Economics of Population

The Philippines is known for being deeply family-centered, shaped by Catholic teachings that emphasize marriage, childbearing, and multigenerational family life. Traditionally, getting married and having children were seen as both cultural expectations and moral responsibilities. But today, a growing number of Filipino couples—especially Millennials and Gen Z—are choosing the DINK lifestyle or “dual income, no kids.” This shift challenges what used to be the unquestioned norm of immediate parenthood.  The DINK trend reflects how the political economy influences even our most personal choices. Understanding this shift helps us see both the challenges and opportunities ahead for the Philippines.

Tapi district was part of Surat district till September 2007. Erstwhile Surat district consisted of both intense urban agglomeration and most remote tribal areas. These extreme realities required completely different approach in managing such diverse areas in same district. Statistical profile of the district due to aggregation of data failed to highlight real condition of different area and provide alert for severe need for developmental efforts in some of these tribal areas. In this milieu, Tapi district was created by splitting five rural tribal talukas viz. Vyara, Songadh, Uchchhal, Nizar and Valod from Surat district. This newly formed Tapi district being part of tribal belt of Gujarat faces many developmental challenges on poverty, livelihood, displacement, education, public health, infrastructure, gender issues. It needs greater government support for progress on human development count.

This study is designed to investigate the factors influencing prenatal health status among women attending prenatal clinics in selected low income areas of Nairobi, Kenya. The main purpose is therefore to establish the prental health status of pregnant women in low income areas and how this has contributed toward the healthy development of the unborn baby. Literature reviewed indicates that there is an increase in both maternal and infant mortality rates among low income women, and the most affected are women living in urban slums of Nairobi, Kenya. The literature further indicates that accessibility in terms of escalating costs of obtaining adequate health care and poor infrastructure are among the main factors that lead to poor prenatal status of the expectant women. However, based on the Safe Motherhood conceptual framework, there is need to improve the health status of the expectant women.

We have already seen the concept of development and its measurements in chapter I. We will use these concepts and their measurements as guideline in understanding the depth and width of the problems of countries of the third world. Thus, this chapter gives a short account of the dimensions of the development problems of poor nations. These countries have both similarities and difference among them in economic, geographical, historical, political, social, cultural and institutional factors. Here, it is attempted to shortly familiarize the student with the diversities and common characteristic features of developing countries. The chapter is divided into two parts. We will start our discussion with the differences among developing countries and proceed to their common characteristic features.

Population is various form of living thing in a definite geographic environment which has specific habitats, living style and distinct social organization.
Ethiopia is a multi nation country, there are more than 80 nationalities speaking different language and have differ cultures.  The determinant /size/ of population of Ethiopia is in continuous process of change through the demographic process known as fertility, mortality and international migration. Fertility trend to raise size and growth population, mortality trend to decrease size and international migration is significant in changing population size. These are called variables that determine the level of population growth.
In Ethiopia rapid population growth  bring to a reduction in per capital income, social service provision, unemployment, dependency ratio, natural resource and environment degradation, job opportunity, basic need self sufficient provision of good and service and size of land available for  farming and housing. In Ethiopia, rapid population growth raises  question  such as  what and how economic , social and political  implication for level of living standard, freedom choice, investment  and saving , public service ,natural resource, social transformation ,food security, migration and infrastructure facilities  can be solved through process. In addition to high number of population growth as problems, social well fair, job opportunity and socio-economic development problem are bring Ethiopia to in LDCs with population growth and low improvement of economy.
Generally, in Bishoftu town under the continuing massive addition of people each year, the socio-economic development of the town affected and it is much more  difficult to make progress in reducing  poverty ,improving economic transformation ,creating sufficient  food supply, investment exposition, capital formation, creating more job opportunity, distribution of  social service, reducing migration from rural area, protection of natural resource and environment condition, reducing dependence ratio, facilitating infrastructure and raising production enough  to keep with population growth of town are the main issues of society. The general objective of this paper are to assess the determinant and over all issues of rapid population growth and its impact on socio-economic development.

We investigate the historical determinants of the education gender gap in Italy in the late nineteenth century, immediately following the country's Unification. We use a comprehensive newly-assembled database including 69 provinces over twenty-years sub-periods covering the 1861-1901 period. We explore the effect of economic factors such as contemporaneous measures of income and industrialization, institutional factors captured by the past domination prior to Unification, and sociocultural factors associated with medieval family types. Our focal variable is a proxy for the effect of medieval commercial routes, which is found to be positively associated with female primary-school attainment, relative to that of men, at the non-compulsory upper-primary level.

India's fertility is declining and at present the country is experiencing significant demographic transition. The fertility pattern at the district level shows robust spatial clustering of low fertility values and its spatial propagation with time. While the role of the socioeconomic characteristics in explaining fertility variations have been analysed in details, limited attention has been given to understand the role of space behind the rapid change in reproductive behavior. The present paper, thus, tries to highlight the importance of spatial factors in describing fertility transition in India. Employing geo-statistical tools the paper brings out the regionality in fertility pattern and also points out the contours of fertility decline in India. To judge the role of space in fertility transition, the study employs a comparative framework considering the structural factors along with the spatial factors. The result of an error analysis endorses that fertility diffusion seems to be well entrenched in Indian population though the nature of the diffusion may be anisotropic, resulting in striking regional patterning in fertility decline which is supposed to be associated with cultural factors, land inheritance system, cropping patterns, historical influences and socio-political institutions. Our findings taken together, indicates that space plays a crucial role in Indian fertility transition points to believe that individuals' location in the broad spectrum of individual, society, nation is more important rather than individual capacity building factors in order to describe the ongoing fertility transition in the country.

The purpose of the Economic History Working Papers (Quaderni di Storia economica) is to promote the circulation of preliminary versions of working papers on growth, finance, money, institutions prepared within the Bank of Italy or presented at Bank seminars by external speakers with the aim of stimulating comments and suggestions. The present series substitutes the Historical Research papers-Quaderni dell'Ufficio Ricerche Storiche. The views expressed in the articles are those of the authors and do not involve the responsibility of the Bank.

Provision of quality water continues to be a challenge in the developing Counties particularly in the informal settlements and Kenya is not an exception. This study assessed diarrhea disease attributable to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) among the under five in Kasarani, Nairobi County. The main objective of this study was to establish the association between diarrhea among the under five and Water, Sanitation and hygiene. To achieve this goal Kasarani was categorized into four study environs namely low density high income, Medium density middle income, high density low income and informal settlement low income. Structured questionnaire and hygiene checklist were used as data collection instruments. Association and significant differences between variables were determined using inferential statistics and Chi-square tests. To compare quantitative variables (ANOVA) test was preferred. This study determined that water consumed in Kasarani was a risk for childhood diarrhea (p=0.019). Tap water showed a significantly higher contamination 13.7% than household water container 7.2% for T. Coli Bacteria. The amount of water a household consumed per day was an important risk factor for childhood diarrhea (P=0.001). Overall, Age of a child (P=0.046), water treatment method (P=0.002), method of storage of solid waste P<0.001, quantity and frequencies of water supply (P<0.001) were also found to be the most important risk factors for childhood diarrhea. The study concluded that there was a relationship between childhood diarrhea and water, sanitation and hygiene in Kasarani. The study recommended that Nairobi water and Sewerage Company institute programs that will facilitate adequate and wholesome water supply to HDLI and ISLI residential environs respectively.

The purpose of the Economic History Working Papers (Quaderni di Storia economica) is to promote the circulation of preliminary versions of working papers on growth, finance, money, institutions prepared within the Bank of Italy or presented at Bank seminars by external speakers with the aim of stimulating comments and suggestions. The present series substitutes the Historical Research papers-Quaderni dell'Ufficio Ricerche Storiche. The views expressed in the articles are those of the authors and do not involve the responsibility of the Bank.

Provision of quality water continues to be a challenge in the developing Counties particularly in the informal settlements and Kenya is not an exception. This study assessed diarrhea disease attributable to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) among the under five in Kasarani, Nairobi County. The main objective of this study was to establish the association between diarrhea among the under five and Water, Sanitation and hygiene. To achieve this goal Kasarani was categorized into four study environs namely low density high income, Medium density middle income, high density low income and informal settlement low income. Structured questionnaire and hygiene checklist were used as data collection instruments. Association and significant differences between variables were determined using inferential statistics and Chi-square tests. To compare quantitative variables (ANOVA) test was preferred. This study determined that water consumed in Kasarani was a risk for childhood diarrhea (p=0.019). Tap water showed a significantly higher contamination 13.7% than household water container 7.2% for T. Coli Bacteria. The amount of water a household consumed per day was an important risk factor for childhood diarrhea (P=0.001). Overall, Age of a child (P=0.046), water treatment method (P=0.002), method of storage of solid waste P<0.001, quantity and frequencies of water supply (P<0.001) were also found to be the most important risk factors for childhood diarrhea. The study concluded that there was a relationship between childhood diarrhea and water, sanitation and hygiene in Kasarani. The study recommended that Nairobi water and Sewerage Company institute programs that will facilitate adequate and wholesome water supply to HDLI and ISLI residential environs respectively.

We investigate the historical determinants of the education gender gap in Italy in the late nineteenth century, immediately following the country's Unification. We use a comprehensive newly-assembled database including 69 provinces over twenty-year sub-samples covering the 1861-1901 period. We find robust evidence that female primary school attainment, relative to that of males, is positively associated with the medieval pattern of commerce, along the routes that connected Italian cities among themselves and with the rest of the world. The effect of medieval commerce is particularly strong at the non-compulsory upperprimary level and persists even after controlling for alternative long-term determinants reflecting the geographic, economic, political, and cultural differentiation of medieval Italy. The long-term influence of medieval commerce quickly dissipates after national compulsory primary schooling is imposed at Unification, suggesting that the channel of transmission was the larger provision of education for girls in commercial centers.

We investigate the historical determinants of the education gender gap in Italy in the late nineteenth century, immediately following the country's Unification. We use a comprehensive newly-assembled database including 69 provinces over twenty-years sub-periods covering the 1861-1901 period. We explore the effect of economic factors such as contemporaneous measures of income and industrialization, institutional factors captured by the past domination prior to Unification, and sociocultural factors associated with medieval family types. Our focal variable is a proxy for the effect of medieval commercial routes, which is found to be positively associated with female primary-school attainment, relative to that of men, at the non-compulsory upper-primary level.

Sex ratios in India have become increasingly imbalanced over the past decades. We hypothesize that when sex ratios become very uneven, the shortage of girls will increase girls’ future value, leading sex ratios to self-correct. Using data on children under 5 from the last four Indian censuses, we examine the relationship between the sex ratio at one point in time and the change in sex ratio over the next 10 years by district. Fixed-effects models show that when accounting for unobserved district-level characteristics—including total fertility rate, infant mortality rate, percentage literate, percentage rural, percentage scheduled caste, percentage scheduled tribe, and a time trend variable—sex ratios are significantly negatively correlated with the change in sex ratio in the successive 10-year period. This suggests that self-corrective forces are at work on imbalanced sex ratios in India.

Women well-being has number of socioeconomic and developmental implications. Early child development is directly linked with well-being of mothers and educated women demand lower children. However, the existing literature hardly focused this area, therefore, the current study has investigated the impact of women wellbeing on fertility and early child development. For this purpose, this study constructed women well-being index to measure the well-being of the women by using four dimensions, economic well-being of women, social well-being of women, political awareness of women and satisfaction of women in different aspects of life. Moreover, early child development index has considered as proxy for child development which covers four dimensions of early child development, literacy-numeracy of children, physical growth of children, learning of children and socio-emotional development of children. In this connection, the data was collected from thirty-six districts across the Punjab province, Pakistan. By applying descriptive and regression analysis, the study found that women well-being has positive association with all domains of early child development. However, women well-being and its dimensions have negative relationship with fertility. Therefore, improvement in well-being of women may a suitable strategy especially for developing economies to enhance early child development and to reduce demand of children.

Sciences. Created in 1955, the IFP is part of a network of research centres funded and supervised by the Division of Social Sciences, Human Sciences and Archaeology of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Since 1988 the Department of Social Sciences has been carrying out joint Indo-French research programmes in anthropology, history, demography, geography, sociology, by focusing on cultural and social changes. As the result of these programmes, the Pondy Papers in Social Sciences (PPSS) are a series of working papers to which IFP researchers and associated persons contribute (refer to the list at the end of the issue).

Previous work has demonstrated the potential for wheat market integration between the US and the UK before the ‘first era of globalization’ in the second half of the nineteenth century. It was however frequently interrupted by policy and ‘exogenous’ events such as war. This paper adds Canada to this story by looking at trade and price data, as well as contemporary debates. We find that she faced similar barriers to the US, and that membership of the British Empire was therefore not a great benefit. We also describe the limitations she faced accessing the US market, in particular after American independence. Transportation costs do not appear to be the main barrier to the emergence of a globalized economy before around 1850. JEL codes: N51, N53, N71, N73

Unemployment is persistently high in many European countries. It is frequently attributed to 'functional deficiencies of labor markets', even though to a large extent caused by demand and supply shifts in goods markets and financial markets. The PhD program Globalization and Employment therefore focuses on the employment effects of structural change and macroeconomic developments and encourages research by granting scholarships. The dissertation projects address topics such as new technologies, processes of internationalization and system transformation, endogenous finance constraints and various strategies of fiscal and monetary policy.

BACKGROUND: The human secondary sex ratio reportedly falls in populations subjected to exogenous stressors such as earthquakes or political and social upheavals. Explanations of the association include reduced conception of males and increased fetal deaths among males. The latter explanation has been supported by research reporting that the sex ratio in California fell 3 months, but not 8, 9 or 10 months, after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. California's distance from the attacks raises the questions of whether the results arose from chance and would be found elsewhere. We contribute to the literature by testing the association between the secondary sex ratio and the events of September 11 in New York City. METHODS: We replicate the California tests by applying interrupted time-series methods, which control for secular trends, seasonality and other forms of autocorrelation, to 91 cohorts born in New York City during 28-day periods from January 1996 to June 2002. RESULTS: As hypothesized, the sex ratio in New York City in the period 1 January to 28 January 2002 fell to 1, which was the lowest observed value during the test period and significantly (i.e. P < 0.01, two-tailed test) below the value expected from history. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the male fetal loss explanation of the association between exogenous population shocks and the secondary sex ratio.

Women well-being has number of socioeconomic and developmental implications. Early child development is directly linked with well-being of mothers and educated women demand lower children. However, the existing literature hardly focused this area, therefore, the current study has investigated the impact of women wellbeing on fertility and early child development. For this purpose, this study constructed women well-being index to measure the well-being of the women by using four dimensions, economic well-being of women, social well-being of women, political awareness of women and satisfaction of women in different aspects of life. Moreover, early child development index has considered as proxy for child development which covers four dimensions of early child development, literacy-numeracy of children, physical growth of children, learning of children and socio-emotional development of children. In this connection, the data was collected from thirty-six districts across the Punjab province, Pakistan. By applying descriptive and regression analysis, the study found that women well-being has positive association with all domains of early child development. However, women well-being and its dimensions have negative relationship with fertility. Therefore, improvement in well-being of women may a suitable strategy especially for developing economies to enhance early child development and to reduce demand of children.

The author presents a synthetic overview of recent efforts related to the small area estimation methods applied to the Polish Labor Force Survey (PLFS). The review concerns methodology and results obtained by Central Statistical Office connected with PLFS and National Census and some results obtained by the author of this paper. In the paper author discusses various methods of estimation together with evaluation of quality of such estimation. In particular the relationship between quality of Bayes estimates type and quality of a priori estimates and also type of applied method of estimation is presented.Referat przedstawia syntetyczny przegląd przeprowadzonych ostatnio badań, dotyczących zastosowania metod statystyki małych obszarów, z użyciem wyników z Badania Aktywności Ekonomicznej Ludności. Przegląd dotyczy zagadnień metodologicznych oraz wyników otrzymanych przez Główny Urząd Statystyczny, związanych z BAEL oraz Spisem Powszechnym 2002, jak również wynikami otrzymanymi przez au...

Riassunto: La convergenza del comportamento demografico in popolazioni caratterizzate da diverse condizioni socio-economiche presenta interessanti prospettive di analisi, sia dal punto di vista teorico, sia per la valutazione degli scenari demografici futuri. In questo contributo, dopo avere brevemente ricordato i presupporti della teoria della transizione demografica, descriverò l’evoluzione recente della fecondità dei paesi in via di sviluppo, cercando di sottolinearne sia gli aspetti di avvicinamento ai modelli occidentali sia le differenze e le eterogeneità interne. Sulla base dei dati stimati dalle Nazioni Unite e dalle indagini DHS, analizzerò i diversi livelli di fecondità alla luce di fattori individuali (istruzione) e di contesto (residenza). Alle analisi quantitative accosterò alcuni casi di studio con l’obiettivo di interpretare le determinanti dei processi di convergenza e divergenza.

This paper uses the 'access orders' paradigm developed by North, Wallis, and Weingast [(2009). Violence and social order: A conceptual framework for interpreting recorded human history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press] to analyse the case of the Italian North-South economic divide. In line with their framework, we collect and discuss several social and political indicators over the long-run, at the regional level. Firstly we looked at data on the preconditions for the establishment of an openaccess order, such as murders per capita (a proxy for control over violence), voting turnout and referendums participation (proxies for political legitimacy), and the impersonality of exchange. We then showed evidence of different access orders in the North and in the South, using the information on human capital formation, women participation in the labour market, and referendum results. On the basis of this evidence, we argue that, despite being part of the same State and subject to the same formal institutions, the North of the country progressively developed into an open-access order, while the South remained a form of limited access order. Institutional differences are linked to specific aspects of the economic performance of the two areas, thus the 'access order' paradigm appears to be an effective conceptual scheme to explain the North-South economic divide.

This essay examines Marx's style and argumentation to argue that Marx crafted a rhetoric of technology that has empowered critics and theorists to assert that he advocated a range of competing philosophies of technology. It analyzes Marx's use of monsterization and mechanization tropes to show how his technological writings can be associated with multiple conceptions of technology, including technological determinism, technological domination, social constructivism, and human/nonhuman assemblages. Monsterization is intended to mean the attribution of monstrous characteristics to things or people while mechanization is the attribution of machinelike characteristics to nonmechanical things. The essay then turns its rhetorical analysis toward Marx's argumentation to show how his use of contradictions has aligned his writings with technological neutrality, liberation technology, and political technology. Monsterization, mechanization, and contradiction thus provide the textual evidence for Marx's philosophical multiplicity while also articulating a wide-ranging rhetoric of midnineteenth-century industrial technology.

Women, Medieval Commerce, and the Education Gender Gap * We investigate the historical determinants of the education gender gap in Italy in the late nineteenth century, immediately following the country's Unification. We use a comprehensive newly-assembled database including 69 provinces over twenty-year sub-samples covering the 1861-1901 period. We find robust evidence that female primary school attainment, relative to that of males, is positively associated with the medieval pattern of commerce, along the routes that connected Italian cities among themselves and with the rest of the world. The effect of medieval commerce is particularly strong at the non-compulsory upperprimary level and persists even after controlling for alternative long-term determinants reflecting the geographic, economic, political, and cultural differentiation of medieval Italy. The long-term influence of medieval commerce quickly dissipates after national compulsory primary schooling is imposed at Unification, suggesting that the channel of transmission was the larger provision of education for girls in commercial centers.

The factors that influence the male to female ratio at birth are legion. Males are usually born in excess and stress decreases the ratio while wellbeing and good health tends to increase it. This paper reviews the multitudes of factors that have been implicated as affecting this ratio, from historical times to date.

Since the 1970s, debates on ''population growth'' and ''sustainability'' have fluctuated markedly between pessimistic forecasts and optimistic certainties. Nowadays, they have reached a strange, comfortable illusion according to which the demographic future of our planet does not seem to be a problem at all. Nevertheless, median population growth projections by 2100 indicate that an arrest of the increase by the end of the century is rather unlikely. The future prospect is made even more critical by the fact that the increase will occur in what can be called demographic ''Growing spots,'' strongly opposed to just as many ''Aging spots.'' In these terms, therefore, the future demographic dynamics will certainly pose a challenge to the ''population growth-sustainability'' combination, for which it will be necessary to develop a new paradigm capable of operating in a ''strong transcalar perspective,'' within a global space that will increasingly acquire characteristics of fluidity and changeability.

This article examines the rhetorical transformation of Malthus's concept of the "redundant population" into what Marx and Engels relabeled the "surplus population" and the "industrial reserve army." Three rhetorical functions can be observed in this transformation. First, the altered terminology served as a rhetorical marker for a place of theoretical disagreement about economic causality. "Rhetorical marker" refers to a subtle terminological modification that has manifold ramifications for meaning and understanding. Second, this reconstitution of the masses reinforced opposed assumptions about the relationship of people to technology, and third, it provided a type of embodied material proof for Marx's and Engels's revolutionary politics. Criticizing Thomas R. Malthus's Essay on the Principle of Population (1798), Karl Marx accused Malthus of committing "libel against the human race," "sin against science," and "shameless and mechanical plagiarism." 1 Marx's main objection to Malthus's population theory was that it abandoned the masses to a dismal capitalistic fate. Marx's barbs were not mere polemics about a topic ancillary to political economy. The population problem served as a focal point for the development of economic theory in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries for such writers as Malthus and Marx who drew attention to the increasing indebted, unemployed, and destitute masses. Moreover, Malthus based his entire conception of political economy on the population problem. And a half-century later in The German Ideology (1845-1846), Marx and Friedrich Engels named the physical organization of humans as

India’s fertility is declining and at present the country is experiencing significant demographic transition. The fertility pattern at the district level shows robust spatial clustering of low fertility values and its spatial propagation with time. While the role of the socio-economic characteristics in explaining fertility variations have been analysed in details, limited attention has been given to understand the role of space behind the rapid change in reproductive behavior. The present paper, thus, tries to highlight the importance of spatial factors in describing fertility transition in India. Employing geo – statistical tools the paper brings out the regionality in fertility pattern and also points out the contours of fertility decline in India. To judge the role of space in fertility transition, the study employs a comparative framework considering the structural factors along with the spatial factors. The result of an error analysis endorses that fertility diffusion seems to...

The goal of this study was to examine whether and to what extent sex ratio values at birth may have reflected social and economic inequalities in the Province of Poznań (German: Provinz Posen) in the last decades of the 1800s and early 1900s. It was assumed that maternal economic, social and emotional well-being differed according to the size of the place of residence (Poznań / town / village) and Celem pracy było sprawdzenie, czy i w jakim stopniu wskaźnik proporcji płci przy urodzeniu mógł odzwierciedlać nierówności społeczne i ekonomiczne w prowincji poznańskiej w ostatnich dekadach XIX i na początku XX wieku. W pracy założono, że ekonomiczny, społeczny i emocjonalny dobrostan matki różnił się ze względu na wielkość ośrodka zamieszkania (Poznań / miasteczko / wieś

Greater Brisbane, or Southeast Queensland, is the third-largest metropolitan area in Australia after Sydney and Melbourne. The current population of Greater Brisbane, as per the 2016 Australian Bureau of Statistics, is 2.27 million people and has been one of the most rapidly expanding metropolitan regions in the past few decades. The region's accelerated development has brought many social and economic benefits to its individuals and businesses, but the pace of urbanisation and population growth has made it hard for governments to protect environmental assets and keep up with the delivery of essential infrastructure and community services. Thus, this report aims to comprehend and analyse the population and household growth predictions from 2016 to 2046, using data assumptions that are likely to occur in the future. The report also describes the planning implications of Greater Brisbane’s likely future demography. The report is limited to business as usual scenarios and does not address the Covid-19 impact, as there is a lack of trustworthy background to support Covid-related assumptions. The report primarily focuses on the standard projection variant, as it assumes migration to remain constant, which is genuine compared to no migration. There will always be some form of internal migration taking place from time to time. The probability of no migration occurring is an exceptional case.

Started in May 1992, the Polish Labour Force Survey (PLFS) is one of the most important data sources to study the labour market dynamics in Eastern Europe. It is a typical rotating panel with a 2-2-2 rotation scheme. Similar to any other longitudinal survey, panel attrition, also due to measurement errors, is one the main shortcomings of the PLFS. This paper contributes to the analysis of panel attrition in longitudinal survey data in three ways. First, it shows that albeit limited at about 6.5%, attrition in the PLFS is systematic. Second, it shows that panel attrition can cause biased estimates of transitions in the labour market, giving the fake impression of low numerical flexibility. Third, it studies the determinants of attrition. A logistic estimate of the probability of panel selection across the November 1995 and November 1996 rounds of the survey shows that the probability of failing to match consecutive observations is higher among young highly educated men residing in th...

Riassunto: La convergenza del comportamento demografico in popolazioni caratterizzate da diverse condizioni socio-economiche presenta interessanti prospettive di analisi, sia dal punto di vista teorico, sia per la valutazione degli scenari demografici futuri. In questo contributo, dopo avere brevemente ricordato i presupporti della teoria della transizione demografica, descriverò l’evoluzione recente della fecondità dei paesi in via di sviluppo, cercando di sottolinearne sia gli aspetti di avvicinamento ai modelli occidentali sia le differenze e le eterogeneità interne. Sulla base dei dati stimati dalle Nazioni Unite e dalle indagini DHS, analizzerò i diversi livelli di fecondità alla luce di fattori individuali (istruzione) e di contesto (residenza). Alle analisi quantitative accosterò alcuni casi di studio con l’obiettivo di interpretare le determinanti dei processi di convergenza e divergenza.

This paper examines the comovements of construction in Italy&#39;s regions from 1861 to 1913. The dynamic correlations of the series&#39; deviation cycles decline in the case of buildings, remain very low in that of railways, and tend to decline in that of other infrastructure; the total-construction correlations instead peak in the 1870s, and again after 1900. Long-term comovements are examined by tracking the dispersion of the first differences of the measured trends. Increasing dispersion is obtained in the construction of buildings and of non-rail infrastructure; railway construction displayed a dramatic decline in dispersion, which dominates the aggregate.

The importance of population studies in Pakistan has been recognized since very ancient times. While population growth issues rarely grab the headlines in the media, it is imperative to note that Pakistan continues to be a victim of population growth. Employing the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimation criterion, the study seeks to uncover the determinants of population growth in Pakistan over the period 1960 – 2017. Diagnostic tests were carried out in order to verify the statistical appropriateness of the estimated model. Amongst other findings, the study revealed that a 1% increase in contraceptive prevalence rate will lead to approximately 3.53% decrease in population growth in Pakistan. The study, whose policy recommendations are four – fold, strongly; encourages the government to put measures as to reduce population growth in Pakistan.

This paper links between Beckerian literature that shows that marriage is a normal good with respect to male income and the literature that explores cultural changes as a result of exogenous events. I use the oil crisis of the 1970s as a positive shock on some males. The analyzed outcome is marital status at early twenties for women and at mid and late twenties for men. The probability to be never-married decreases in the American oil-producing areas immediately after the shock. This effect persists after the oil boom is over but longer for men than for women.

Our study showed no effect of 33-day war in Lebanon on sex ratio. More research is needed to explore other modifying factors for a better understanding of the complex effect of wars on sex ratio changes. (Fertil Steril Ò 2009;91:1571-3. Ó2009 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.

Becker, Glaeser and Murphy (1999) argue that 1) in densely populated societies the capital-dilution effect caused by a larger workforce is more than compensated by the positive effect on productivity of the increased specialization brought about by population ...

In this article we provide a simple model of the marriage market where singles search for spouses. In our model economy men and women live for many years and they differ in their survival probabilities, in their fecundity, and in their earnings. We show that modelling the marriage decision in a very simple model economy is sufficient to account for much of the observed marriage behavior in the United States in the year 2000. We conclude that gender differences in fecundity are all important in accounting for marriage behavior, and that differences in earnings matter little. We also conclude that, even though they are in short supply, the market power of fecund women is not enough for them to demand compensation in all cases. And that studying the marriage decision without modelling explicitly the roles played by age and by fecundity, as has been typically done by the previous literature, makes little sense.

Among first marriages in the United States, grooms are on average 1.7 years older than their brides. Traditionally, this fact is explained by sex differences in income. We use a general equilibrium, overlapping generations search model economy to show instead that sex differences in fecundity are essential to account for the age gap at first marriage, whereas sex differences in income play a secondary role. Our model economy also accounts for other facts on the timing of first marriages that the literature has overlooked. * Manuscript received November 2008; revised February 2011. 1 We thank J. V. Ríos-Rull, N. Guner, and several anonymous referees for many valuable suggestions and comments. We revised this article while Giolito was visiting Duke University, and he thanks the Department of Economics for the financial support, its faculty for their hospitality, and Seth Sanders, especially. We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia

We investigate the historical determinants of the education gender gap in Italy in the late nineteenth century, immediately following the country's Unification. We use a comprehensive newly-assembled database including 69 provinces over twenty-years sub-periods covering the 1861-1901 period. We explore the effect of economic factors such as contemporaneous measures of income and industrialization, institutional factors captured by the past domination prior to Unification, and sociocultural factors associated with medieval family types. Our focal variable is a proxy for the effect of medieval commercial routes, which is found to be positively associated with female primary-school attainment, relative to that of men, at the non-compulsory upper-primary level.

Women well-being has number of socioeconomic and developmental implications. Early child development is directly linked with well-being of mothers and educated women demand lower children. However, the existing literature hardly focused this area, therefore, the current study has investigated the impact of women wellbeing on fertility and early child development. For this purpose, this study constructed women well-being index to measure the well-being of the women by using four dimensions, economic well-being of women, social well-being of women, political awareness of women and satisfaction of women in different aspects of life. Moreover, early child development index has considered as proxy for child development which covers four dimensions of early child development, literacy-numeracy of children, physical growth of children, learning of children and socio-emotional development of children. In this connection, the data was collected from thirty-six districts across the Punjab province, Pakistan. By applying descriptive and regression analysis, the study found that women well-being has positive association with all domains of early child development. However, women well-being and its dimensions have negative relationship with fertility. Therefore, improvement in well-being of women may a suitable strategy especially for developing economies to enhance early child development and to reduce demand of children.

This study has investigated various socio-economic and demographic determinants of fertility across the districts of Punjab, Pakistan. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, population density, female literacy rate, employment rate and child mortality have been identified as determinants of fertility by using cross sectional regression. The results of this study indicate that Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita and population density have negative and insignificant whereas female literacy rate has negative and significant association with fertility. On the other hand employment rate and child mortality have positive association with fertility. According to results of this study, increase in female education and reduction in child mortality can be helpful to reduce fertility in the districts of Punjab.

The review-and-analytical article deals with the correlation between demographic transition and national security. The focus is on the countries of the former Soviet Union. It proves that along with two traditional approaches of population policy, i.e. prevention and overcoming of negative consequences of demographic transition, adaptation measures for demographic change are acquiring increasing importance.

The goal of this study was to examine whether and to what extent sex ratio values at birth may have reflected social and economic inequalities in the Province of Poznań (german: Provinz Posen) in the last decades of the 1800s and early 1900s. it was assumed that maternal economic , social and emotional well-being differed according to the size of the place of residence (Poznań / town / village) and Abstrakt celem pracy było sprawdzenie, czy i w ja-kim stopniu wskaźnik proporcji płci przy urodzeniu mógł odzwierciedlać nierów-ności społeczne i ekonomiczne w pro-wincji poznańskiej w ostatnich dekadach XiX i na początku XX wieku. W pracy założono, że ekonomiczny, społeczny i emocjonalny dobrostan matki różnił się ze względu na wielkość ośrodka zamiesz-kania (Poznań / miasteczko / wieś) i stan a r T Y k U ł Y grażyna liczbińska adam mickiewicz University, Poznań faculty of Biology https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0922-4612 email: [email protected] agnieszka sobkowiak adam mickiewicz University, Poznań faculty of educational studies https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1758-5343