Economic policy

This paper examines the impact of the Global Innovation Index (GII) and uncertainty and of their interaction on bank performance in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) from 2011 to 2022. Our findings indicate that innovation is associated with nuanced relationships with bank performance indicators, and innovation potentially increases (decreases) performance via the return on asssets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), Tobin's Q, and stock market returns. Our analysis demonstrates that uncertainty plays a complex role in influencing bank performance. It has a negative impact on economic policy uncertainty (EPU) and the World Uncertainty Index (WUI), but a positive impact on geopolitical risk (GPR). However, we observe an interaction effect, which suggests that uncertainty has the potential to either diminish or amplify the impact of innovation on bank performance metrics. Specifically, the relationship between innovation and bank performance, whether negative or positive, is influenced by the presence of uncertainty. This nuanced interaction highlights the dynamic nature of the relationship between innovation and bank performance, as it is contingent on the prevailing level of uncertainty. Therefore, fostering an environment in the banking sector that is conducive to growth and stability is crucial for enhancing innovation, minimizing uncertainty, and improving bank performance.

While in the Western Europe market economy had developed several centuries, in the Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs) the transition from centrally planned to market economy has been undertaken in a considerably shorter time. Although the long-term objectives of CEECs were similar, discrepancies arose in each country as regards the priorities, order and pace of the reforms to be undertaken. The paper starts with a brief view on the transition process in the CEECs and on the Varieties of Capitalism (VoC) theory. The main part of the paper deals with comparative analysis of economic performance of CEECs' and three benchmark Western European countries with focus on three dimensions of the economy, namely macroeconomic stability, innovation/growth/competitiveness and welfare/equality. We identify the main differences and similarities across the CEECs from the view of the three dimensions. Then we try to find which out of the two VoC ideal types the respective CEECs are closer to. The key outcomes of the analysis are summarized in conclusion.

Ce document présente la formalisation mathématique complète du système monétaire CBU-X (Commodity-Backed Unit / Monnaie de Compensation Multilatérale). Le modèle repose sur trois piliers interdépendants : (i) un ancrage physique sur un panier de cinq matières premières stratégiques (blé, cuivre, or, argent, pétrole), (ii) un mécanisme de compensation multilatérale par netting sans usure, et (iii) un cadre macro-thermodynamique évaluant la soutenabilité systémique via un paramètre de bifurcation Λ. L'article détaille les 22 équations structurantes, les conditions d'arbitrage, les règles de stabilité, le mécanisme de gouvernance par vote pondéré, ainsi que l'implémentation on-chain du taux d'adossement par smart contract. Le modèle s'inscrit dans une critique de la monnaie-dette héritée de Maurice Allais et propose une alternative opérationnelle pour un système monétaire multipolaire sans intérêt.

This article examines the role which the theories of corporate disclosure and public regulation play in ensuring effective corporate disclosure regulation. The article makes a case for public regulation, arguing that the public nature of material information lends support to the view that neglect or failure to publish material information should be enforced through the public machinery rather than through private orderings alone. The article further contends that effective corporate information disclosure and insider dealing regulation requires both robust public enforcement and complementary private enforcement mechanisms. Through an analysis of the Capital Cost Reduction Theory, the Liquidity Enhancement Theory, and the Hydraulic Theory of Disclosure, this article demonstrates that incorporating these theories into the legal framework is likely to result in more effective regulation of corporate information disclosure and insider dealing, thereby promoting market cleanliness, transparency, and investor confidence.

Předcházení vzniku monopolů je dnes považováno za úkol vlády. Těžko si lze ovšem představit méně realistický názor. Vlády, po kterých je požadováno, aby s monopoly bojovaly, jsou totiž týmiž vládami, jež jsou principu monopolu zcela oddány. Mises, Ludwig von: Socialism.

The essay deals with one of the basic type of economic policy - the law of competition. Overseas foundations of antitrust law from the end of 19th century opened the doors for expansion such a economic policy not only in USA, also in Europe. The view on the necessity competition policy has changed during the 20th century and also its conception has undergone signifi cant evolution - while at the beginning of last century authorities fought hard against trusts, in recent years the theme of antitrust law reform including the possibility of its total elimination is relevant. The essay concerns on the key moments of historical development of view on competition protection in the 20th century - the century of antimonopoly fi ght. The introductory part deals with theoretical aspects of course of study, further the hands-on experience from the German region - the European cradle of antimonopoly law. Then the competition policy of European ... which makes foundations of antimonopoly law of ...

The essay deals with one of the basic type of economic policy - the law of competition. Overseas foundations of antitrust law from the end of 19th century opened the doors for expansion such a economic policy not only in USA, also in Europe. The view on the necessity competition policy has changed during the 20th century and also its conception has undergone signifi cant evolution - while at the beginning of last century authorities fought hard against trusts, in recent years the theme of antitrust law reform including the possibility of its total elimination is relevant. The essay concerns on the key moments of historical development of view on competition protection in the 20th century - the century of antimonopoly fi ght. The introductory part deals with theoretical aspects of course of study, further the hands-on experience from the German region - the European cradle of antimonopoly law. Then the competition policy of European ... which makes foundations of antimonopoly law of ...

This work looks at new ways for stimulating agricultural exports from the Republic of Moldova. The purpose of this study is to identify and describe the management tools that can contribute to the growth of the export of agricultural products of Moldova and the expansion of its sales markets. The goal of this work is to find a way to list new management tools. These tools can help grow the amount of Moldovan farming products we sell to other places. They can also help sell to more markets. The study check numbers from the government of Republic of Moldova and from big lists of trade data. It also uses reports about what to do from 2020 to 2025. The methodological framework combined comparative analysis, institutional analysis, and elements of strategic management analysis. The study reveals a transition from traditional administrative regulation to integrated management tools. These include digital export support platforms, export credit and guarantee mechanisms, cluster management models, and public-private partnership mechanisms. The results show that the effectiveness of export promotion depends not only on financial support, but also on coordination between government institutions, business associations and producers. Weak institutional coherence and limited managerial competences remain the main constraining factors.

The purpose of this paper on “Seme Border Closure and Nigeria’s Trading Partners in Africa” aimed at exploring the dynamics of the Nigeria’s land borders closure with Benin Republic as it affected her trading partners in Africa. Methodology adopted was descriptive design that relied on judgmental sampling technique. Secondary data (books, journal articles, monographs, internet materials etc) were sourced in Nigerian libraries and subjected to content validity before analyzing it qualitatively. Result of the findings revealed that smuggling of rice and petroleum product, including insecurity are the major reasons Nigeria closed land border with her immediate neighbour, Benin Republic. The closure has led to an increase in revenue accrued to the federation account and increase local rice production and consumption. Regrettably, it fostered inflation in Nigeria, triggered hardship in Benin Republic and prompted retaliatory measure from Ghana. Most importantly, the land border closure n...

The Bottom-Up Payroll System (BUPS) is a decentralized approach to public sector compensation designed for contexts with limited funding and weak oversight. Unlike traditional top-down systems that allocate funds through central authorities often leading to inefficiencies such as corruption and ghost workers, BUPS builds payrolls from verified job data, service records, and transparent wage rules. By grounding compensation in evidence and local accountability, it enhances accuracy, transparency, and fairness, functioning not only as a payroll method but also as a governance framework for more equitable public spending. This journal article introduces the Bottom-Up Payroll System (BUPS), a decentralized approach that enhances accuracy and fairness in public sector compensation by relying on verified job data and transparent wage rules in third-world countries. This is because this method not only addresses inefficiencies of traditional systems but also serves as a governance framework for more equitable public spending. Furthermore, to combat corruption and maintain high field morale, the framework implements an innovative "Bottom-Up Payroll" system that ensures lower-salaried public employees are paid first.

The article indicates the limited role of economic planning in influencing the dynamics and proper economic proportions, and, above all, the social well-being in Poland in the years 1945-1989. The article was written based on the method of economic history, widely used literature on the subject, published documents of state and party authorities, statistics and legal acts. The author argues that economic planning was subject to numerous changes, which ranged from indicative planning to directive planning. The changes were determined by political factors, and, above all, by the constantly persisting economic and social tensions. Planning only fully implemented the priority of the economic and social goals during the postwar reconstruction. In the 1970s and 1980s, it contributed to the deepening of the economic chaos and to the defeat of the communist rule in Poland.

The objective of this article is to analyze and identify if there is enough evidence to assume that obesity, smoking and alcoholism, as well as health spending are variables that determine the behavior of life expectancy at birth. It is a quantitative study based on documentary information obtained from the OECD, with a correlational scope and a non-experimental approach. The results show enough evidence to infer that life expectancy for countries that belong to the OECD is being explained more significantly by obesity, alcoholism, and health spending. It is also demonstrated that the life expectancy of the countries included in the study is 80.7 years. It is concluded that in recent years, life expectancy has generally been increasing in most of the countries. Life expectancy is a topic of significant social interest so its research has identified several factors that impact its level. Due to the growing interest, the countries seek to develop policies and programs that would allow them to continue improving life expectancy. Thus, many countries focus their efforts on diminishing the negative impacts of the main affecting variables.
Keywords: life expectancy; smoking, alcoholism; obesity; health spending.

Дослідження репрезентує всебічний історіографічний аналіз становлення та розвитку цифрової гуманітаристики в китаєзнавстві за сорок років – від 1984-го до 2024 року. Праця простежує еволюцію галузі: від перших експериментів комп’ютерної обробки китайських текстів до створення сучасної цифрової інфраструктури для комплексних китаєзнавчих досліджень. Методологічною основою слугує хронологічний аналіз у поєднанні із системною класифікацією ключових проєктів, ініціатив та технологічних рішень. Опрацьовано понад тридцять знакових проєктів та ініціатив, серед яких – стандарти кодування (GB 2312, Big5, Unicode), технологічні платформи (TEI, XML) та масштабні цифрові репозиторії. Особливий акцент зроблено на формуванні цифрового китаєзнавства як окремої академічної дисципліни. Показано, що розвиток галузі відбувався у трьох основних напрямах: технологічному (стандартизація кодування китайських ієрогліфів через Unicode; впровадження XML- та TEI-стандартів розмітки тексту); методологічному (розробка принципів структурованої розмітки текстів, формування реляційних баз даних для біографічної та текстової інформації); інституційному (створення міжнародних наукових мереж і дослідницьких центрів). Окреслено вісім основоположних принципів цифрового китаєзнавства: стандартизація кодування, структурна розмітка, реляційні бази даних, міжнародна співпраця, відкритий доступ, збереження метаданих, масштабованість, сумісність форматів. Доведено, що ці принципи визначають і сьогоднішній розвиток галузі. У роботі висвітлено успіхи інтеграції цифрових технологій у китаєзнавчі дослідження, що привело до створення міцної технологічної бази для майбутніх академічних проєктів. Географічне охоплення – материковий Китай, Тайвань, Гонконг, США – ілюструє міжнародний характер становлення цифрового китаєзнавства. Систематизовано внесок провідних інституцій: Academia Sinica, Міністерства культури КНР, Гарвард-Яньцзін інституту, Національної бібліотеки Китаю, міжнародних технологічних консорціумів. Оригінальність дослідження полягає в першому цілісному огляді сорокарічного розвитку цієї галузі з деталізацією ключових етапів, систематизацією проєктів і формулюванням фундаментальних принципів, що визначили сучасну цифрову інфраструктуру китаєзнавчих студій. Практична значущість результатів полягає в можливості їхнього застосування для стратегічного планування наступних цифрових ініціатив у науковому вивченні Китаю.

Training Need Assessment (TNA) is a process to identify the gap between current performance and the departmental objectives. It’s a diagnostic tool that helps reducing the gap between employee skills and the skills required by the job. Effective training need assessment forms the basis or benchmark for determining the effectiveness of the training programs. This study aims at identifying the effectiveness of TNA practices of the private sector banks of Bangladesh. As the respondents are highly qualified and work directly in the HR and Training Departments of the banks, a sample size of 100 was deemed appropriate for this study. The respondent managers were chosen by using convenience sampling method. A structured questionnaire was developed to collect the pertinent information from the HR and Training Managers of 10 leading private sector banks of Bangladesh. The data were analysed by using descriptive statistics. Results show that the reasons for declining the performance of the bankers are directly concerned with the lack of positive attitude toward job, lack of motivation and dissatisfaction about the job. Results also show that only few need assessment techniques such as, management audit, interview customers and employees, written tests, assessment centre, survey, and individual development plans are used by the banks to assess the training needs in Bangladesh. This study also identified unavailability of training programs, location of training venue, lack of managerial support, capacity of the trainees, budget of the training, and the length of training programs are the most important hindrances for improving the effectiveness of the training programs of the banks. It is suggested that the effectiveness of TNA and training programs can be increased by improving training environment, managing organisation, service quality, time management, leadership, and increase budgets of the training programs of the private sector banks in Bangladesh.

This article examines the emerging concept of Rural Artificial Intelligence (Rural AI) through the case of Asturias, Spain, from a local economic policy and action research perspective, using the Fontes del Porcía Association as a case study. In a context marked by demographic decline, territorial inequalities, and the twin green and digital transitions, the article explores how AI can be strategically mobilised to support inclusive, sustainable, and place-based rural development. Moving beyond technology-centred approaches, the study advances a policy-oriented roadmap that situates Rural AI within local economic governance, social innovation, and territorial cohesion frameworks. Methodologically, the article adopts a qualitative approach combining institutional analysis with the examination of community-led initiatives promoted by the association. The findings highlight the key role of locally embedded civic organisations as intermediaries between European digital agendas -including the AI Act, the AI Act Advisory Forum, and the Frontier AI Expert Forum -and rural socio-economic realities. The article argues that Rural AI should be understood as a pathway for democratic governance and local economic policy rather than as a purely technological agenda.

This paper examines the historical transition from the state-wealth paradigm, typical of the colonial age and the first half of the 20th century, to the private-wealth paradigm that characterizes the contemporary globalized economy. Starting from the post-WWII Italian constitutional context and the debate on the legitimacy of the 1948 Constitution, the study explores the political, social, and ethical implications of this shift. It also considers the role of political power in the digital age, the impact of artificial intelligence, and institutional communication toward new generations. The aim is to provide a neutral analytical framework, avoiding ideological positions.

Introduction. In the context of the development of globalization processes and the integration of the national economy into the global financial space, the issue of forming the financial security of Ukraine becomes increasingly important. It affects and links together all sectors of the national economy, business entities, society, politics, finance, etc. Problem Statement. At the present stage of Ukraine's economic development, one of the primary task of government policy is to ensure the financial security of the state, after all, its ensuring aims at overcoming the economic crisis and improving the well-being of Ukrainian citizens. Purpose. The assessment of the financial, monetary, and banking systems of Ukraine as well as the development of practically significant proposals are necessary for ensuring the financial security of Ukraine. Materials and Methods. The analytical material is the data of the National Bank of Ukraine, which have been studied by economic and mathematical methods, statistical and indicative analysis. Results. It has been determined that the state budget imbalance is the main destabilizing factor of the crisis in public finance. The dynamics of the number of banks in Ukraine have been studied: despite a decrease in the number of banks with foreign capital, their share in recent years has increased significantly, which hinders the effective development of the banking system of Ukraine. A significant underestimation of the domestic currency and large-scale devaluations in the previous years created unfavorable conditions for Ukrainian exporters, which resulted in a foreign trade balance deficit, an outflow of foreign currency and, accordingly, a decrease in the foreign exchange reserves. Conclusions. The financial security strategy should determine the prospects for ensuring the stability of the financial, monetary, and banking systems and the development of the national economy. The implementation of financial, currency, credit measures, the adoption of amendments to the legislative framework, and the development of a financial security strategy for Ukraine become increasingly important, given the problems that exacerbate the financial security of Ukraine.

This study demonstrates that the Chile-Korea FTA in 2004 serves as a bridgehead FTA for the accessibility of Korean goods in the Latin American market. A bridgehead FTA can be defined as an FTA with one particular partner country serving as a base to increase exports to its neighboring countries. This effect is more pronounced as Chile and LAFTA countries are more integrated. Our result suggests that a trade policy such as FTA can serve to complement business strategy of firms.

This article critically examines the dominant paradigm of digital–green transitions, which has been widely incorporated into contemporary economic policy, and argues that its technocratic and incremental orientation is insufficient to address ecological planetary boundaries, technological power asymmetries, and the democratic challenges associated with the expansion of artificial intelligence. Building on the concept of EcoTechnoPolitics, the article advances an analytical and institutional framework oriented toward planetary thinking, explicitly integrating anticipatory governance, multi-level scale hybridization, and the need for structural transformation beyond mere digital–green alignment. The study draws on a critical review of the interdisciplinary literature, an analysis of territorial sustainability experiences and an examination of supranational digital and green governance frameworks. The findings show that, despite prevailing narratives of sustainability and responsible innovation, current policy architectures tend to externalise ecological costs, consolidate technological dependencies, and reproduce growth-oriented logics that are poorly aligned with planetary ecological limits. As its main contribution, the article formulates implications for economic policy, highlighting the role of the state as an institutional architect in the reconfiguration of digital infrastructures, technological sovereignty, and ecological responsibility in the age of artificial intelligence.

We believe that one should continually return to the question of the right perspective on the current round of EU enlargement, that this perspective should be systematically developed and specified it in the light of current events. It should combine three levels of integration activities: • the first level concerns the harmonisation of law, i.e., the incorporation of EU law (flcquis communautaire) into the legał systems of the candidate countries; • the second concerns those structural adjustments madę in candidate coun tries which determine their ability to compete and to enjoy the benefits of co-operation; • the third involves EU institutional reform and the structural adjustments madę in member States which determine their capacity and readiness for enlarge ment. EU politicians and diplomats have obstinately focused on the first of these levels, stressing that accession will be possible when countries applying for membership have passed all the necessary legislation, i.e., when they have done their "homework". No reasonable person would deny that the candidate countries must introduce some tough legislative measures. But the fact of the matter is that these measures should have some point to them, i.e., they should bring the country closer to achieving its goal. This goal cannot be accession itself, but rather the benefits resulting from accession: economic growth, social development, and International security. This, in turn, depends on effective activities being undertaken at the sec ond and third levels. If this generał thesis is correct, then it should be emphasised that passing 160 or even 200 statutes in the Sejm does not constitute an integration strategy. This is not because the proposed legislative changes are superfluous, but because they would only be a half measure. There are a number of reasons for this: First, real changes are not the result of parliamentary work. It is one thing to pass a law, another to enforce it, and still another to change people's mentality and behaviour. The latter reąuires not only a good law and an effective judiciary, but also human Capital, something which cannot be ordained by decree. Second, the introduction of legislative changes resulting from the incorpo ration of EU law into national law will hinder the pursuit of a domestic structural policy geared towards removing the structural barriers to integration. Accession and integration are not identical concepts. The majority of harmonisation and adjustment measures must and should be carried out before accession. Nevertheless, many such measures will only be feasible and justified after accession. This con-We believe that the process of European Union enlargement is insufficiently dynamie, for it is not perceived from a perspective that would encourage greater accountability, dialogue and partnership among its participants. Without it, candidate countries may be in danger of becoming "permanent not-yet-members" (Bertelsmann Foundation 1998, p. 69). On several occasions in our reports we have stressed the vital importance of structural policy and structural adjustment as the keystones of any integration strategy. Such an approach is necessary not only because the current round of EU enlargement is to encompass countries which for decades had centrally planned economies, but also because in parallel with the process of European integration these countries are going through a difficult process of economic transition. This situation is also a result of the character of today's economy which, as it undergoes globalisation, is forcing countries to introduce ever morę rapid and freąuent structural changes. Global competition not only concems mechanisms of allocation, but also adjustment capabilities. Thus, it is not only entrepreneurs and firms which are competing morę intensely today, but also broader structures and regulatory systems, e.g., regions. Creating the right structural conditions to ensure a high level of competitiveness is essential in an economy where the most important factors today, besides financial Capital, are information and knowledge, and where the geographical transfer of economic activity is cheaper and easier than ever before. In such an economy there are no optimal, target structures and long-term market niches. Every competitive advantage will be short-term if it is not Consoli dated. The goal of management is not stabilisation, but change and innovation. Gaining benefits reąuires a vision and an ability to materialise those benefits, i.e., an effective structural policy. The noticeable slowdown in EU enlargement has also been caused by the structural problems of the EU itself and those of its member States. The most serious case here is that of Germany, which is not only the strongest State in the EU, but which in the 1990s was also the most vocal advocate of the rapid accession of Central European States. German enthusiasm has greatly diminished, both among politicians and the public at large. The reason has undoubtedly been the difficulties and costs of German unification and the integration of the eastern Ldnder. Add to this the serious structural weaknesses of the German economy (high unemployment and labour costs, the inereasing inefficiency of the social security system, including the pension system, and relatively high tax rates), which will reąuire dif ficult and costly reforms if they are to be overcome. At the same time, Germany is the highest contributor to the EU budget and the EU's structural funds (Beuter 1997). It should also be remembered that European integration has several dimensions (pillars), one of which is the security dimension. The end of the Cold War and the replacement of the bipolar model of International relations with a unipolar system has hardly hindered the search for a solution to the problem of Euro pean security, including in the political-military dimension of European integra tion. In fact, it has done the opposite. Currently, this search has manifested itself in the idea of a European Security and Defence Identity -ESDI. The issue of tuming this idea into reality has become a subject of debate and even dispute between the American administration and some of its West European allies. Lying at the heart of this dispute is the role of the USA in the uni-polar model of international relations. The main dilemma concerns to what extent regional powers, including the USA's West European allies, are ready to accept its role as the sole global superpower and to what extent it is itself willing to perform this role in practice, i.e., to assume responsibility for security in different regions of the world. The solution to this problem is, as with every dilemma, to reconcile what needs to be done with what can be done. That this is not easy to do in practice has been painfully demonstrated by the break-up of Yugoslavia and the Bałkan conflict. For almost ten years, a brutal conflict has been waged in Europę which neither the USA nor its West European allies have been able to avert through force or diplomacy. Particularly during the early stages, the United States tried to avoid becoming involved in this conflict, and gave its European allies freedom of action. However, the European Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) still proved too weak a mechanism to co-ordinate actions in the field of collective security. The direct-political and military-involvement of the USA in the Bałkan conflict became necessary, although not necessarily effective. In spite of air strikes on Yugoslavia and the entry of armed forces into Kosovo, the Bałkan conflict is far from being resolved, and a further escalation is still possible, e.g., in Macedonia. Maintaining peace in the Balkans is becoming an increasingly costly affair. At the same time, there is no elear prospect of the conflict dying down or of stability returning to the Balkans. The search for a European defence identity has been similarly ineffectual. Ali we can be certain of is that it will continue. Poland is a member of NATO, the mainstay of which is American power.

Посилення централізації та планування в управлінні економікою, розповсюдження державної форми власності не призвели, таким чином, до зникнення податків, а лише до поступового пристосування механізму їх дії до нових умов при посиленні їх фіскального значення. Характерним в такому разі стало існування невизначеності в оподаткуванні прибутків державних підприємств та глибока деформація податкового механізму по відношенню до усуспільненого сектору. Останнє вимагає дослідження методології регулювання через податки діяльності держаної промисловості та впливу тенденцій 20-30х років на форму оподаткування і рівень податкового навантаження державних підприємств, що набули особливого статусу в адміністративно-командній економіці.

MOZO MONROY, Manuel, «La moneda como ‘campo de batalla’: por qué la olvidada ceca de Guadalajara fue el termómetro de Castilla hace seis siglos», entrevista realizada en elDiario.es por Alicia Avilés Pozo, Toledo, 29 de mayo, 2026), https://www.eldiario.es/castilla-la-mancha/provincias/guadalajara/moneda-campo-batalla-olvidada-ceca-guadalajara-termometro-castilla-seis-siglos_1_13250009.html

Though available data suggest a relationship between poverty and emerging adulthood, fewer studies have been conducted to assess whether parental work or public assistance mediates these outcomes. Using the National Survey of Families and Households, this study examines the effect of workreliant versus welfare-reliant households on youth outcomes (i.e., welfare use, education, idleness, and income) during the transition to adulthood. Examining parents from Wave I and older youth from Wave 2, researchers linked childhood poverty, parents' work history, family income from work, years on public assistance, and family income from public assistance with youth outcomes. Consistent with previous research, links exist between poverty in childhood and transition outcomes; however, these outcomes are not mediated by parental work history or extent of welfare reliance during childhood. Multivariate analyses indicate that growing up in a heavily work-oriented environment or a heavily welfare-reliant environment made little difference in the youth's ability to successfully transition to adulthood. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for welfare policy.

Though available data suggest a relationship between poverty and emerging adulthood, fewer studies have been conducted to assess whether parental work or public assistance mediates these outcomes. Using the National Survey of Families and Households, this study examines the effect of workreliant versus welfare-reliant households on youth outcomes (i.e., welfare use, education, idleness, and income) during the transition to adulthood. Examining parents from Wave I and older youth from Wave 2, researchers linked childhood poverty, parents' work history, family income from work, years on public assistance, and family income from public assistance with youth outcomes. Consistent with previous research, links exist between poverty in childhood and transition outcomes; however, these outcomes are not mediated by parental work history or extent of welfare reliance during childhood. Multivariate analyses indicate that growing up in a heavily work-oriented environment or a heavily welfare-reliant environment made little difference in the youth's ability to successfully transition to adulthood. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for welfare policy.

This chapter includes the Keynesian models of Kaldor and Pasinetti, which introduce the variations in the functional distribution of income between profits and wages, in order to explain how the warranted rate of growth may adjust to the natural growth rate, generating a growth path with full employment of labor. The first and second sections present the Kaldor and Pasinetti models. The third section presents the neoclassical extension of the Pasinetti model developed by Samuelson and Modigliani. The fourth section presents the debate about the existence of two classes in the economy. The fifth section analyses the relationship between growth, distribution and inflation. The chapter ends with the development of a kaldorian model which incorporates the government.

Although there is a wealth of research on the relationship between income level and employment status and child well-being, the relationship between economic instability and health during early childhood is understudied. We examine the associations between the incidence, accumulation, and timing of intrayear employment and income instability with household and child food insecurity and child health using a nationally representative sample of households. The sample includes children age 3-5 from households in the 2008 Survey of Income and Program Participation (N = 5,056). We find that young children's households experience high levels of both income and employment instability. Both the incidence and the accumulation of instability predict poorer child outcomes, more recent instability is more strongly associated with child outcomes, and these relations are stronger for children with less educated parents. Employment and income changes have separate, unique associations with each outcome and operate in somewhat different ways.

Makalenin merkezine aldığı sorular şunlardır: i) Türkiye, 2018-2023 arasında (deneyin 2021 sonrasında somut bir görünüm kazandığını not edelim) nasıl ve neden bu sıra dışı para politikası deneyini benimsedi ve bunda ısrarcı oldu, ii) 2023 seçimlerinden sonra ortodoks politikalara dönüşü açıklayan şey nedir? Bu makalenin temel argümanı, para politikası deneyinin; Türkiye’nin bağımlı finansallaşmaya dayalı büyüme modelinin tıkanması, bu tıkanmanın yarattığı siyasal ve sektörel çatışmalar ve giderek otoriterleşen devlet yapısı içerisinde HTB’nin yeniden yapılandırılmasından neşet eden kümülatif bir nedensel sürecin sonunda ortaya çıktığı, sağlamlaştığı ve nihayetinde çözüldüğüdür.

El desempleo ha tenido un impacto negativo sobre los salarios de los trabajadores que se ha trasladado a las pensiones, cuando los sistemas de cálculo de éstas últimas rentas dependían de aquellas. En este trabajo, se estima el impacto de estos efectos negativos en el sistema de pensiones español. De acuerdo con nuestras estimaciones, el pensionista medio padecerá una pérdida equivalente a 18 meses de pagos sobre la pensión inicialmente estimada. Adicionalmente, el riesgo de pobreza se estima que aumentará entre el 10,6 y el 24,6 por ciento debido a los efectos de la Gran Recesión.

One of the main impacts of the Great Recession has been the increase in the rate of unemployment in Spain. Unemployment has a negative impact on the wages of workers, which, in those pension systems where pensions are computed according to wages, eventually affect pension benefits. In this contribution we estimate the impact of these detrimental effects on Spain’s pensioners’ welfare. According to our estimates the average pensioner is expected to lose the equivalent to 18 monthly payments of the initial pension entitlement. Additionally, the poverty risk faced by pensioners is estimated to increase between 10.6 and 24.6 per cent due to the effect of the Great Recession.

The regulation of cybersecurity for medical devices keeps evolving in the European Union (EU). In the past few years, new pieces of legislation have been added to the initial framework for medical device cybersecurity, including the Medical Device Regulation, the General Data Protection Regulation and the Cybersecurity Act. The Artificial Intelligence Act, the European Health Data Space Regulation and the Data Act are forthcoming laws that contain cybersecurity-related requirements applicable to medical devices. This article examines the requirements stemming from each of these, as well as their role vis-a-vis the existing legal framework. We observe that despite being comprehensive and wide ranging in their changes, these new regulations may be inadequate for the task of ensuring the cybersecurity of medical devices. In our view, this approach by the EU legislature is inadequate because it fails to foresee cybersecurity requirements in a way that is truly linked with the already ex...

It is widely believed that man-made greenhouse gas emissions are increasing overall vulnerability to climate-related disasters, and that, consequently, policies aimed at cutting off these emissions are urgently needed. But a broader perspective on climate vulnerability suggests that the most important factors influencing susceptibility to climate-related threats are not climatologic, but political and economic. The dramatic degree to which industrial development under capitalism has reduced the risk of harm from severe climate events in the industrialized world is significantly under-appreciated in the climate debate. Consequently, so too is the degree to which green climate and energy policies would undermine the protection that industrial capitalism affords-by interfering with individual freedoms, distorting market forces, and impeding continued industrial development and economic growth. The effect of such policies would, ironically, be a worsening of overall vulnerability to climate. * Would be a steady change that could be addressed in myriad ways and need not create a single refugee-so long as people are free.

It is widely believed that man-made greenhouse gas emissions are increasing overall vulnerability to climate-related disasters, and that, consequently, policies aimed at cutting off these emissions are urgently needed. But a broader perspective on climate vulnerability suggests that the most important factors influencing susceptibility to climate-related threats are not climatologic, but political and economic. The dramatic degree to which industrial development under capitalism has reduced the risk of harm from severe climate events in the industrialized world is significantly under-appreciated in the climate debate. Consequently, so too is the degree to which green climate and energy policies would undermine the protection that industrial capitalism affords-by interfering with individual freedoms, distorting market forces, and impeding continued industrial development and economic growth. The effect of such policies would, ironically, be a worsening of overall vulnerability to climate. * Would be a steady change that could be addressed in myriad ways and need not create a single refugee-so long as people are free.

Environmental Economics and Sustainability: Theory and Practice offers a comprehensive foundation in the economic principles that shape environmental outcomes and sustainable development. Beginning with the interaction between the economy, population dynamics, and the environment, the book examines core concepts such as the Environmental Kuznets Curve, natural disasters, sustainability principles, and the determinants of sustainable development. It provides an in-depth exploration of environmental accounting systems, including SEEA, Green GDP, ANS, and major global sustainability indices like the EPI, GPI, EVI, SSI, and GNH, equipping readers with analytical tools to measure environmental performance. The text also covers resource management, market failures, welfare economics, and the role of government interventions. A dedicated chapter on global environmental trends and a focused analysis of environmental sustainability in Asia add strong regional and empirical perspectives. With discussion questions in each chapter, the book encourages critical thinking and practical application for students, researchers, and policymakers.

Despite the presence of inclusive economic policies, persons with special needs continue to face formidable challenges that impede their economic participation and socioeconomic wellbeing. These challenges include limited access to employment opportunities, inadequate access to health care facilities, and disparities in accessing education. This research investigates the impact of inclusive economic policies on alleviating these challenges and reducing the socioeconomic gap for persons with special needs in Plateau State. Data were generated from both primary and secondary sources through the use of the Socioeconomic Equality Checklist (SEC) and review of relevant literature. The sample of 85 persons with special needs was involved in the study. Simple percentage was used to analyze the research questions. A cross-sectional survey design was employed, gathering data from persons with special needs across 17 local government areas in Plateau State. The results highlight significant challenges faced by persons with special needs, including limited access to white collar employment opportunities, and an undulating access to educational and support services available to persons with special needs. Based on these findings, the researchers recommended strengthening accessibility measures, promoting inclusive education and skill development, provision of free Vocational Training Programme and motivating inclusive practices in the workforce.

In the South-South Geo-Political Zone, comprising states like Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo, and Rivers, which abound with abundant resources and entrepreneurial talent, anecdotal and empirical observations have shown that the majority of the entrepreneurs are still facing difficult hurdles that prevent their success and growth. Such concerns have made it imperative to pose important questions concerning the efficiency and adequacy of economic policies being adopted by the government. Thus, a study is needed to understand the role of taxes and monetary policies on entrepreneurship within this geographical setting. Therefore, the central aim of this study was to assess the influence of economic policies formulated by the government on the business environment in the South-South zone of Nigeria. The objectives of this study were: to analyze the effect of tax policies on the business environment in the South-South zone of Nigeria; and to investigate the effect of monetary policies on the business environment in the South-South zone of Nigeria. The methodology used for this study was a literature review. From the results obtained from the analysis, tax and monetary policies have an important role in influencing the business environment. On the basis of the results obtained, it was suggested among other things that the monetary authorities should adopt measures that will ensure adequate and easy access to finance for entrepreneurs. This may involve the lowering of interest rates charged on loans to startups and SMEs.