Encoding and Decoding

Diplomatic negotiations frequently falter not only because of clashing interests but also because of profound gaps in the encoding and decoding of messages. This paper analyzes the Iran-United States relationship as a contemporary case in which contradictory public statements about "progress" or "deadlock" reflect deeper semiotic and cultural misalignments. Drawing on Stuart Hall's encoding/decoding model, Marshall McLuhan's assertion that "the medium is the message," and Jürgen Habermas's distinction between communicative and strategic action, the analysis demonstrates that messages in high-stakes diplomacy are never transmitted neutrally; they are refracted through cultural assumptions, historical mistrust, and multiple layers of mediation. Historical precedents-the Japanese government's use of mokusatsu in response to the 1945 Potsdam Declaration and Nikita Khrushchev's 1956 declaration "We will bury you"-illustrate how apparently minor translational or interpretive differences can produce catastrophic escalations. The paper argues that effective negotiation requires more than shared information; it demands a shared horizon of meaning. Without deliberate "translation between worlds," even sincere efforts at de-escalation risk being decoded as weakness, threat, or bad faith. The role of media and intermediaries is shown to be pivotal in either narrowing or widening these gaps. The conclusion underscores that, in an era of instantaneous global communication, the greatest danger to peace may lie not in deliberate falsehood but in systematic misunderstanding.

This research is a linguistics analysis of "Nafthat alMasdoor" by Shahabuddin Mohammad Zaidari
with a critical discourse approach based on the
analytical model of Yarmohammadi (1391) and
Van Leeuwen (1996). Discourse analysis reveals
the relationship between the text and the author's
ideology, and attempts to pay attention to the
general analysis of the text and its deep and
complex structure with a particular focus on the
nature of the use of language. Given that the
purpose of the critical analysis of discourse is to
decode the underlying layers of the text, the
findings of this research show that the author has
used the deletion component in addition to the use
of verbal and emotional expressions as the
dominant aspect of the work. At first glance, this
silence or gap in the discourse of concern refers to a
constantly delayed referent inducing the reader to
think of the author as an introverted person.
However, what is pushed to the margins is the fact
that despite his severe objection to Kharazmashah’s
court and its unfriendly atmosphere, Zaidari in fact
attempted to develop a corpus featuring his
contemporary events by arranging the pieces of his
works, consciously or unconsciously, in such a way
as to rely on a discourse consonant with his
thought. The corpus generally reflects a theme of
fate and determinism. The macrostructure of this
work prompts the readership to assume that in
shaping the unfavorable bitter end of this account
Zaidari's beloved king, Jalaladin Kharazmshah, and
his oppressed people could do nothing but succumb
to this doomed destiny.

Turkish beauty unites the country's rich heritage, from vibrant traditional styles to modern fashion. Natural ingredients like olive oil, rose water, and plant extracts are key in skin and hair care, underscoring an emphasis on natural practices. For example, a simple olive oil mask—warmed, applied for 15 minutes, and rinsed off—nourishes and hydrates the skin, making it popular among natural care enthusiasts. Turkish cuisine, rich in vegetables, grains, and healthy fats, supports both health and appearance, while Turkish baths (hammams) offer relaxation and renewal, reflecting the cultural value placed on self-care. Together, these traditions integrate nature, wellness, and personal style.

The rise of digital platforms has transformed media message production, circulation, and reception into a multi-actor process structured by algorithmic systems and platform architectures. This study aims to reinterpret Stuart Hall’s Encoding/Decoding model within the context of the digital platform era and to explain contemporary meaning-making processes through an expanded theoretical framework. While the analysis remains grounded in Hall’s typology of dominant, negotiated, and oppositional readings, it also incorporates the DLAE approach (De/encoding, Lincoding, Affordecoding, En/decoding) to render visible the technical, algorithmic, and behavioural layers shaping digital communication environments.

By integrating these perspectives, the study examines how data-driven content production, algorithmic linking mechanisms that connect users to content and communities (lincoding), and users’ interpretive engagements with platform affordances (affordecoding) collectively reconstruct meaning within a cyclical and dynamic process. Drawing on selected case examples from YouTube, the analysis argues that meaning on digital platforms does not emerge solely from the internal structure of media texts but is co-produced through algorithmic visibility regimes, user interaction patterns, and platform design logics.

The study further demonstrates that digital reception practices transform Hall’s original reading positions by embedding them within platform-specific architectures and participatory dynamics. Meaning-making is thus shown to operate at the intersection of content producers, algorithmic systems, and user engagements, challenging linear models of communication. Ultimately, this research offers an updated theoretical contribution to digital media studies by revealing that meaning on digital platforms can no longer be reduced to a single moment of production, but instead reflects a new cultural logic shaped by the continuous interaction of content strategies, algorithmic interventions, and user practices.

This chapter introduces a multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis model, well-tuned to the analysis of sound and music in the theatre in relation to other impulses like gestures, images, texts and spaces. This methodology facilitates discussion of the connections between direct auditory perceptions and other sense perceptions in narrativising music and sound. It combines analysis of listening modalities, as introduced by R. Murray Schafer and Barry Truax, with theories of music and sound as communicative affordance in discourse, like Lyndon Way and Simon McKerrell’s. One critical aspect of the method is that it can reveal the ideological aspects lurking behind the power of music and sound. For that purpose, the methodology incorporates Stuart Hall’s encoding/decoding differentiation which explains how we consent to certain dominant, hegemonic ideas in which both processes of encoding (intentional meanings at the production side) and decoding (possible interpretations) take place in line with national and geopolitical interests, or in other words, the dominant cultural order. The method is well-suited for the discussion of music(al) theatre in all its forms, but it has been also developed for other audiovisual media, like music videos or the use of music in TikTok reels.

This paper updates Stuart Hall's encoding/decoding model to examine the reproduction and contestation of dominanthegemonic ideologies in the digital platform era. While Hall's model analyzed television broadcasting within mass media systems, today's communication processes are fundamentally transformed by the rise of platform capitalism. A key contribution involves replacing Hall's 'relations of production' with 'social positions' to address intersecting systems of inequalities in a media environment where the boundaries between message producers and consumers have become blurred. Building on this foundation, this paper introduces four interconnected concepts: de/encoding (media/content producers' creation of messages based on extracted user data), lincoding (connection of users with messages, platforms themselves, and other users through algorithmic systems exercised by AI and platform workers), affordecoding (users' interpretation and utilization of platform affordances), and en/decoding (users' dual roles as message consumers and producers). The resulting DLAE (De/encoding, Lincoding, Affordecoding, and En/decoding) model provides a tentative theoretical framework for understanding how multiple dominant-hegemonic ideologies are maintained and challenged through digital communication processes. While acknowledging the intensifying reproduction of dominant-hegemonic ideologies through commercial platforms, the model simultaneously recognizes possibilities for user resistance and negotiation through interactive media technologies.

The Colombian mnemonic landscape constantly shifts, adjusting to local demands and transnational tropes and devices. In Colombia, many museums and exhibitions are places that bring to light the diverse mosaic of history and, especially, the legacies of more than four decades of armed conflict that has left millions of victims. Building on Rivera Cusicanqui's thoughts on decoloniality and applying Hall's encoding/decoding model, we examine how current decolonial conceptions of history as "heterogeneous historicostructural nodes" (Mignolo) have manifested in the Colombian National Museum practice. Based on our experience as curator, educator, and visitor, and paying particular attention to visual and other sensory aspects, we critically engage with current scriptwriting and the idea of the inclusive and transformative museum. We argue that this museum was pioneering new curatorial practices that questioned linear narratives of history, and offers critical, inclusive and fragmented narratives as well as multiple interpretative spaces around objects.

Objective: This study aims to identify the ideological dimensions of reading promotion and to explore how subjectivity and practice are discursively and ideologically constructed in the "book reading meetings".
Methodology: The research method is discourse analysis. The data were extracted from 21 texts related to reading promotion in the "book reading meetings", which were purposively sampled. Data analysis was conducted in MaxQDA 2020, using Fairclough’s tools for text and metatext analysis, in three levels: description, interpretation, and explanation.
Findings: The "presenter" subject is capable of identifying and accessing information, knows the methods to treat and prevent illness, and is familiar with the type of illness and the information required for the treatment and prevention of the "audience" subject. In contrast, the "audience" subject which is a potential or actual patient in need of treatment or prevention through information lacks the ability to identify relevant information, the nature of their illness, and the necessary information for treatment and prevention. As a result of the application of the "presentation" genre, the "presenter" subject positions themselves at a higher level than the "audience" subject, has control over the meeting process, and manages the flow of speech and turn-taking. The "presenter" subject is predominantly the speaker and conveys and introduces information to the "audience" subject. On the other hand, the "audience" subject occupies a lower position relative to the "presenter" subject, has limited control over the meeting process, is mostly a listener, and improves or gains immunity by receiving information about their illness.
Conclusion: Through the ideology of "reading promotion", the content of reading materials is represented as "information", whereas, in reality, the content of reading materials can contain both information and disinformation. The "presenter" subject is represented as the sole source of information, and the "audience" subject lacks this information; consequently, the "presenter" subject exerts dominance over the "audience" subject. The historical possibilities of the "audience" subject are disregarded. The possibility of critical engagement for the "audience" subject is rendered impossible. The transmission of disinformation, control of information, and manipulation of the "audience" subject's thoughts for the reproduction of social relations based on domination are facilitated. The social cause of what is represented as a person's illness is concealed. Although acquiring information cannot significantly affect what is represented as the person's illness, it is portrayed as if the lack of information is the cause, and that receiving information will treat and prevent the illness.

Ondel-ondel is one of Jakarta's most prominent cultures. It is a giant doll made of woods and decorated with cotton clothes and human-like embellishments. However, there has been a shift in the way people perceive its role. Ondel-Ondel, which was initially used in significant ceremonial contexts, has evolved into a tool for busking or street entertainment, or more commonly known as Ondel-Ondel Ngamen. At the moment, Ondel-Ondel Ngamen has captured big interest of online users on YouTube. There is a variety of comments on YouTube regarding the existence and representation of Ondel-ondel Ngamen. In this study, the author aims to evaluate YouTube comments regarding people's perceptions of the Ondel-Ondel culture. The author applies a qualitative approach by providing the data from the top-three Indonesian news-related YouTube channels; CNN Indonesia, KompasTV, and Metrotvnews. The dataset is taken from any other scholarly articles that support this analysis. In this study, the author utilizes Stuart Hall's encoding-decoding and commodification theories to evaluate how people perceive Ondel-Ondel, which has undergone a shift in function and value degradation. This study's findings indicate that Ondel-Ondel is vulnerable to commodification. It is no longer regarded as a sacred aspect of rituals or noteworthy occasions.

Menganalisis representasi eksistensialisme dan Kafkaesque dalam dua karya seni visual, yaitu lukisan The Scream karya Edvard Munch dan fotografi Untitled (Skull) karya Francesca Woodman. Dengan pendekatan teori seni dan filsafat, analisis ini mengidentifikasi elemen visual seperti warna, komposisi, dan simbolisme sebagai medium penyampaian tema. The Scream menonjolkan kecemasan eksistensial melalui penggunaan warna cerah dan garis-garis dinamis yang menciptakan suasana emosional intens. Sementara itu, Untitled (Skull) menampilkan refleksi kefanaan melalui kesederhanaan komposisi monokromatik yang introspektif. Kajian ini menyoroti peran seni visual dalam merefleksikan kondisi manusia yang kompleks, khususnya dalam menghadapi absurditas dan keterasingan hidup. Penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi pada literatur seni dengan mengaitkan elemen visual dalam karya seni dengan konsep filosofis, memperkaya pemahaman tentang seni sebagai refleksi pergulatan eksistensial manusia.

Background. Professional development and increasing the knowledge and skills of professors are necessary for the success of the efforts made in terms of improving educational systems. Meanwhile, psychological capital and reducing work-family conflict play a constructive role in achieving these goals. The current study aimed to investigate the potential correlation between psychological capital and work-family conflict and professional development among faculty members at Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
Methods. The current study employed a quantitative approach. The research method used was descriptive and correlational, utilizing structural equation modeling. The study focused on the faculty members of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in 2022. According to the statistical resources, there were 793 faculty members at the university during the mentioned period. As per Morgan's table, the sample size consisted of 260 individuals. The instruments utilized to collect the required data were a professional development questionnaire of faculty members developed by Davarpanah (2018), Luthans et al.’s (2007) psychological capital questionnaire, and Carlson et al.’s (2000) work-family conflict questionnaire. To statistically analyze the research data, SPSS software (version 23) was first used to verify the normality of the studied variables. To calculate the correlation coefficients between them, AMOS version 23 was utilized.
Results. According to the correlation matrix table, there was a significant correlation between professional development and psychological capital. Also, there was an inverse and significant correlation between work-family conflict and psychological capital, and there was a non-significant correlation between professional development and work-family conflict. The psychological capital coefficient of influence on professional development was 0.61, and work-family conflict had a -0.11 impact factor on professional development. Therefore, it can be stated that psychological capital has a significant relationship with professional development and work-family conflict has an inverse and significant relationship with professional development. The measurement models fit well based on the results of confirmatory factor analysis and assessment indices. The Cronbach's alpha value was 0.951.
Conclusion. Based on the results of the current study, it is concluded that the psychological capital play a vital role in professional development of faculty members. Furthermore, work-family conflict may cause the negative and noteworthy consequences in association with professional development of faculty members.

Children are the most vulnerable groups in society, and their adult standing is profoundly influenced by their formative experiences, mindset, and quality of interactions.The aim of the current research is to investigate the lived experiences of the childhood of imprisoned women and its continuation in their current situation. This research is a qualitative study and has been conducted using hermeneutic phenomenology method.The data of the study was collected using the theoretical sampling method with 25 women prisoners in the city of Karaj, with in-depth interviews, and finally, the collected data were encoded and analyzed in the form of 6 main themes and 24 sub-themes.The results of the research show that the experiences of insecurity, regret and failure, homelessness and lack of family support are among the adverse childhood experiences of imprisoned women.The interpretation of the imprisoned women from their childhood is as a dangerous life world, which continues in adulthood with the continuation of mental turmoil, stress and aggression, the continuation of childhood actions, delinquency and connection with the networks of deviation, the continuation of a tense family, incompatibility with the spouse and the absence of maternal affection.They believe that, like other children, they have not been able to use their capacities and have been abused by their parents and close friends. According to them, the prison and the violation of their adulthood is the continuation and repetition of their childhood violations. Finally, it is suggested to provide the necessary training by the responsible organizations, including mass media, family support centers, counseling, etc., in order to improve the mental health, increase awareness, and improve the performance of imprisoned women.

In this study, we attempt to understand discursive interrelationships among five professional job advertisements which are often used interchangeably, including educational technology, educational design, instructional design, learning design, and instructional systems design. The purpose is to better understand the distinctions, interactions, and overlaps of these disciplines using Encoding/Decoding Model over the discourses of the jobs’ announcements. We collected data using a social network analysis tool, NCapture, and imported to qualitative analysis software (i.e., NVivo) to conduct thematic analyses. For this study, 171 job postings in Twitter were captured by using NCapture as a Web-browser extension. Findings indicated that the relations between the targeted disciplines can be explained by Stuart Hall’s Communication Model (1980). Results can serve as a guide for scholars and students studying at the intersection of technology and education fields.

This qualitative research attempts to study the lived experiences of elderly women living in nursing houses of Khorramabad city in the field of social exclusion. To do this, we have used grounded theory to analyze the causal conditions, intervening conditions and consequences of elderly women's lived experiences of social exclusion. The subjects were selected through purposeful sampling from the residents of Haj Seddique and Farzanegan nursing house. The data were gathered by way of deep semi-structured interview. The findings show that the causal conditions of social exclusions are: women's lack of independent economic status (lack of financial support and loss of ability to work), decline of traditional solidarity in the family (decline of mothers' authority, generational gap, the growth of individualism) and the transformation of lifestyles (transformation of home's equipment, semantic change of family labor and the domination of gender bias). These are activated through some intervening conditions such as: extreme pessimism and feeling of loneliness. The first one is characterized by mistrust in society and internal vulnerability; and the second factor can be observed in nostalgia for a golden past and the feeling of being forgotten. It is in this way that they feel that they are dis-embedded from the life-world and thrown into the way of gradual death. So, they represent some symptoms such as silence/ aggressiveness, feeling of rootlessness and self-illness. Or, they believe in extreme fatalism and dying experiences.

For a three user Gaussian multiple access channel (MAC), we propose a new superposition block Markov encoding based cooperation scheme. Our scheme allows the three users to simultaneously cooperate both in pairs, and collectively, by dividing the transmitted messages into sub-messages intended for each cooperating partner. The proposed encoding and decoding at the transmitters take into account the relative qualities of the cooperation links between the transmitters. We obtain and evaluate the achievable rate region based on our encoding strategy, and compare it with the achievable rates for the two user cooperative MAC. We demonstrate that the added diversity by the presence of the third user improves the region of achievable rates, and this improvement is especially significant as far as the sum rate of the system is concerned.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of students' cultural, economic and social capital on their scientific identity. The research method was descriptive of correlation type. The statistical population of the study included all high school students studying in the academic year 2023 in Qom city; 64000 junior high school students as well as 30000 senior high school ones. Cochran's formula was used to calculate the sample of this study; therefore, 382 students were selected as the sample using cluster sampling method. At first, four schools including two girls' as well as two boys' schools were randomly selected from all high schools in Qom, then 191 male students and 191 female ones were randomly selected from those schools. To collect data, Bourdieu's cultural capital, Putnam's social capital (2000), Darfashan's economic capital (2013) and Vaz and Isaacson's (2008) academic identity questionnaires were used. Pearson's correlation coefficient and multivariate regression analysis were used to check the hypotheses. The findings of the research showed that students' cultural, economic and social capital have significant relationship with their scientific identity. Nowadays, emphasis is placed on the development of cultural capital and its promotion in order to reduce and control social issues such as environmental crises. The results of the research confirm the reproduction of cultural, economic and social capital, especially in the area of students' education and participation in intellectual cultural activities.

A Study of Baloch Women's Political Participation According to the Social Stratification of Baluchistan

Abstract
In any society the political participation of social groups is formed based on the social and cultural structures of that society, which makes participation reasonable or traditional. The political participation of Baluch women has also been formed on the same basis. In this regard, according to the present question, how has the Baluchistan stratification system brought the political participation of Baluch women under its radius? It was tried to study the political participation of Baluch women according to social stratification. The current research was conducted with a contextual method, as well as with a semi-structured interview technique and targeted sampling of eleven Baluch men and women.
The main goals of the research are to untangle the issues and problems of political participation in Baluchistan region. Identifying the effect of political participation on the social stratification process of Sistan and Baluchistan and finding practical and precise solutions for the political participation of women in the province to be used in the development strategies and prospects of the country.
The findings of the research show that the political participation of Baluch women has been under the influence of social stratification in Baluchistan. Despite the fact that the background factors such as: patriarchy, gender socialization, religious concepts and historical and mental backgrounds are similar, but women's participation has been formed according to the social stratifications of each part of Baluchistan region. According to social stratifications, including: tribal stratification in northern Baluchistan, caste stratification in central and southern Baluchistan, and economic and tribal stratification in coastal Baluchistan, which affects the political participation of not only women but all the people of the region.
This means that the political participation of women in the Baluchistan region in terms of qualitative understanding of this participation, has become a collective action by the influential and superior classes in this region.
Based on the contextual method and the central phenomenon obtained, i.e. "retrospection", the social stratification of the Baluchistan region, despite technological, educational developments, etc., is still based on its previous social stratifications, and there has been little change in the social stratifications of Baluchistan region.
On the other hand, such a tendency towards the past in the cultural structure of Baluchistan has caused the lack of meritocracy in political and social competitions; For example, the education and expertise of the candidates and participants does not play a significant role in the political equations of Baluchistan. Based on this,. In fact, we see a back-and-forth relationship between these two concepts, which fulfill each other in a vicious circle.
Although this research was conducted to investigate the political participation of Baluch women, the results of the qualitative research that focused on the hidden and more complex aspects of this participation described a model of participation that gives meaning not only to women, but also to the whole of political participation in Baluchistan society. In this context, women's participation is not based on their gender, but on the basis of belonging to certain classes and in some cases even as a tool at the disposal of that class.
According to the categories of the research, which have progressed towards becoming richer and broader explanations during the analysis of qualitative data, it seems that the social stratification of Baluchistan is based on "tribe" and "caste" in the form of retrospection, and the equations Power and political participation in the Baluchistan region are organized within its framework; As according to the originality of collectivism and the negation of individualism, patriarchy, inner self, etc., women and men of caste and class participate in maintaining the unity of the caste and class and its domination over other castes and classes, and for this purpose, They use their own special tools. Despite the fact that democratic tools such as: elections have existed in this region since the Pahlavi period, but sects and classes used it for sect and class interests, which during the periods of holding elections for the Islamic Council and the City and Village Councils.

مطالعۀ مشارکت سیاسی زنان بلوچ با توجه به قشربندی اجتماعی منطقۀ بلوچستان

چکیده
در هر جامعه‌ای، مشارکت سیاسی گروه‌های اجتماعی بر پایۀ ساختارهای اجتماعی و فرهنگی آن جامعه شکل می‌گیرد که مشارکت را معقول یا سنتی می‌کند. مشارکت سیاسی زنان بلوچ نیز بر همین پایه شکل گرفته است. در مطالعۀ پیش‎‌رو با نگاهی به این پرسش که نظام قشربندی بلوچستان، چگونه مشارکت سیاسی زنان بلوچ را تحت‌الشعاع قرار داده است، مشارکت سیاسی زنان بلوچ با توجه به قشربندی‌های اجتماعی بررسی می‌شود. این پژوهش با روش زمینه‌ای و تکنیک مصاحبۀ نیمه‌ساختاریافته و نمونه‌گیری هدفمند، دربارۀ یازده زن و مرد بلوچ انجام گرفت. اهداف عمدۀ پژوهش عبارت‌اند از گره‌گشایی مسائل و معضلات مشارکت سیاسی منطقۀ بلوچستان، شناسایی تأثیر عملکرد مشارکت سیاسی بر فرایند قشربندی اجتماعی سیستان و بلوچستان و دستیابی به راهکارهایی عملی و دقیق برای مشارکت سیاسی زنان استان تا در راهبردها و چشم‌اندازهای توسعه‌ای کشور به‌کار گرفته شود. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد مشارکت سیاسی زنان بلوچ تحت‌الشعاع قشربندی‌های اجتماعی بلوچستان قرار گرفته است. با وجود اینکه عوامل زمینه‌ای مانند مردسالاری، جامعه‌پذیری جنسیتی، انگاره‌های مذهبی و پیشینه‌های تاریخی و ذهنی مشابه هستند، مشارکت زنان با توجه به قشربندی‌های اجتماعی هر بخش از منطقۀ بلوچستان شکل گرفته است. قشربندی‌های اجتماعی عبارت‌اند از: قشربندی طایفه‌ای در شمال بلوچستان، قشربندی کاست طبقاتی در مرکز و جنوب بلوچستان، و قشربندی اقتصادی و طایفه‌ای در ساحل بلوچستان. این قشربندی‌ها درمجموع، نه‌تنها بر مشارکت سیاسی زنان، بلکه بر مشارکت همۀ مردم منطقه تأثیر گذاشته است.

IntroductionSocial order is considered as one of the first concerns of early sociologists and most of classic and modern sociologists have written about. According some works, social order and predictability in members of the society's interaction is based on common styles of thinking, feeling and behavior.  These common styles are known as social norms.  Norms like values are important elements of culture. Norms and values are transmitted through socialization and internalization. One of the most important norms is honesty. Honesty is the essential norm in the field of culture and endurance of cultural system of the society extremely depends on the honesty norm.In many social settings dishonesty is problematic. One of the critical fields of social action is the field of citizens and state interaction in income information submission which dishonesty is its main problem. Citizens' honesty with the government is very important especially when the government needs some informa...

جامعه پذیری سیاسی فرایندی است که از طریق آن فرهنگ سیاسی جامعه ازنسلی به نسل دیگر منتقل می گردد. میتوان جامعه پذیری سیاسی را جریانی مستمر در تمام طول زندگی دانست که طی آن شخصیت سیاسی افراد شکل میگیرد. عوامل زیادی در جامعه پذیری سیاسی افراد موثرند که از آن جمله می توان به خانواده، وسایل ارتباط جمعی، مدرسه و همسالان اشاره کرد. تحقیق حاضر در صدد بررسی نقش مدارس در فرایند جامعه پذیری دانش آموزان است که با روش تحلیل ثانویه و با استناد به منابع کتابخانه ای و اطلاعات و داده های پژوهش های پیشین انجام شده است. واقعیت ملموس آن است که فرهنگ سیاسی که محصول جامعه پذیری است، در نسلهای جدید روز به روز دورتر از ارزش های مشترک وفاق گرایانه شده است. این نشانگر نبود یک نقشه راه و پشتوانه پژوهشی نزد عاملان رسمی باز تولید فرهنگ سیاسی است. از سوی دیگر در جهان امروز تکثر در درون جوامع اجتناب ناپذیر است و امکان تحمیل فرهنگ سیاسی یک دست و فراگیر ایدیولوژیک در ایران غیر ممکن است. از این رو کشف و تقویت ارزشهای مدارا گرایانه و مردم سالارانه در خرده فرهنگ ها و استقرار آن به عنوان محور فرهنگسیاسی وفاق گرا می تواند رویکرد کاربردی چنین پژوهش هایی باشد.

One of the new scientific ways of understanding discourse dynamics is analyzing the public data of social networks. This research's aim is Post-structuralist Discourse Analysis (PDA) of Covid-19 phenomenon (inspired by Laclau and Mouffe's Discourse Theory) by using Intelligent Data Mining for Persian Society. The examined big data is five million tweets from 160,000 users of the Persian Twitter network to compare two discourses. Besides analyzing the tweet texts individually, a social network graph database has been created based on retweets relationships. Extending on the previous work, which has emphasized using centrality metrics to analyze social network influencers, we use the VoteRank algorithm to introduce and rank people whose posts become word of mouth, provided that the total information spreading scope is maximized over the network. These users are also clustered according to their word usage pattern (the Gaussian Mixture Model is used). The constructed discourse of influential spreaders is compared to the most active users. Then the changes of individual discourse have been evaluated for these two subpopulations over time, corresponding to this period's most important news. This analysis is done based on Covid-related posts over eight episodes from the end of January to mid-May-2020. Also, by relying on the statistical content analysis and polarity of tweet words, discourse analysis is done for the whole mentioned subpopulations, especially for the top individuals. The most important result of this research is that the Twitter subjects' discourse construction is governmentbased rather than community-based. The analyzed Iranian society does not consider itself responsible for the Covid-19 wicked problem, does not believe in participation, and expects the government to solve all problems. The most active and most influential users' similarity is that political, national, and critical discourse construction is the predominant one. However, the contrast is that the more scientific view (Medical Discourse) with the positive tonality is predominant for influential individuals. In addition to the advantages of its research methodology, it is necessary to pay attention to the study's limitations. Suggestion for future encounters of Iranian society with similar crises is given.

IntroductionSocial order is considered as one of the first concerns of early sociologists and most of classic and modern sociologists have written about. According some works, social order and predictability in members of the society's interaction is based on common styles of thinking, feeling and behavior.  These common styles are known as social norms.  Norms like values are important elements of culture. Norms and values are transmitted through socialization and internalization. One of the most important norms is honesty. Honesty is the essential norm in the field of culture and endurance of cultural system of the society extremely depends on the honesty norm.In many social settings dishonesty is problematic. One of the critical fields of social action is the field of citizens and state interaction in income information submission which dishonesty is its main problem. Citizens' honesty with the government is very important especially when the government needs some informa...

This article examines the relationship between fake news and social media as increasingly important sources of news, at a time when mainstream media no longer have exclusive control over news production and dissemination. It has been evident that few media outlets and professionals tend to draw conflicting news about COVID-19 from social media feeds, which are largely produced by common citizens with mostly no journalism training. This pervasive use makes social media key sources to scores of media outlets for news, whether it is related to COVID-19 or public affairs issues, even though it is susceptible to torrents of credibility and accuracy issues. As a result, of the overwhelming spread of fake news on coronavirus, which is contributing to framing events from several angles, media professionals are now obliged to track and vet information circulating on social media. Due to the scale of disinformation spreading on the Web, it has become imperative that the credibility and accura...

Introduction Religion influences the society in an interactional process with it and it can be considered as an important part of culture and among the most important factors affecting individuals' behaviors and actions. Commitment to religion can be drawn in to general belief and behavioral parts. In other words, we consider a person as religious when he has accepted belief issues and founds his behaviors based on his beliefs. Therefore, any deficit in each of these two dimensions can influence the other. Festinger names the deep gap between beliefs and ritual behaviors as cognitive discordance. The present study has tried to investigate the cognitive dissonance about religion using a social interpretivism. Using the grounded theory, a situational, particular, and deductive model of participants' understanding. This model in fact has been the reflection of evaluation and understanding of participants from the direction of the gap between theory and practice about religion. ...

Since the introduction of cyberspace into human life, various ways have been suggested for regulating it. In this context, self-regulation, in the sense of private regulation and decentralized law-making, has come to fore as an efficient way for managing the online world. This approach, as a function of the libertarian discourse, views national legislation ineffective in regulating the cyberspace. But the theoretical framework of this kind of self-regulation and its strengths and weaknesses are open to debate. This study, using a descriptive-analytical approach, considers the architecture of cyberspace to be a systematic link between different layers, issues, and actors, and as such a new frontier. Given this feature, selfregulation can be an efficient way of regulating not just the various layers and issues of the cyberspace but also its physical and infrastructure issues.

One of the new scientific ways of understanding discourse dynamics is analyzing the public data of social networks. This research's aim is Post-structuralist Discourse Analysis (PDA) of Covid-19 phenomenon (inspired by Laclau and Mouffe's Discourse Theory) by using Intelligent Data Mining for Persian Society. The examined big data is five million tweets from 160,000 users of the Persian Twitter network to compare two discourses. Besides analyzing the tweet texts individually, a social network graph database has been created based on retweets relationships. We use the VoteRank algorithm to introduce and rank people whose posts become word of mouth, provided that the total information spreading scope is maximized over the network. These users are also clustered according to their word usage pattern (the Gaussian Mixture Model is used). The constructed discourse of influential spreaders is compared to the most active users. This analysis is done based on Covid-related posts ove...

For a three user Gaussian multiple access channel (MAC), we propose a new superposition block Markov encoding based cooperation scheme. Our scheme allows the three users to simultaneously cooperate both in pairs, and collectively, by dividing the transmitted messages into sub-messages intended for each cooperating partner. The proposed encoding and decoding at the transmitters take into account the relative qualities of the cooperation links between the transmitters. We obtain and evaluate the achievable rate region based on our encoding strategy, and compare it with the achievable rates for the two user cooperative MAC. We demonstrate that the added diversity by the presence of the third user improves the region of achievable rates, and this improvement is especially significant as far as the sum rate of the system is concerned.

Rezaei [7], who introduced the first simple graph G, defined it as a quadratic residue graph modulo n if its vertex set is reduced, a residue system modulo n such that two different vertices a and b are nearby, and a 2 ≡b 2 (mod n). This initiates to study the present article, here we introduce a cartesian product of quadratic residue graphs F = G m •H n , where m and n are either prime or composite, and G m and H n are quadratic residue graphs, respectively. The aforementioned work suggests and evaluates the regular graphs that are produced from graph F and its adjacency matrix. In addition, we define and examine their generating matrices with the help of adjacency matrix of F. Also, in this article we define three linear codes that are taken from the graph F and the parameters of codes denotes [N, k, d], where N denotes length, k denotes the dimension which is taken from the number of vertices and d denotes the distance which is taken from the minimum degree. Moreover, we also introduce an encoding and decoding algorithm for the graph using binary bits which is illustrated with a suitable example. Finally, we test the error correction capability of the code by using sphere packing bounds.

This study mainly investigates the representation of Muslim women in online news. This article analyzes the data using Corpus Linguistics combined with Critical Discourse analysis (CL-CDA) supported by the topic modeling method. The data used are the news articles with approximately 50 thousand-word tokens. The selected news is news published in 2013-2021. The news was chosen because it can represent the social view of Muslim women since the news has the power to influence people’s perspectives. The results show that the direction of media representation towards Muslim women is gradually leading to a better direction. Factors that bring a negative image to Muslim women are generally due to the “black fashion,” which is associated with “terrorism.” However, modernization makes today’s Muslim women more critical. They have the freedom to express their opinion, take important positions, and support feminism and gender equality movements. The use of the niqab is generally prohibited in ...

در جریان جنگ جهانی اول و در پی نقض بیطرفی ایران از سوی دول متخاصم، پیامدهای ناگوار جنگ گریبان ملت ایران را گرفت. خشکسالی چندساله و کمبود ارزاق، قحطی و امراض همه‌گیر و کشنده نیز باعث مرگ میلیون‌ها ایرانی شد. اشغال کامل خاک کشور و نقض آشکار بی‌طرفی توسط بیگانگان، به بروز خساراتی انجامید که در شرایط صلح رخ نمی‌داد و بی‌تردید عملکرد متعرضان در خاک ایران یکی از دلایل تشدید قحطی 1296- 1298ش بوده است. اما شگفت‌آور است که اثری از این واقعة شوم در حافظة جمعی ایرانیان باقی نمانده است. سؤال اصلی این پژوهش این است که اکنون چگونه می‌توانیم با استفاده از حقوق بین‌الملل، جبران مافات کنیم و به ماندگاری این تجربة تلخ در حافظة جمعی ایران و جهان کمک نماییم. در این مقاله، اسناد و خاطرات آن دوران بررسی شده و نشان داده شده است که بسیاری از رخدادها بر اساس معاهدات بین‌المللی امروز و حتی معاهدات همان زمان مصداق «جرایم جنگی» یا «جنایت علیه بشریت» بوده‌اند. در پایان، چنین نتیجه‌گیری می‌شود که اگرچه طرح دادخواستی بین‌المللی برای پیگیری به‌دلیل اقتضائات سیاسی، در عمل ناممکن است، استفاده از بیان حقوقی این مسئله برای ثبت این ظلم تاریخی در حافظة جمعی ایرانیان و افکار عمومی جهانیان ضروری است.

In the era before the internet, memes could take the form of posters containing messages, invitations, and even propaganda. Propagandists manipulated those discourses and presented them at public events such as theatres and festivals. It has evolved into computational propaganda using media and popular memes in the modern era. Muslims are effortless targets for offensive memes, which have been going on for the last decade. This prejudice has become a familiar issue for internet users and vandalizes the image of Muslims and links Muslims to all social problems that transpire in society. This study examined Islamophobic theme memes transmitted on international memetic sites. Popular Islamophobic memes were analyzed using critical discourse analysis to break down the phenomenon based on visual, textual, and social motives. The findings demonstrated that the meme creators utilized the hottest issue to induce the ill idea of demonizing Muslim society and tend to alter the information in their favour. Memes with Islamophobia discourse often included provocative sentences that satirize the teachings of Islam accompanied by words that collocate with aspects of terror, terrorism, radical, extremism, violence, and abuse. That discourse influenced opinions and damaged the image of the target meme, and this method was remarkably efficacious, as evidenced by a large amount of support obtained on anonymous sites. In addition, this meme was distributed in anonymous forums, where this forum ensured the privacy of the meme's sender without worrying that his insults in cyberspace would affect the real world.

The protests of January 2018 are the samples of the emergence of new social movements in Iran. The characteristics of these movements are being non-ideological, lack of single leadership, dispersion, having a network structure among the members and using modern communication techniques on cyberspace platform. These protests travelled to dozens of points in Iran in a short time and led IRIB to react within two days of the start of the protests on 20:30 news section. According to the constructivist approach in representation theory, the media narratives of events are a representation within their ideological and discursive contexts rather than an objective account of reality, as the representation of the protests in the media can lead to the control and guidance of the protests, and increase the trust and reference nature of that medium. The study tried to examine the representation of the involved parties, internal and external officials, as well as the demands made at these gatherings in 20:30 news section one month after the start of the events, using the representation theory. The study used qualitative content analysis methods.This method section based on John Fisk's model in the study of visual texts. The combined model is presented for text analysis, which is a combination of the models of Selbi, Cadouri, Barthes, Fairclough and Van Dijk. The results of the qualitative section indicated that the image of the protesters in the most popular news section of IRIB is accompanied by approached presenting the protesters as “others” organized by enemies.

For a three user Gaussian multiple access channel (MAC), we propose a new superposition block Markov encoding based cooperation scheme. Our scheme allows the three users to simultaneously cooperate both in pairs, and collectively, by dividing the transmitted messages into sub-messages intended for each cooperating partner. The proposed encoding and decoding at the transmitters take into account the relative qualities of the cooperation links between the transmitters. We obtain and evaluate the achievable rate region based on our encoding strategy, and compare it with the achievable rates for the two user cooperative MAC. We demonstrate that the added diversity by the presence of the third user improves the region of achievable rates, and this improvement is especially significant as far as the sum rate of the system is concerned.

امروزه جهانی‌شدن رسانه‌ها علاوه بر فرصت‌های ویژه‌ای که برای جوامع فراهم نموده، بر پیچیدگی و فشردگی ارتباطات میان فردی و میان فرهنگی افزوده و تغییراتی را در فرهنگ زندگی افراد جامعه و هویت آنان موجب شده است. از آن‌جا که وجه غالب این رسانه‌ها، حوزه‌ی فرهنگ است، در نتیجه از قدرت و شدت بیشتری در شکل بخشیدن به هویت فرهنگی مخاطبان خود برخوردارند. پژوهش حاضر، به تأثیر رسانه‌های ارتباط‌جمعی جهانی نظیر اینترنت و تلویزیون ماهواره‌ای بر هویت فرهنگی دانشجویان دانشگاه کاشان می‌پردازد. مباحث نظری این مطالعه مبتنی بر دیدگاه‌های مارک پاستر، استوارت هال و جان تاملینسون درباره‌ی رسانه‌های نوین ارتباطی، جهانی‌شدن و هویت فرهنگی است. روش تجربی این پژوهش از نوع پیمایش بوده و جامعه‌ی آماری آن دانشجویان دانشگاه کاشان در سال تحصیلی 94-93 می‌باشد. حجم نمونه‌ی آماری نیز با استفاده از فرمول کوکران، 250 نفر برآورد شده است. نتایج به دست آمده بیان‌گر آن است که بین متغیرهای «مدت و میزان استفاده از اینترنت»، «مدت و میزان استفاده از تلویزیون ماهواره‌ای»، «استفاده از منابع علمی (فارسی) اینترنت» و «استفاده از برنامه‌های گوناگون تلویزیون ماهواره‌ای» با «هویت فرهنگی دانشجویان» ارتباط معناداری وجود دارد. همچنین در تحلیل چندمتغیره، به ترتیب «استفاده‌ی از منابع علمی (فارسی) اینترنت»، «مدت و میزان استفاده از اینترنت» و «مدت و میزان استفاده از تلویزیون ماهواره‌ای» بیشترین تأثیر خالص را بر «هویت فرهنگی دانشجویان» داشته‌اند.

The popularity of audio formats usually attracts the attention of intruders and criminals to use this medium as a cover for establishing their secret communications. The extensive use of this formats, along with various modern techniques, designed for audio steganography, can cause the cyber spaces to be insecure environments. In order to deal with threats, some audio steganalysis techniques have been presented that statistically analyze various audio formats, such as music, MP3, and VoIP, efficiently. Among the presented approaches, combining the techniques of signal processing and machine learning has made possible the creation of steganalyzers that are highly accurate. However, since the statistical properties of audio files differ from purely speech ones, the current steganalysis methods cannot detect speech stego files, accurately. Another issue is the large number of analysis dimensions which increase the implementation cost, significantly. As response to these issues, this paper proposes the percentage of equal adjacent samples (PEAS) feature, as a one-dimensional feature for speech steganalysis. Using a classifier, based on the Gaussian membership function, on stego instances with 50% embedding ratio, the evaluation results for the designed steganalyzer, show a sensitivity of 99.82%. Additionally, it can efficiently estimate the length of a hidden message with the desirable accuracy. Also, the PEAS steganalysis was evaluated on a database, containing classic music instances, and the results show an 81.2% efficient performance.

For a three user Gaussian multiple access channel (MAC), we propose a new superposition block Markov encoding based cooperation scheme. Our scheme allows the three users to simultaneously cooperate both in pairs, and collectively, by dividing the transmitted messages into sub-messages intended for each cooperating partner. The proposed encoding and decoding at the transmitters take into account the relative qualities of the cooperation links between the transmitters. We obtain and evaluate the achievable rate region based on our encoding strategy, and compare it with the achievable rates for the two user cooperative MAC. We demonstrate that the added diversity by the presence of the third user improves the region of achievable rates, and this improvement is especially significant as far as the sum rate of the system is concerned.

The issue of exploiting and nurturing entrepreneurial mentors is a new approach to the sustainable development of the entrepreneurship ecosystem. The present study was formed with the aim of developing ecosystem of entrepreneurship mentors and in this regard, while explaining the concept, has explained the ecological and environmental factors of its formation. This research is exploratory in terms of purpose, developmental in terms of result, and qualitative in terms of data type. Interview and questionnaire tools were used to collect information and confirm their quality. Content analysis methods were used to extract information from the interview data. Entrepreneurship mentors in accelerators in Tehran province formed the research participants. Sampling was purposeful and 11 participant were selected using the snowball method. Findings show that the categories of mentoring education, organizational and governmental factors in the dimension of formal factors and society and mentoring culture and mentoring family in the dimension of informal factors along with 12 concepts form the model of entrepreneurial mentoring ecosystem.

This paper presents a Fast genetic algorithm for solving Hydrothermal coordination (HTC) problem. Genetic Algorithms (GAs) perform powerful global searches, but their long computation times, put a limitation when solving large scale optimization problems. The present paper describes a Fast GA (FGA) to overcome this limitation, by starting with random solutions within the search space and narrowing down the search space by considering the minimum and maximum errors of the population members. Since the search space is restricted to a small region within the available search space the algorithm works very fast. This algorithm reduces the computational burden and number of generations to converge. The proposed algorithm has been demonstrated for HTC of various combinations of Hydro thermal systems. In all the cases Fast GA shows reliable convergence. The final results obtained using Fast GA are compared with simple (conventional) GA and found to be encouraging.

یکی از عرصه‌های مهم کنش که مسأله عمده آن، بی‌صداقتی و عدم توافق بر سر هنجار صداقت است، عرصه ارتباط شهروندان با دولت در ارائه اطلاعات درآمدی است. هدف نوشتار حاضر، برآورد میزان وفاق هنجاری صداقت با دولت در مشهد و شناسایی ساختار این توافق با دو مؤلفه موقعیت‌مندی و قطبیت است. نتایج پیمایش عاملی در نمونه‌ای تصادفی به تعداد 160 نفر از ساکنان مناطق مختلف شهر مشهد نشان می‌دهد که ساختار هنجار صداقت با دولت دارای قطبیت مثبت است و اکثریت پاسخگویان (65%) هنجار صداقت با دولت را به طور قوی یا ضعیف پذیرفته‌اند. در حالی که قطبیت منفی در این ساختار بسیار ضعیف است و تنها 5% پاسخگویان در موضع بی‌صداقتی کامل با دولت قرار گرفته‌اند. همچنین در ساختار هنجار صداقت با دولت، نوعی حالت دو قطبی دیده می‌شود. ساختار هنجار صداقت با دولت تقریبا به طور کامل، مشروط و موقعیت‌مند است و در آن وقفه هنجاری وجود ندارد در نهایت در بین چهار وضعیت دوگانه‌ای که پایبندی به هنجار صداقت با دولت را تحت تأثیر قرار می‌دهند (مجازات، افشا، منفعت و همنوایی)، تأثیر مجازات (جریمه شدن) بیش از سایر خصوصیات وضعیتی است.کلیدواژه‌ها:

Racism as a deep-rooted social oppression has negatively impacted the north-eastern people of India. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic since 2019, the north-eastern people have become the target in other parts of mainland India, thereby facing greater coronavirus racial attacks. The aim of the study was to explore and analyse the various forms of racial attacks and emotions associated with the act of discrimination among the victims of north-east India. The study was conducted on participants from the northeast region of India currently residing in other parts of mainland India. The results of the study highlighted some forms of racial attacks such as calling names with coronavirus, blamed to spread the virus, compelled to leave the apartments and pulling mask by walking away from the north-eastern people. Moreover, six different emotions were identified among the participants such as anger, anxiety, sadness, shock, embarrassment and fear associated with the racial act. Racism can damage...