither process was linked to cause of death. However, there was a significant relationship to sex; males exhibited a higher prevalence and severity of lesions and increased mortality. A Gompertz function showed decreased survivorship in early life but increased survivorship over age 60. Using comorbidities of anemia, we were unable to detect selective mortality-i.e., in our sample, lesions do not represent a sign of poor health or increased frailty and are not significantly linked with a

l a l e t t r e d e l ' o c i m n°125, septembre-octobre 2009 L' i n v e n t a i r e d e s c o l l e c t i o n s d e P r i m a t e s H o m i n i d é s d u M u s é u m n a t i o n a l d ' H i s t o i r e n a t u r e l l e 21 Un travail de reconditionnement des squelettes de Primates Hominidés au Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle a permis d'améliorer leurs conditions de stockage et de compléter des éléments documentaires, anatomiques et pathologiques. Le programme décrit ici, pose la question du mode d'utilisation de ce type de collection et amène ainsi à réfléchir sur les modalités préventives qui permettront d'éviter dispersion et mélange de ses éléments.

conformando una colección osteológica humana de referencia, cuya muestra corresponde a un total de 200 individuos inhumados entre los años 2003 y 2005. El objetivo principal es dar respuesta a la necesidad científica y social de contar con un conjunto de material óseo contemporáneo local en aras de producir investigación básica en antropología física y aplicada en antropología forense. Este artículo presenta un informe preliminar que da cuenta de las características biológicas de la muestra en un total de 101 individuos en su mayoría de sexo y edad conocidos. Palabras clave: Colombia, colección de referencia, antropología forense, osteología, filiación poblacional. The Laboratory of Human Osteology and Forensic Anthropology at Universidad de Antioquia is forming a human skeletal reference collection. The skeletal sample composed of 200 individuals buried between years 2003 and 2005 was obtained from Cementerio Universal and lent in a loan for use agreement to Universidad de Antioquia through the Human Body's Bio-social studies research group "GIEBSCUERPO". One of the main goals of arranging a human skeletal reference collection has to do with the possibility of providing a local sample in order to develop basic and applied research on Physical and Forensic Anthropology. This paper reports preliminary data on an initial sample of 101 complete contemporary skeletons, most of them with known age and sex.

The history and publications around the plant phenological observations of Adolphe Quetelet at the Royal Observatory of Brussels is traced. Quetelet’s phenological data are located within the time frame 1839-1872. He played an important role in the development of phenological observations by issuing and distributing his instructions and creating a network of observers on the national and international level.