Ecological Engineering

A clear-eyed look at the water crisis, the limits of conventional treatment, and a nature-based solution that is ready to be deployed at scale. Water is running out -not from the planet, but from the places where people can access it. Globally, 80% of all wastewater is discharged into rivers, lakes, and groundwater without treatment. In India, a country of 1.4 billion people, over 72,000 million litres of sewage and industrial effluent are generated every single dayand less than a third of it is treated before reaching natural water bodies. The consequences are measured in lives lost, ecosystems destroyed, and economies stunted. This report investigates a solution that is scientifically proven, economically viable, and practically deployable: the Biochar-Enhanced Constructed Wetland. A Constructed Wetland is an engineered system that replicates how nature cleans water -using soil, plants, and microorganisms in a deliberately designed configuration. Biochar, a highly porous carbon material made from agricultural waste such as rice straw and sugarcane bagasse, is added to the wetland substrate, dramatically improving its ability to remove pollutants. The result is a system that out-performs conventional treatment across every key metric -at a fraction of the cost and energy. This report builds the complete picture from the ground up: the water crisis in real numbers; how wetlands clean water and why phytoremediation matters; what biochar is, how it is made through pyrolysis, and how its use converts India's crop residue burning problem into an environmental asset; and how combining biochar with constructed wetlands produces a system capable of removing 85-97% of organic pollutants, 65-82% of nitrogen, up to 92% of phosphorus, and over 95% of pathogens -with greenhouse gas emissions a fraction of those from conventional Sewage Treatment Plants. The report draws on published research from China, Europe, India, the United States, and Sub-Saharan Africa to validate performance claims with real-world data, and provides a full lifecycle cost analysis, environmental impact assessment, and evaluation of why this approach is particularly well-suited to the Indian contextfrom available biomass feedstocks to climate conditions to policy alignment.

The rapid analytical method was developed in response to increasing concern over the environmental impact of azoles (sterol biosynthesis inhibitors) and neonicotinoids (nicotinic acetylcholine receptor site). These chemicals are commonly used to protect fruit and vegetables crops against fungi and pests. Seven insecticides and twenty one fungicides commonly occurring in food industrial wastewater have been determined. For this purpose, active substances from two new pesticide classes were extracted and isolated by QuEChERS by addition of acetonitrile, buffering salts and chitin as a clean-up sorbent. The novelty of this procedure was one step sample preparation including extraction and removing of co-extracts in short time. Instrumental analysis was conducted by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry using multiple reaction monitoring. The limits of detection ranged from 0.002 to 0.005 µg•L -1 with satisfactory accuracy and precision The recoveries for the pesticides ranged from 81-103%, with high repeatability (n = 3, RSD ≤ 9%) and low LOQs (0.01 µg•L -1 ). Matrix effects calculated were less than 12% for all analyses. The method was applied to routine analysis of food industrial wastewater. Concerning the results, total pesticide levels in most cases were below 1 µg•L -1 . The most significant pesticides in terms of concentration and frequency of detection were acetamiprid (0.07 µg•L -1 ); tebuconazole (1.2 µg•L -1 ) and thiacloprid (0.04 µg•L -1 ).

Restoring native forests in degraded areas is a key ecological challenge that depends on identifying microsites where tree seedlings can successfully establish and grow. This study followed, over 14 years, the Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. (sessile oak) natural expansion in a 33-year-old reclaimed open-cast coal mine under a sub-humid Mediterranean climate in northern Spain. Q. petraea population dynamics, seedling performance, and shrub-oak interactions were assessed across three contrasting environments along the forest-mine gradient (forest-edge, mine-edge, and mine farthest from the forest-edge, hereafter mine-area) and under two contrasting light exposures associated with forest-edge orientation (south-facing, sunny; and north-facing, shady) to determine the factors influencing oak colonization and the role of shrubs within each environment. Seedling density declined from the forest to the mine, yet shrubs became increasingly important for Q. petraea establishment under the more stressful mine conditions. Although seedling survival decreased over time in all environments (particularly the youngest cohorts), annual recruitment-especially during the mast years 2015 and 2020-helped maintain overall seedling density that even increased with time in the mine-edge. Survival, annual growth, and height were higher in the mine environments than in the forest, and both seedling height and density were greater under sunny exposures. Moreover, shrub presence enhanced seedling survival probability, height, and annual growth through time, particularly in the mine-area. These findings demonstrate the strong facilitative role of shrubs in the establishment of late-successional Quercus species by improving microenvironmental conditions along a gradient of increasing stress across the mine. The observed colonization patterns and positive nurse effects of shrubs highlight their potential as effective ecosystem engineers and support their use as a low-input, naturebased solution for the restoration of degraded landscapes.

Fashion has long engaged nature as both a formal and material field, a reservoir of forms through which the discipline negotiates its relationship with matter and time. This contribution investigates the progressive transformation of this condition, tracing a shift from an initial conception of nature as a formal referent to be imitated, toward the operationalisation of biological principles and behavioural logics, until nature itself emerges no longer as a passive referent, but as an active co-agent within contemporary design processes. Through the analysis of selected fashion practices, the contribution traces a trajectory from digitally mediated forms of computational biomorphism to functional biomimesis, and toward post-anthropocentric forms of ontological design in which non-human agencies increasingly participate in the constitution of the project itself.. The concept of Sympoietic Assemblages serves as a critical lens through which these developments are interpreted. Drawing on Deleuze and Guattari's notion of assemblage and Donna Haraway's theory of sympoiesis, the contribution outlines the emergence of a relational ecology of design in which form, meaning, and agency emerge through processes of co-constitution.

The study has investigated the individual and combined effects of nitrogen and potassium on the growth, grain yield, and quality of quinoa in ferralsols and acrisols. The experiments were conducted during the dry season under rainfed conditions in Central Highland, Vietnam. The factorial design was a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results revealed the positive impacts of nitrogen and potassium on the growth and yield of quinoa. However, after the application of an optimum dose of nitrogen, growth, and yield were not significantly changed and even decreased when the dose continued increasing. Higher levels of nitrogen and potassium application resulted in greater protein and fat content, but lower starch and fiber contents, compared to lower levels. The fertilizer practice has to rely on soil fertility. The study shows that the application of 150 kg N and 105 kg K 2 O ha -1 could be the optimum rate of nitrogen and potassium for quinoa production in ferralsols and acrisols in Central Highland.

Soil erosion is closely related to climate changes, because changes to temperature and precipitation regimes may alter the erosivity of rainfall. The present study aimed to project future soil erosion phenomena in the Vjosa River Basin (VRB) using climate projections under the Representative Concentrations Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. SimCLIM model was used to perform the climate projection for the years 2035 and 2050, based on historical temperature and precipitation data (2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015). This investigation was carried out by using Erosion Potential Method EPM to estimate the effects of climate change on soil erosion in Vjosa River Basin, Albania. Results show an increase in average min and max annual temperature for both scenarios RCP4.5 and 8.5 by the end of 2050. The evaluation of the monthly precipitations for all RCPs reveals a likely decrease in summer precipitation, and a slight positive trend of winter precipitation for all time periods up to 2050. An increase in terms of eroded material and specific eroded material was estimated from the results of RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. Thus, it can be stated that the study area has and will have a moderate erosion risk under these climate conditions.

The presence of instream aquatic vegetation (macrophytes) has an impact on the ecological functioning of rivers through their effects on transport and retention of dissolved and particulate matter, and also on the hydraulic functioning of rivers by increasing the hydraulic resistance, which results in higher water levels and may induce an increased flooding risk. In order to unravel these opposing effects, two field studies were conducted in 2013 and 2014 in a lowland river reach of 50 m with a high initial vegetation cover (>76 %). We quantified the effects of three treatmentsinitial vegetation, partially mowed and vegetation freeon the hydraulic functioning (hydraulic resistance) and ecological functioning (transport and retention of dissolved and particulate tracers). Firstly, the partially vegetated treatment (after partial vegetation removal) resulted in reduced hydraulic resistance compared to the vegetated treatment and in enlarged retention of particulate matter compared to the vegetation free treatments. The longitudinal dispersion and transient storage zones were similar to the vegetated treatment. Moreover, the most heterogeneous flow field was also found in these partially vegetated treatments. Secondly, the vegetation free treatments (after complete vegetation removal) had the lowest hydraulic resistance, the highest flow velocity, the highest longitudinal dispersion coefficient, the largest transient storage zone, and the lowest retention of particulate matter. Thirdly, vegetated treatments had the highest hydraulic resistance, the lowest flow velocity, the lowest longitudinal dispersion coefficient, smallest transient storage zone, and the highest retention for particulate organic matter. We conclude that partial removal of the vegetation leads to an optimal trade-off between minimizing the flow velocity and maximizing the retention of particulate organic matter while minimizing the hydraulic resistance compared to the fully vegetated and vegetation free treatment.

The challenge of estuarine management is to maintain existing estuarine natural structure and functioning, to rectify historical damage and negative impacts of human actions which produced socio-economic problems, and at the same time to guarantee present and future economic development. Applying a multidisciplinary and functional, holistic approach is essential to maintain a healthy natural system. Scientists and managers are searching for measures to adapt the ecosystem in such a way that flood risk is decreased, harbour activities can further develop and nature is conserved. This literature review (including 286 publications) gives an overview of a broad range of management measures that are, or can be, applied for estuarine management, including measures to change hydrology, morphology, habitat, and water and sediment quality. Furthermore, the differences between the different management measures regarding its impact on ecosystem services and biodiversity are identified to detect which management measures can contribute to specific estuarine targets. By looking for trade-offs and synergies, opportunities to reduce management costs and increase benefits to society are revealed. This can help to develop an integrated management strategy among the many management departments and with respect to both ecological and socio-economic needs.

Phenology research handles multifaceted information that needs to be organized and made promptly accessed by scientific community. We propose the conceptual design and implementation of a database to store, manage, and manipulate phenological time series and associated ecological information and environmental data. The database was developed in the context of the e-phenology project and integrates ground-based conventional plant phenology direct observations with near-surface remote phenology using repeated images from digital cameras. It also includes site-base information, sensor derived data from the study site weather station and plant ecological traits (e.g., pollination and dispersal syndrome, flower and fruit color, and leaf exchange strategy) at individual and species level. We validated the database design through the implementation of a Web application that generates the time series based on queries, exemplified in two case studies investigating: the relationship between flowering phenology and local weather; and the consistency between leafing patterns derived from ground-based phenology on leaf flush and from vegetation image indices (%Green). The database will store all the information produced in the e-phenology project, monitoring of 12 sites from cerrado savanna to rainforest, and will aggregate the legacy information of other studies developed in the Phenology Laboratory (UNESP, Rio Claro, Brazil) over the last 20 years. We demonstrate that our database is a powerful tool that can be widely used to manage complex temporal datasets, integrating legacy and live phenological information from diverse sources (e.g., conventional, digital cameras, seed traps) and temporal scales, improving our capability of producing scientific and applied information on tropical phenology.

Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) have frequently been isolated from metalworking fluids (MWFs) used in large machining industries. This paper concerns the microbial detection, particularly NTM in MWFs employed in small metalworking shops. A total of 21 samples were collected from different turneries and were tested for several microbiological parameters. A total microbial count above 10 6 CFU ml -1 was observed in 66.6% (14/21) of samples and none of the samples had the count <10 2 CFU ml -1 . The dominant contaminants were Gram-negative bacteria with 90.5% (19/21) of samples revealing the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) were detected in 52.4% (11/21) of samples, whereas NTM were recovered from 14.3% (3/21) of samples only. Two species of NTM were identified by biochemical reactions as Mycobacterium chelonae and Mycobacterium abscessus. It was concluded that MWFs used in small turneries are usually contaminated with Gram-negative bacteria and SRB but NTM are not common contaminants of these fluids.

Iron is one of the groundwater contaminants that negatively impact health and the environment. This study is attempted at introducing low cost natural adsorbent for that adsorbs iron from synthetically prepared iron water. Sawdust and barley husks were used as a filter media, either alone or at different mixing ratio of sawdust/barley husks (1:1, 0.5:1, 1:0.5), to study the effect of adsorbent dose on the removal efficiency. Synthetic water of iron was used at different initial concentrations (10, 25, 40, 65, and 80) mg/L to study the effect of initial iron concentration on the removal efficiency. The filtration process was conducted at a surface loading rate of 3 m 3 /m 2 .hr. The results showed higher removal efficiency with the increase of iron initial concentration. The results indicated that removal of iron ranged (90-99.34%) for all types of filter media. The best removal was found to be 99.34% at a mixing ratio of 0.5:1 (sawdust/barley husks) at 80 mg/L initial concentration. As a conclusion, Removal of iron was very successfully observed with absorbent materials sawdust and barley husk, which makes the treatment of iron even possible in rural areas and when high concentration of iron is present.

In times of water scarcity, groundwater is a vital resource that provides an alternate source of water for human consumption. In Iraq, the quality of rivers has been greatly affected by climate change and the dwindling availability of surface water. Examining and classifying the groundwater in this region is now vital. The present study sought to incorporate the groundwater property data (drinking purpose) with a geographic information system (GIS). Eleven variables were measured in 25 wells to investigate the physio-chemical properties around the Babylon province of Iraq. On the basis of the acceptability of groundwater for drinking, GWQI was categorized into four primary groups in the results. Approximately 28% of the twenty-five wells (1811.04 km 2 ) are of excellent quality, 24% are of good quality (1552.3 km 2 ), 44% are of low quality (2845.9 km 2 ), and 4% are extremely contaminated (2587.2 km 2 ). The average GWQI for the entire study region was 110.7, making it inappropriate for human consumption. It has been determined that approximately 52% of the groundwater from the examined wells can be deemed safe for consumption, although certain measurements surpass the permissible limits. To guarantee that the residents in these areas are supplied with water of superior quality and safety, treatment of the tested groundwater is recommended before use.

A three-dimensional coupled hydrodynamic and water quality model (Deflt3D-WAQ) was applied to evaluate the ability of a
computational simulation to reproduce seasonal water quality conditions over a seven-month period in a wastewater stabilization pond located
in eastern Ontario, Canada. Trends in effluent nutrient concentrations, pH, and dissolved oxygen were visually reproduced, and root-mean
square errors, in comparison with weekly observations (alkalinity, 43 gHCO3 m−3; dissolved oxygen, 4.0 gm−3; NO3, 2.2 gNm−3; PO4,
0.10 gPm−3; NH4, 0.14 gNm−3; pH, 0.65), were consistent with literature values. Three phytoplankton groups (green algae, diatoms, and
flagellates) were also simulated. The calibrated model was extended to investigate the effects of changes in pond design on treatment efficiency,
including removing the baffle, increasing the pond depth, increasing wind sheltering, and relocating the influent pipe from the pond
bottom to the surface. Increasing the pond depth and wind sheltering reduced vertical mixing, sequestering nutrients near the sediments and
improving effluent water quality. Removing the baffle had no impact on removal efficiency, and relocating the inlet to the surface reduced
pond efficiency. Three-dimensional biogeochemical models thus provide a virtual process-based means for testing pond prototype design.

The coastal region of Bangladesh, especially Mongla Upazila in the Bagerhat District, is vulnerable to groundwater contamination caused by both natural and anthropogenic factors. Saline water intrusion, influenced by tidal dynamics and human activities such as shrimp farming, has extremely effected groundwater quality. This study confidently set out to evaluate the physicochemical and hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater in Mongla Upazila, focusing on parameters such as Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), salinity, pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and major ions of groundwater. Utilizing water quality index (WQI) methods, the study assessed the groundwater potability and found out that all sampling stations surpassed the allowable thresholds for drinking water, showing severe contamination. Specifically, 28.6% of the samples were categorically identified as poor, 28.6% as very poor, and 42.9% as entirely unfit for consumption. These findings emphasize the urgent need for sustainable groundwater management practices to reduce the intensity of saline water intrusion, protect public health, and guarantee water security in that area. For these purpose, strong recommendations include the implementation of managed aquifer recharge (MAR), rainwater harvesting (RWH), and reverse osmosis (RO) techniques, along with enhanced governance and community engagement to tackle water quality challenges effectively.

The increased demand for water for both private and public use as the population grows. However, human activities have contributed to a decline in water quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the water quality of the Euphrates River. Samples of water were gathered at four distinct places of the Euphrates River throughout the rainy and dry seasons of 2023/2024. Standard techniques were used to analyze twelve physical-chemical water quality parameters: water temperature, air temperature, electrical conductivity, hydrogen ion concentration, total dissolved solids, salinity, total suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, biological oxygen demand 5, total phosphorus, and total nitrogen. Certain parameters, including water temperature, turbidity, total dissolved solids, biological oxygen demand, total phosphorus, and total nitrogen, exceeded the recommended limits. Several variables showed a statistically significant variation between the sampling seasons. Regarding the study sites, the findings showed notable variations in total dissolved solids, turbidity, total suspended solids, and hydrogen ion concentration. Water temperature-air temperature, total dissolved solids-electrical conductivity, electrical conductivity-Salinity, turbidity-total phosphorus, Salinity-total dissolved solids, and turbidity-total suspended solids show a strong positive association (P ˂ 0.01), whereas water temperature-dissolved oxygen, hydrogen ion concentration-total phosphorus, and hydrogen ion concentration-total nitrogen show substantial negative correlations (P ˂ 0.01). According to principal components analysis, there was a stronger correlation between air temperature, water temperature, biological oxygen demand and hydrogen ion concentration during the dry period. Based on hierarchical clustering, air temperature and Dissolved Oxygen were the most divergent, while electrical conductivity and salinity were the most similar. The Euphrates River's degradation is highlighted in this study, underlining the urgency of taking action to preserve this essential resource for present and future generations.

A detailed hydrologic analysis was performed using geographic information systems and field investigations for thirty residential quarters in the Franko district of the Lviv city, Ukraine. All investigated quarters are located at the territory of the Baltic Sea catchment of the Lviv city, and the surface runoff from this area flows to the Lviv wastewater treatment plant. The total area of the investigated sub-catchment is 348.5 ha, including 58.46 % of impervious covers, 41.17 % of green spaces and 0.37 % of water bodies. The share of total impervious surfaces for each of the 30 analyzed quarters varies from 0.329 to 0.929, and the effective imperviousness -from 0.222 to 0.917. The correlation between the total and effective imperviousness was described by the power law dependency p ef =(p tot ) n . Two approaches were used to describe the relationship between the total and the effective imperviousness: 1) using all 30 empirical results for each quarter; 2) using the average values of the imperviousness of the total subcatchment. The obtained values of the power law exponent for these two empirical approaches are n 1 =1.308 and n 2 =1.275, respectively or 7.2 % and 9.6 % less, respectively, comparing to the corresponding value n=1.41 in the Livingston's & Veenhuis' approximation, obtained for 14 different highly urbanized quarters of Denver city. On the other hand, the power law exponents are 3.9% and 1.3% higher, respectively, comparing to the corresponding value n=1.259 in the approximation for the 900 km 2 semi-urban watershed in Marion County, Georgia, USA.

The majority of urban water supplies for irrigation are used to maintain vegetation health, aesthetic appearance and municipal amenity. It is common to estimate the water requirements of agricultural crops but not those of urban vegetation. Unlike agricultural crops, landscape plantings are usually composed of a mixture of trees, shrubs and turf grasses with different species and water demands. This research was conducted in Veale Gardens within the Adelaide Parklands in South Australia. In situ climatic and vegetation data were collected and irrigation monitoring data were provided by the local water authority. Three adjustment factors for reference evapotranspiration were estimated and used to compare predicted and actual irrigation rates. The adjustment factors used were a landscape plant coefficient for the Water Use Classifications of Landscape Species (WUCOLS) method, a plant factor for the plant factor (PF) method and a crop stress factor for the Irrigated Public Open Space (IPOS) method. Considering an irrigation efficiency of 70% resulted in close estimation of gross irrigation rates using the WUCOLS method. The results showed that the IPOS method led to the lowest gross irrigation estimate in contrast to the WUCOLS method which produced the highest estimation. Since the acceptable aesthetic levels were achieved by an annual application of 770 mm of irrigation water, the results confirm that the WUCOLS method produced the best estimation of urban vegetation water requirements for the study area.

This study assessed the physicochemical and biological water quality of selected beach resort areas in Northwestern Philippines. Sampling was conducted in four beach resort stations (Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union, and Pangasinan) from July to December 2018. Water quality was evaluated in terms of physical parameters (temperature, salinity, turbidity, total suspended solids), chemical parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, phosphate), and biological parameters (chlorophyll a, total coliform, and fecal coliform). Descriptive statistics and the Kruskal-Wallis H test were employed to determine spatial variations among sampling stations. Results revealed significant differences in several physical parameters, particularly salinity (p = .022), turbidity (p = .007), total suspended solids (p = .002), and temperature (p = .027). Among chemical parameters, only nitrate showed significant variation (p = .007), while pH, dissolved oxygen, and phosphate showed no significant differences. Likewise, biological parameters (chlorophyll a, total coliform, and fecal coliform) showed no statistically significant spatial differences among sampling stations (p > .05). Overall, the findings indicate that physical parameters are the most variable components of coastal water quality in the study area, while chemical and biological parameters were relatively stable, except for nitrates and localized coliform presence. Although most parameters remained within generally acceptable environmental limits, elevated turbidity and coliform levels in some stations suggest localized anthropogenic influence. These results highlight the need for continuous monitoring and strengthened coastal management in tourism-based marine environments.

The purpose of the research was to synthesize new effective and cheap coagulants from industrial wastes (red mud) and study their coagulation properties on model water of textile industries, as well as develop a closed scheme of local wastewater treatment using the synthesized coagulants. Liquid coagulants, synthesized with the simple method, have better performance than commercial FeCl 3 , since not only iron but also aluminum and titanium compounds are present in the synthesized liquid coagulants, which makes them more effective. For the synthesized coagulants with a dose of 10 mg/l, the removal efficiency of the dyes mixture from the water was 99.7%, while for the commercial FeCl 3 , with a 2.5 times higher dose -only 95.4%. In the case of creating closed scheme of treatment and usage of the treated water with the coagulation method, an additional sorption purification step from the trace concentrations of pollutants was proposed. The usage of the new coagulants, synthesized from the wastes of alumina production in the proposed scheme will not only help reduce the environmental burden by minimizing the wastewater discharges into sewerage, but also recycle the accumulated environmentally hazardous "red mud" waste into commercial products.

A field plot experiment was conducted on two types of paddy soils in the Taihu Lake Region of China from June 2000 through 2002 to assess phosphorus (P) losses by runoff and drainage flow and the effectiveness of rice-wheat double cropping on reducing P losses from paddy soils. Commercial NPK compound fertilizer and single superphosphate fertilizer were applied to furnish 0, 30, 150, and 300 kg P ha À1 for rice season trials, and 0, 20, 80, and 160 kg P ha À1 for wheat season trials. The experiments consisted of four replicates (plots of 5 Â 6 m in a randomized block design) of each treatment in Argic stagnic anthrosols (Anzhen site) and six replicates in Cumulic stagnic anthrosols (Changshu site). P30 and P20 treatments (30 and 20 kg P ha À1 in rice and wheat seasons, respectively) were considered as conventional P application rates in this area. Higher P treatments, such as P150 and P300 for rice and P80 and P160 for wheat, were intended to simulate the status of soil P in $10-20 years with an application of P30 or P20 kg P ha À1 each season. Results revealed that the average concentration of total P (TP) in runoff samples was 0.870 mg P l À1 from P30 plots during the rice season, and 0.763 mg P l À1 from P20 plots during the wheat season in both years at the Anzhen site, while it was 0.703 and 1.292 mg P l À1 , respectively, at the Changshu site. Average TP load (mass loss) at the Anzhen site with conventional P application rates was 220.9 and 439.5 g P ha À1 during rice season in 2000/2001 and 2001/2002, respectively, but was 382.3 and 709.4g P ha À1 during wheat season, respectively. Mass loss at the Changshu site was 140.4 and 165.7 g P ha À1 during the rice season and 539.1 and 1184.6 g P ha À1 during the wheat season, respectively. P losses from paddy soils were significantly greater during the wheat season, especially at the Changshu site, indicating that planting rice reduced P. Phosphate fertilizer levels significantly affected P concentrations and P loads in runoff both seasons. Both mean concentrations and average seasonal P loads from the P150/P80 plots were lower than that from the P300/P160 plots, but significantly higher than that from the P30/P20 and P0 plots. This implied that runoff P loads would be greatly increased in 10-20 years as a result of the accumulation of soil P if 50 kg P ha À1 (rice season plus wheat season) is applied each year.

Wetland ecosystems are considered as potential ecological solutions for increasing the capacity of watersheds to store runoff waters upstream, and thereby, decrease risk of downstream flooding. Especially in tile-drained agricultural landscapes, wetlands constructed to intercept these tiles can serve as storage basins for agricultural runoff, leading to both reduction in peak runoff flows and diminished transport of agricultural nutrients. The objective of this study was to develop a watershed-scale methodology for identifying potential sites for wetlands in a tile-drained landscape in the Midwestern USA, and for optimizing the spatial distribution of these wetlands for reductions in peak runoff flows. The benefits of this methodology is demonstrated by using it for selecting appropriate wetland restoration and/or creation sites in Eagle Creek Watershed (ECW), located 10 miles northwest of Indianapolis, IN, USA. Results show that a large number of potential sites could be identified (e.g., 2953 sites in ECW), and with a choice of effective wetland design parameters and with spatial optimization of their areas, locations, and drainage areas, it is possible to achieve significant peak flow reductions with fewer sites and smaller wetlands.

Field samples of Albizia lebbeck, deciduous tree with drought tolerant properties, growing on industrial soil (Challawa Industrial Estate) were collected and separated into leaves, stems, roots and associated ground soil to assess the accumulation and translocation of Six Potentially Toxic Metals (PTMs) (Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb and Ni ) from the soil. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) was used to assess their levels. The bioaccumulation/ transfer of metals from roots to shoots and from soil to roots were evaluated in terms of translocation and bioconcentration factor. TF values of 1.22 , 1.41, 3.57 and 1.86 for Cu , Cd , Pb and Ni respectively indicate that A. lebbeck was efficient in translocation of PTMs from roots to shoots and follows the trend Cu &gt; Zn &gt; Ni &gt; Cr respectively. This depicts the plant as a likely candidate for phytoextraction of Zn, Cu, Cr and Ni. BCF values of Zn (0.94), Cu (0.85), Cd (1.37), Cr (1.25), Pb (2.3) and Ni (1.66) were noted for the PTMs. This r...

This paper present an assessment of the impact of the Kowalskie reservoir on the hydrological regime alteration of the Główna river. The Główna river is a right tributary of the Warta river. The Kowalskie reservoir was built in 1984. The area of the reservoir in the normal condition is 203 ha and total capacity is 6.58×106 m 3 . The impact of the Kowalskie reservoir on the hydrological regime was made on the basis of RVA method. The assessment was based on the analysis of flow series from the period of 1971-2012. The calculations were done by means of IHA software version 7.1.0.10 developed by The Nature Conservancy (2009). This study indicate that the Kowalskie reservoir has an impact on two group of flow parameters that characterized frequency and duration of high and low pulses as well as rate and frequency of water condition change. The others flow parameters characterized magnitude and duration of annual extreme water conditions are less affected by the Kowalskie reservoir. This study show that Kowalskie reservoir play important role in flood protection. Additionally the reservoir operation has an positive effect on minimum flows characteristic and base flow index.

C h a n g e s m a d e a s a r e s ul t of p u blis hi n g p r o c e s s e s s u c h a s c o py-e di ti n g, fo r m a t ti n g a n d p a g e n u m b e r s m a y n o t b e r efl e c t e d in t his ve r sio n. Fo r t h e d efi nitiv e ve r sio n of t hi s p u blic a tio n, pl e a s e r ef e r t o t h e p u blis h e d s o u r c e. You a r e a d vis e d t o c o n s ul t t h e p u blis h e r's v e r sio n if yo u wi s h t o cit e t hi s p a p er. Thi s v e r sio n is b ei n g m a d e a v ail a bl e in a c c o r d a n c e wit h p u blis h e r p olici e s. S e e h t t p://o r c a . cf. a c. u k/ p olici e s. h t ml fo r u s a g e p olici e s. Co py ri g h t a n d m o r al ri g h t s fo r p u blic a tio n s m a d e a v ail a bl e in ORCA a r e r e t ai n e d by t h e c o py ri g h t h ol d e r s .

Background: Seawater quality is critical to maintaining ecological balance and ensuring the safety of fish consumed by people. However, untreated wastewater discharge along the Tripoli coast threatens marine animals and public health, especially in fishing areas. Aim: This study aims to evaluate seawater quality by analyzing microbial, physical, and chemical parameters across three selected locations along the Tripoli coastline characterized by intensive fishing activities, in order to assess the potential impacts of water quality on the health of marine animals and the safety of consumers. Methods: Seawater samples were collected from three various fishing locations along the Tripoli coastline. Using a composite sampling method, the collected seawater samples were subjected to laboratory analysis to assess both physical and chemical properties, including pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, nitrate and phosphate (PO 4 ) were measured following standard protocols (e.g., APHA). Microbiological analyses focused on total aerobic microbial count (TAMC), total coliform bacteria, and fecal coliform Escherichia coli (E. coli) using standard laboratory methods. The findings were compared with national and international permissible limits to assess seawater quality. The results of physico-chemical analysis of seawater from all selected locations met permissible limits, except for the PO 4 concentration, which exceeded the acceptable values in some regions. Microbiological analysis showed the E. coli and total coliform were within permissible limits, whereas TAMC values exceeded standard thresholds in certain regions, indicating microbial contamination. The present study reveals that the quality of seawater in regions with high fishing activity along the Tripoli coastline shows signs of chemical and microbial contamination, which may impact marine animals' health and pose threats to consumers. These results highlight the need for ongoing monitoring and effective wastewater management to ensure safe fishing practices and protection of consumers' health.

In this paper, we describe the characterization and application of adsorbent derived from the pyrolysis of cocoa shells, which is a natural source of adsorbent materials. The adsorbent that was used in this experiment is an environmentally friendly adsorbent that was prepared by the pyrolysis of cocoa shells. For 1.5 hours, the pyrolysis process was carried out at temperatures ranging from 300 to 380 °C. The adsorbent was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and analysis with an X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyzer. Water-ash content and iodine absorption capacity were also determined in accordance with SNI 06-3730-1995. At a contact time of 90 minutes, the adsorption capacity of mercury ions was found to be 0.106 mg/gram. In this study, the adsorption of mercury ions with the adsorbent followed pseudo-second-order models with an R2 value of 0.9929.

The traditional gold processing process in Paya Seumantok Village, Krueng Sabee District, Aceh Jaya Regency, Aceh Province, is carried out using the amalgamation method which still uses mercury in the process, so it poses a risk to the health of workers and the surrounding community. This study aims to obtain an overview of the clinical symptoms experienced by workers and the community around the gold processing area. This study uses qualitative research methods with the number of community respondents were 90 respondents, and the number of worker respondents were 10 workers. Based on the results, the common acute clinical symptoms experienced by the community were headache (48.6%), cough (39.6%), abdominal pain (37.8%), diarrhea (29.7%), and hip pain (25.2%). While the chronic clinical symptoms experienced by the majority of community respondents were headaches (47.7%), irritability (27.9%), insomnia (26.1%), muscle cramps (23.4%), and weight loss (20.7%). Moreover, the most common acute clinical symptoms experienced by workers were cough (8 respondents), pelvic pain, diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting, nausea, and headaches were experienced by 7 respondents respectively. While for chronic clinical symptoms, the majority of workers experienced headaches and insomnia (8 respondents), irritability (6 respondents), anxiety (6 respondents), muscle cramps (5 respondents), and tremors (4 respondents). Based on the result, it can be concluded that the clinical symptoms encountered by the community and workers in the gold processing area have not shown clinical signs that are quite dangerous.

The challenge of estuarine management is to maintain existing estuarine natural structure and functioning, to rectify historical damage and negative impacts of human actions which produced socio-economic problems, and at the same time to guarantee present and future economic development. Applying a multidisciplinary and functional, holistic approach is essential to maintain a healthy natural system. Scientists and managers are searching for measures to adapt the ecosystem in such a way that flood risk is decreased, harbour activities can further develop and nature is conserved. This literature review (including 286 publications) gives an overview of a broad range of management measures that are, or can be, applied for estuarine management, including measures to change hydrology, morphology, habitat, and water and sediment quality. Furthermore, the differences between the different management measures regarding its impact on ecosystem services and biodiversity are identified to detect which management measures can contribute to specific estuarine targets. By looking for trade-offs and synergies, opportunities to reduce management costs and increase benefits to society are revealed. This can help to develop an integrated management strategy among the many management departments and with respect to both ecological and socio-economic needs.

The Deepwater Horizon oil spill (2010) resulted in ~100 km of heavily oiled salt marsh shorelines with severe marsh vegetation impacts. Approximately 27 km of these shorelines had marsh cleanup treatments aimed at limiting oil spread and facilitating ecological recovery. Heavy oiling impacts and disturbance from intensive cleanup treatments left marsh shorelines largely bare of live vegetation. Following operational-scale shoreline cleanup and experimental planting of Spartina alterniflora, we compared oiling degree and vegetation recovery among three types of heavily oiled salt marsh plots over three years: oiled control (no cleanup treatment, no planting); mechanical cleanup treatment (unplanted); and mechanical treatment coupled with planting. Nearby reference plots were used to define recovery targets and determine recovery progress. Mechanical treatment with planting showed the most improvement in oiling conditions and was most effective in re-establishing vegetation cover and dominant plant species composition approaching reference conditions. In contrast, the oiled controls and mechanical treatment plots without planting were similar and showed much slower recovery trends. Vegetation planting should be considered as a shoreline treatment or restoration approach for heavily oiled salt marshes, especially where oil impacted areas are left largely unvegetated, natural recovery is delayed, marsh shorelines are at risk of erosion, and as a possible condition for the use of intensive cleanup treatments. Vegetation planting following oil spills could be incorporated into shoreline treatment operations during emergency response as shoreline stabilization and for oil removal via phytoremediation, or as emergency restoration under the Natural Resources Damage Assessment (NRDA) process, to limit the degree and duration of natural resource impacts.

Papua Province has a natural production forest reaching 13.541 million ha, with log production achieving an average of 8.78% of the total national log production of 5.835 million m 3 /year. The logs were obtained from selective logging activities using reduced-impact logging techniques. This paper aimed to determine the potency, type, and quality of wood harvesting waste in the two forest concessions lowland natural forests in the province of Papua. The average potential of wood harvesting waste is 4.012 m 3 /ha or 16.25%. This figure comprises felling waste, which amounts to 2.529 m 3 /ha or 10.24%, and waste due to skidding and grading scaling, which amounts to 1.483 m 3 /ha or 6.01%. The types of logging waste consist of stump, end, and base waste with an average volume of 1.014 m 3 /ha (40.88%), 0.825 m 3 /ha (30.72%), and 0.690 m 3 /ha (28.40%), respectively. The quality of logging waste is dominated by defects, with an average of 2.733 m 3 /ha (69.10%). The waste broken due to the harvesting process averages 0.756 m 3 /ha (18.84%), while that of good quality averages 0.484 m 3 /ha (12.07%). The following measures should be taken to mitigate logging waste; (a) company management needs to train on reduced impact logging techniques for both chainsaw and tractor operators, (b) the piece rate system has to be reviewed, and (c) the monitoring function of logging activities in the field has to be improved.

The problem of scarcity of water supply is one of the most important problems currently facing Iraq, and because of the future deficit of Tigris and Euphrates rivers, it is necessary to consider other sources of water. This study aim to evaluate the quality of Haji-Ali drain water and its suitability for irrigation purposes after diluting it with Euphrates river water. Diluted water samples are subjected to the following analyses: PH, SOLUBLE cations and anions for different depths. The values of EC and SAR were increased with the increase of depth of root zone (avg. EC=7.34) and (avg. SAR=6.75) and after the comparison with the limits of FAO values, these values were acceptable for irrigation. The terms of the toxic effect with respected to CL with the concentration ranged (11-30) mg/L, and there for its suitable for irrigation. The use of diluted water increased the production level of the barley crop by 15% comparison with the neighboring areas of farmers in the region and its accepted for irrigating most tolerance field crops, however sensitive plants should be excluded.

Coal mining transportation activities in the Air Laya coal mine area of Bukit Asam involve the mobilization of vehicles that can potentially increase air pollution due to exhaust emissions and dust particles. This pollution negatively impacts environmental quality and the sustainability of the surrounding vegetation. To mitigate these effects, revegetation is employed as an environmental restoration strategy. This study aims to evaluate the tolerance of several tree species along the Air Laya Mine transportation route using the Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) and Anticipated Performance Index (API) methods. The APTI findings revealed that the four examined tree species demonstrate varying levels of tolerance to air pollution. Chinese Albizia (Albizia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr.) recorded the highest APTI score and was categorized as tolerant. Earleaf Acacia (Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. Ex Benth) and Eucalyptus Tree (Melaleuca leucadendra (L.) L.) were classified as having moderate tolerance, while Red Sandalwood (Pterocarpus indicus Willd) was identified as sensitive. In terms of the API assessment, Acacia auriculiformis was classified as Excellent; Melaleuca leucadendra and Albizia chinensis were rated as Very Good, and Pterocarpus indicus was categorized as Good. These results suggest that species with high APTI and API scores possess significant potential for use as buffer vegetation in green transportation corridors, contributing to sustainable air pollution mitigation.

The method based on original metric called Hydromorphological Index for Rivers (HIR) was developed in 2017 for the purpose of the monitoring of the hydromorphological status of flowing waters in Poland. It fulfils the requirements of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). It allows the assessment of both lowland rivers as well as mid-altitude and highland streams. The proposed system can be used to assess the natural and heavily modified rivers as well as artificial channels. The basis of the proposed system is a field survey, which is supplemented by the analysis of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data and remote sensing materials. The analysis of the GIS data and remote sensing materials already enable to estimate preliminary classification of the hydromorphological status of the non-surveyed water bodies. On the basis of the field survey, the principal HIR value can be estimated for the considered river site and comparing with the reference conditions, the hydromorphological quality status in the five-class system can be calculated. The properly selected, representative survey sites (one or more depending on the heterogeneity of the environment), enable the classification and evaluation of entire surface water bodies in the framework of the national environmental monitoring. The GIS component of the HIR proved to be useful in verifying the determination of heavily modified water bodies and in assessing the needs of river restoration. It was also applied in the development of the National river restoration program for predicting the impact of the proposed restoration measure on the state of hydromorphology.

Woody encroachment is a growing concern in dryland regions, threatening grassland ecosystems and generating complex social-ecological and management challenges. In the Argentine Dry Chaco, this process is particularly pronounced in paleochannel systems, which are ancient riverbeds historically covered by native grasses. Using a multilevel approach combining structural equation models and semi-structured interviews with smallscale campesino producers, we explored how livestock densities (cattle, goats, sheep), fire-use (frequency and return interval), aridity, and protection status influence vegetation cover, and which grassland recovery strategies are suggested by campesinos. We found that aridity was negatively associated with grass cover. At the landscape level, fire frequency is critical for maintaining grasslands. In contrast, at the local level, the role of fire varied with protection status: in protected areas, longer fire return intervals and extensive grazing maintained a mosaic of woodlands and grasslands, whereas in non-protected areas, frequent burning was required to control woody cover driven by fencing and higher livestock densities. Goat density had a strong negative effect on grasslands and a positive association with woodlands, reinforcing feedback on degradation under intensive grazing. Campesino producers recognized fire as a crucial tool for controlling woody encroachment, emphasizing knowledge loss and regulatory challenges. Local knowledge also revealed concerns about water scarcity and fencing, which limits livestock efficiency and promotes woody encroachment. Our findings emphasize that the locally adapted use of fire and grazing, informed by traditional knowledge of campesinos and local partners, is essential for controlling woody encroachment and restoring multifunctional grassland landscapes.

Transport infrastructure can impose significant barriers to movements to many, if not most terrestrial animals. Barrier effects can lead to increased isolation of wildlife populations, which in turn might have demographic effects and even increase genetic differentiation between neighbouring populations. This study attempted to clarify the role of fauna passages and generic landscape patterns for connectivity in fragmented landscapes, and to improve the theoretical basis for future experimental approaches to evaluate the effectiveness of barrier mitigation strategies. Specifically, the issue of whether it would be more effective to construct a single large rather than several small crossing structures (SLOSS) was addressed by this study. Three hypotheses were formulated on the relationship between habitat connectivity, as a prerequisite for genetic exchange, and habitat aggregation and contrast between habitat types. Random landscapes with different combinations of aggregation, contrast and number and size of fauna passages were created in a GIS. Connectivity was then quantified as a function of movement resistance using circuit theory and related methods, and measurements from the random landscapes were statistically analysed. The results indicate that in any landscape, it would be more effective to construct several small fauna passages instead of a single large one to mitigate the effect of a barrier. The level of aggregation appeared to have no influence per se on connectivity, and increasing the level of contrast increased the variance in the results. It is recommended that barrier effect mitigation strategies focus on the location and design of several small fauna passages rather than a single large one. Future research should focus on the development of dispersal and movement models for a set focal species. The effectiveness of increasing fauna passage dimensions above those of crossing structures that are evidently used by the intended species should also need more research.

Transport infrastructure can impose significant barriers to movements to many, if not most terrestrial animals. Barrier effects can lead to increased isolation of wildlife populations, which in turn might have demographic effects and even increase genetic differentiation between neighbouring populations. This study attempted to clarify the role of fauna passages and generic landscape patterns for connectivity in fragmented landscapes, and to improve the theoretical basis for future experimental approaches to evaluate the effectiveness of barrier mitigation strategies. Specifically, the issue of whether it would be more effective to construct a single large rather than several small crossing structures (SLOSS) was addressed by this study. Three hypotheses were formulated on the relationship between habitat connectivity, as a prerequisite for genetic exchange, and habitat aggregation and contrast between habitat types. Random landscapes with different combinations of aggregation, contrast and number and size of fauna passages were created in a GIS. Connectivity was then quantified as a function of movement resistance using circuit theory and related methods, and measurements from the random landscapes were statistically analysed. The results indicate that in any landscape, it would be more effective to construct several small fauna passages instead of a single large one to mitigate the effect of a barrier. The level of aggregation appeared to have no influence per se on connectivity, and increasing the level of contrast increased the variance in the results. It is recommended that barrier effect mitigation strategies focus on the location and design of several small fauna passages rather than a single large one. Future research should focus on the development of dispersal and movement models for a set focal species. The effectiveness of increasing fauna passage dimensions above those of crossing structures that are evidently used by the intended species should also need more research.

Ceci est le résultat de Mon Travail de Master qui consistait à remédier à la pollution de Kipushi causé par l'exploitation Minière.
Il Nous était demandé d'installer les arbres Phytoremediateur et évaluer les services Écosystémiques fournis par ces arbres

The sedge cane is a year-round natural plant that is regarded as one of the most significant grasses on the planet, and it usually causes major disposal concerns. As a result, employing sedge cane as a low-cost adsorbent to remove oil from produced water is helpful from both an economic and environmental standpoint. The response surface methodology is used to investigate the reaction optimization of oil removal using the sedge cane. The tests had three independent variables: adsorbent dosage, contact time, and temperature, as well as one response variable is (oil removal percent). According to the findings, the adsorbent dosage had the biggest impact on the percentage of oil removed. The findings predicted that employing sedge cane with 5 gm/L adsorbent dosage at 40 °C and 60 min contact time, the optimum condition for oil removal would be up to 95%. Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to analyze the sedge cane. The results of the Langmuir, Freundlich, Toth, and Sips isotherm models were 0.9967, 0.4166, 0.956, and 0.9062, respectively. Compared to the other models, Langmuir model best characterized the adsorption process. The reaction's kinetics were most accurately characterized by the PFO kinetic equation with 0.9382 for PFO, 0.8147 for PSO, and 0.7888 for the Elovich model. Temperature effects on thermodynamic parameters were investigated. The results of the testing showed that sedge cane is an effective adsorbent for eliminating oil from contaminated water.

The behavior and appearance of the streams in the Southwest changed dramatically in the latter part of the nineteenth century. Streams that had run in shallow, meandering courses with many marshes began rapid cutting of deep channels or arroyos in their valley floors. This often caused severe deterioration of the local environment. The deeper channels allowed groundwater to drain more freely and dropped water tables below the roots of existing stream side vegetation. This also ended farming by both Native Americans and the descendants of Spanish settlers in several areas as their simple diversion dams, canals, and shallow wells no longer worked. The entire environment along these rapidly deepening arroyos was changed for the worst and both residents and visitors to the area began to wonder why it had happened.

There are several methods for estimating environmental flow (EF), each with its own advantages and disadvantages. This study evaluates the accuracy of two models, PHABSIM and HEC-RAS, in estimating the EF of the Azad River in Sanandaj County, Kurdistan Province. The evaluation examines three scenarios: drought, years with average rainfall, and high rainfall. For the PHABSIM model, the data utilized included water depth, water velocity, channel index, and discharge rate at cross-sections, measured at one-meter intervals from the river. In contrast, the HEC-RAS model used data on the appropriate water depth necessary for the survival of the index species. The results of the PHABSIM model for EF in September, under drought conditions and during years with average and high rainfall, showed an increasing trend. The estimated flows were 0.6 m³/s for drought conditions, 1.5 m³/s for average rainfall, and 2 m³/s for high rainfall. Similarly, the HEC-RAS model exhibited an increasing trend in the same month, with estimates of 0.2 m³/s for drought, 0.52 m³/s for average rainfall, and 1.03 m³/s for high rainfall. When comparing the results of the two models, it was noted that under conditions of greater water depth, where water flows into the river's side surfaces, the HEC-RAS model predicts a higher EF than the PHABSIM model.

在能源转型与水资源优化需求下，水利水电工程建设规模持续扩大，但施工期栖息地破碎化、环境污染等生态问题愈发突出，制约行业绿色发展。本文深入剖析施工期核心生态胁迫因子，构建全过程管控与分区域差异化的生态保护技术体系，系统阐述核心保护技术及应用保障机制。为工程施工期生态保护提供全面技术支撑，推动行业实现生态效益与经济效益协同发展，助力生态文明建设落地见效。（Amid the growing demand for energy transition and water resource optimization, the scale of hydropower engineering construction continues to expand. However, ecological issues during the construction period, such as habitat fragmentation and environmental pollution, have become increasingly prominent, hindering the green development of the industry. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the core ecological stress factors during the construction period. It establishes an ecological protection technology system characterized by whole-process management and regional differentiation, while systematically elaborating on core protection technologies and application support mechanisms. The study aims to offer comprehensive technical support for ecological protection during engineering construction, promote the synergistic development of ecological and economic benefits in the industry, and contribute to the practical implementation of ecological civilization.）

The deep bed filtration model elaborated by Iwasaki has many applications, e.g. solids removal from wastewater. Its main parameter, filter coefficient, is directly related to removal efficiency and depends on filter depth and time of operation. In this paper the authors have proposed a new approach to modelling, describing dry organic mass from septic tank effluent and biomass distribution in a sand filter. In this approach the variable filter coefficient value was used as affected by depth and time of operation and the live biomass concentration distribution was approximated by a logistic function. Relatively stable biomass contents in deeper beds compartments were observed in empirical studies. The Iwasaki equations associated with the logistic function can predict volatile suspended solids deposition and biomass content in sand filters. The comparison between the model and empirical data for filtration lasting 10 and 20 days showed a relatively good agreement.

The aim of the article is to analyse hydraulic conditions of water flow in a fish pass. The test facility is part of the Pomiłowo barrage in the commune of Sławno, Poland. The authors applied HEC-RAS software for modelling hydraulic parameters of the water flow in the fish pass. The data from field measurements was implemented in the software and calculations of changes in the water table in the fish pass were made. The results confirmed the usefulness of HEC-RAS software for estimating hydraulic parameters of water flow in a fish pass. HEC-RAS software enables to take into account the parameters responsible for the phenomena accompanying the flow through a fish pass. Selecting mathematical model parameters (coefficients) should be preceded by a multidimensional analysis of the facility. More precise information on hydraulics, hydrology and biology of the test fish pass are also required.

Dubas bug Ommatissus lybicus (Hemiptera: Tropiduchidae) is one of the major insects of the date palm (Phoenicx dactylifera) trees, in Oman and the most of Arab Peninsula. The main objective of this experiment was to study monitoring of larvae and adult parasitoid Bocchus hyalinus (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae) and egg parasitoid Pseudoligosita babylonica on Dubas bug O.

Watersheds in the Philippines are increasingly vulnerable to geohazards such as soil erosion, driven by land-use change and climateintensified rainfall. This degradation threatens both ecosystem stability and downstream communities. To better understand the extent of erosion in a watershed in the southern Philippines, this study presents a hazard assessment framework using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), integrated within a Geographic Information System (GIS), to quantify and map soil erosion risk in the Bubunawan River Watershed (BRW) in Bukidnon, a key tributary of the Cagayan de Oro River Basin. By processing spatially distributed parameters, namely rainfall erosivity (R), soil erodibility (K), topographic factor (LS), cover management (C), and conservation practices (P), the model estimated a mean annual soil loss of 246.50 tonnes per hectare per year. The analysis identified high-hazard zones, revealing that 21.66% of the watershed exhibits very high to extreme erosion susceptibility, thus requiring priority intervention. Scenario-based modelling further elucidated system dynamics. Simulation of potential soil loss (7,524.70 t/ha/yr) under conditions without land cover and conservation practices effectively isolates and quantifies the mitigating role of current management strategies. Additionally, simulations of future climate scenarios with rainfall increases of 10-20% indicate elevated erosion rates. In contrast, modelling of nature-based solutions, specifically the reforestation of rangelands, demonstrates a potential reduction in soil loss of 33.27%. This research presents a replicable approach for transforming geospatial data into actionable insights for hazard mitigation, providing a critical tool for sustainable watershed management and enhancing resilience to climaterelated geohazards.