Environmental Planning and Design

The construction sector is responsible for the 40% of consumed resources, 40% of CO2 emissions, and approximately 40% of construction and demolition waste. For the assessment of the building, there exists a standardized method, life cycle assessment (LCA), however, the process requires time, cost, and most importantly expertise. In this paper, a method is proposed and analyzed for the life cycle assessment of the building for the embodied carbon in the three stages, construction, operation, and demolition. Moreover, the result of the analysis is considered as the base result, and de-carbonization strategies identified through literature study for the three stages of construction, operation, and demolition are assessed with the same method to know how much each strategy will be effective in minimizing the embodied carbon. For the base case, a high-rise residential building in an urban region of India is analyzed, based on existing conditions through the building information modeling ...

Nell’ambito del progetto PONa3_00363 I‐AMICA (Infrastruttura di Alta tecnologia per il Monitoraggio Integrato Climatico‐Ambientale), fondato sull’attivazione di interventi di adeguamento e rafforzamento infrastrutturale nelle Regioni di Convergenza, al fine di promuovere e sviluppare strutture ed attrezzature utili per il monitoraggio del clima e dell’ambiente nella Regione del Mediterraneo e in altre aree sensibili del Pianeta, l’Obiettivo Realizzativo 4.4 (Processi di interfaccia biosfera‐idrosfera e funzionalita degli ecosistemi costieri) ha avuto come scopo l’acquisizione di conoscenze avanzate sulle dinamiche e/o variazioni nel tempo degli ecosistemi marino-costieri in relazione ai processi fisici, chimici e biologici che caratterizzano il loro habitat per identificare e definire nuove metodologie di monitoraggio in relazione alle specifiche caratteristiche dell’area di studio indagata, sia dal punto di vista tecnico che scientifico. L’attivita svolta, nei tre anni del progetto...

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis peran dan efektivitas Dana Desa dalam mendukung pembangunan masyarakat pedesaan di Indonesia dalam era otonomi daerah. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi literatur (literature review) dengan mengkaji berbagai jurnal ilmiah, regulasi pemerintahan, buku, dan hasil penelitian terdahulu yang relevan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengalokasian Dana Desa secara signifikan berkontribusi pada peningkatan infrastruktur fisik, penguatan kapasitas kelembagaan desa, serta stimulasi aktivitas ekonomi lokal melalui program pemberdayaan. Namun demikian, efektivitas pemanfaatan dana tersebut masih dihadapkan pada beberapa tantangan utama, seperti keterbatasan kapasitas sumber daya manusia (SDM) aparatur desa, tata kelola administrasi yang belum optimal, serta rendahnya partisipasi aktif masyarakat dalam proses perencanaan. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan strategi penguatan kompetensi perangkat desa secara berkelanjutan, transparansi pelaporan fiskal, dan peningkatan literasi masyarakat untuk mewujudkan pembangunan desa yang mandiri dan berkelanjutan.

This paper examines the relationship between environmental design and human physiological function, with particular focus on the role of mechanical loading in maintaining metabolic health. Drawing upon evidence from human spaceflight, it argues that the removal or reduction of load-bearing activity leads to predictable and systemic biological decline. The International Space Station (ISS) provides an extreme case study in which gravitational loading is almost entirely absent. In this environment, astronauts experience rapid deterioration across multiple systems, including muscle atrophy, bone demineralisation, impaired coordination, and reduced insulin sensitivity, despite carefully controlled nutrition and structured exercise countermeasures.

Decentralization is one of the important policies in the Indonesian governmental system aimed at granting broader authority to local governments in managing governmental affairs according to local community needs. Through decentralization, local governments and village administrations have greater opportunities to implement development programs that are oriented toward community interests. One of the main objectives of decentralization is to improve community welfare through the empowerment of rural communities as key actors in development. Community empowerment is essential because rural communities play a strategic role in supporting economic, social, cultural, and environmental development. This study aims to analyze the role of decentralization in community empowerment, identify its benefits and challenges, and examine efforts to enhance the effectiveness of village community empowerment. The research uses a literature review method by examining books, scientific journals, articles, and regulations related to decentralization and rural development. The findings indicate that decentralization provides significant opportunities for rural communities to participate in development through increased village authority, village fund management, and strengthened community institutions. However, the implementation of community empowerment still faces challenges such as limited human resources, low community participation, and less-than-optimal management of development programs. Therefore, strengthening the capacity of village governments and communities is necessary to achieve sustainable village development goals.

Decentralization is one of the important policies in the Indonesian governmental system aimed at granting broader authority to local governments in managing governmental affairs according to local community needs. Through decentralization, local governments and village administrations have greater opportunities to implement development programs that are oriented toward community interests. One of the main objectives of decentralization is to improve community welfare through the empowerment of rural communities as key actors in development. Community empowerment is essential because rural communities play a strategic role in supporting economic, social, cultural, and environmental development. This study aims to analyze the role of decentralization in community empowerment, identify its benefits and challenges, and examine efforts to enhance the effectiveness of village community empowerment. The research uses a literature review method by examining books, scientific journals, articles, and regulations related to decentralization and rural development. The findings indicate that decentralization provides significant opportunities for rural communities to participate in development through increased village authority, village fund management, and strengthened community institutions. However, the implementation of community empowerment still faces challenges such as limited human resources, low community participation, and less-than-optimal management of development programs. Therefore, strengthening the capacity of village governments and communities is necessary to achieve sustainable village development goals.

Discipline of urban planning only developed around a century back with the first academic school at the University of Liverpool in 1909. However, the theory of this discipline is relatively older and might date to varying timelines around various parts of the world. However, modern urban planning discipline has got birth in the US and Western Europe. Early development in the theory of urban planning develops challenges for the cities. In response to such challenges, the planning approaches seem to adapt to the needs of emerging regimes evident from the high-scale urban renovation of Paris by Haussmann. This is called the Progressive Model of Planning wherein planners of the time struggled to deal with the challenges imparted by the Industrial Revolution through scientific and engineering-based knowledge. Early urban planning efforts were mostly anarchist movements that reacted to the social issues of the time and include Garden City, Radiant City, Broadacre, etc. This study sought t...

Para Arancha Muñoz el Paisaje es un bien de todos los ciudadanos, que no solamente pertenece al mundo de la sostenibilidad del territorio y la calidad de vida en él, sino también es un patrimonio cultural de la población. Estas son las máximas con las que Arancha, arquitecta y especialista en Paisaje por la Universidad de Harvard acomete, tanto sus proyectos como sus Planes de paisaje y del territorio.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of flood mitigation policies in Ogoansam Village, Palasa Subdistrict, Parigi Moutong Regency, using George C. Edward III's theory of policy implementation, which encompasses communication, resources, disposition, and bureaucratic structure. This study employs a qualitative approach with data collection techniques including interviews, observation, and documentation. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of flood mitigation policies in Ogoansam Village has proceeded fairly well, though it still faces several challenges. Regarding communication, the village government has conducted public awareness campaigns on flood mitigation through village meetings and community service activities. In terms of resources, there remain limitations in infrastructure and budget to support flood mitigation efforts. In terms of disposition, village government officials and the community have demonstrated commitment to flood mitigation efforts through active participation in environmental cleanup activities and the normalization of waterways. Regarding bureaucratic structure, coordination between the village government and relevant agencies is already in place, though it is not yet optimal. The implementation of this policy has had a positive impact on increasing community awareness regarding environmental conservation and reducing flood risks in Ogoansam.

This chapter examines how moral values shape conflicts over public beach access in Brazil and beyond. Although beaches are constitutionally public, they are increasingly appropriated through condos, beach bars, and resorts. Drawing on cases from Brazil, Italy, and Australia, we show that access depends not only on law but also on moral and symbolic orders defining legitimate uses of coastal space. Moralities around family, safety, and celebration legitimize or condemn economic activities on the sands. These symbolic boundaries determine who benefits from the public nature. Understanding these moral economies clarifies how public spaces are redefined amid market expansion and cultural heritage claims.

'In 1862, Thomas Huxley published his classic Man’s Place in Nature. In justifying the title and contents of this book, he wrote of a recurring “question of questions” for humankind; a problem “which underlies all others and is more deeply interesting than any other.” He identified this problem as “the ascertainment of the place which man occupies in nature, and of his relationship to the universe of things.” An important corollary of this problem was “What are the limits of our power over nature?” ...'

Aspek pembiayaan merupakan hal yang penting dalam pembangunan desa. Tersedianya dana yang cukup adalah konsekuensi logis dari pemberian kewenangan dan tuntutan dari pelaksanaan pembangunan desa. Hal ini sejalan dengan pendapat yang mengatakan bahwa "autonomy" indentik dengan "automoney" (Wasistiono, 2007). Artinya adalah untuk mengatur dan mengurus rumah tangganya sendiri, desa membutuhkan dana atau biaya yang memadai sebagai dukungan pelaksanaan kewenangan yang dimilikinya Pembiayaan merupakan faktor essensial dalam mendukung penyelenggaraan otonomi desa sebagaimana juga pada penyelenggaraan otonomi daerah. Karena itu pemerintah pusat telah mengamanatkan kepada pemerintah daerah 27

The author has applied Islamic pedagogy in a modern college. It achieved 69 percent improvement in overall student performance and 40 percent in learning motivation. He derived this pedagogy from Islamic approach, specifically 130 Verses and 40 Hadith. This book presents the Islamic Pedagogy in Modern Times, including its motivation, derivation and application. The book seeks to bridge the gap between the spiritual yearning and the needed market skills in the classrooms today, worldwide.

The author has applied Islamic pedagogy in a modern college. It achieved 69 percent improvement in overall student performance and 40 percent in learning motivation. He derived this pedagogy from Islamic approach, specifically 130 Verses and 40 Hadith. This book presents the Islamic Pedagogy in Modern Times, including its motivation, derivation and application. The book seeks to bridge the gap between the spiritual yearning and the needed market skills in the classrooms today, worldwide.

There is a sizable literature about the factors shaping park visitation and use -especially for urban parks, including (i) geographic (e.g. proximity), (ii) socio-cultural (e.g. population characteristics) and to a lesser extent, (iii) individual psychometric factors (e.g. attitudes and values). Yet comparatively little is known about how factors related to distance may affect peri-urban national park use, particularly outside the United States. This paper reports on research investigating distance-related factors affecting use of a peri-urban national park in Brisbane, Australia. This study found that older visitors live closer to the park while younger visitors travel further to use it. Surprisingly, travel distance did not vary with the type of recreational activities that users were conducting in the park. These results have implications for park planning and management including user demand for different recreational activities in peri-urban national parks. Results are useful for scholars using distance decay models to explain travel behavior, evidencing the empirical veracity of the model in different places and across different service types. The findings are especially important for geographers because they demonstrate that assumptions about uniform park catchments may be unsupported and need to be empirically validated.

Reciclo Solidário: Productive Social Circularity as an Emerging Paradigm for Integrating Waste, Social Inclusion, and the Creative Economy* presents an innovative systemic approach that connects environmental sustainability, productive inclusion, territorial development, and the creative economy within a single regenerative model. The work critically analyzes the limitations of the traditional linear economy and proposes Productive Social Circularity as a new paradigm capable of transforming waste into economic assets, vulnerable populations into productive agents, and territories into sustainable structures of continuous value generation.

The study argues that contemporary environmental crises cannot be separated from social inequality and territorial fragmentation. In response, the RECICLO SOLIDÁRIO model integrates recycling, community organization, productive reuse, social innovation, and local economic activation into a collaborative and regenerative framework. By combining sustainability with human development, the model expands the traditional concept of the circular economy and introduces a socially integrated perspective centered on dignity, inclusion, and territorial intelligence.

This work contributes to debates on sustainable development, social economy, circular economy, and creative economy by offering both a theoretical and operational proposal for reorganizing production systems through environmental regeneration, productive participation, and collective resilience.

We don't remember spaces the way we think we do not by their dimensions, not by their materials, not even by their design. We remember them by something far less visible: a feeling. Architecture is most often encountered through drawings, plans, sections, elevations yet the spaces that stay with us rarely exist in these abstractions. When we recall a place, we don't recall it as architects. We remember it as humans. "That's where I used to sit." "That corner had the best light." "It felt peaceful there." This disconnect reveals something important: A space is not remembered for what it is, but for how it was lived. "We perceive the atmosphere through our emotional sensibility, a kind of bodily and emotional organ of perception." Peter Zumthor, Atmospheres, 2006 ¹1 For Zumthor, the atmosphere is not decoration. It is the primary material of architecture and it is felt before it is seen. His Therme Vals (1996) in Switzerland is perhaps the clearest

As a sustainable substitute for traditional petrochemical-based plastics, this study explores the creation and improvement of biodegradable PLA-PHB (polylactic acid-polyhydroxybutyrate) blends for pharmaceutical packaging applications. Solvent casting was used to create a variety of formulations (F1-F7) with varying compositional ratios, and their mechanical, thermal, barrier, biological, and environmental performance were assessed. According to the study, PLA-rich blends had minimal migration characteristics, excellent tensile strength, and thermal stability, which made them appropriate for rigid packaging with a long shelf life. PHB-rich blends, on the other hand, showed improved biodegradability, encouraging eco-friendly disposal. The addition of amber-modified formulations enhanced their antibacterial and UV protection qualities, making them perfect for medicinal goods that are sensitive to light. Extensive evaluation tests, such as DSC, TGA, antibacterial activity, and stability investigations, verified that optimized blends like F2, F4, and F6 satisfy crucial pharmaceutical standards of durability, safety, and sterility. Overall, the study shows that PLA-PHB blends are promising, environmentally friendly materials that can take the place of traditional polymers in pharmaceutical packaging while maintaining performance effectiveness and regulatory compliance.

Nei primi anni Cinquanta, la novità in ambito alberghiero è rappresentata dalla realizzazione delle strutture di media categoria e dei villaggi turistici. Fin dagli esordi, il Touring Club Italiano organizza vacanze sociali, inizialmente piuttosto spartane in campi tendati, ma improntate alla
scoperta di località incontaminate, suggestive e selvagge, ancora prive di attrezzatura alberghiera.
D’altra parte, ciò stimola la valorizzazione di tali luoghi, fino a comportare, anche a seguito dello sviluppo della casa unifamiliare e dell’edilizia economica, la realizzazione dei veri e propri villaggi turistici, le cui vicende sono costantemente promosse dal Touring attraverso un apprezzato e seguìto organo a stampa: la rivista «Turismo e alberghi».
Tra gli episodi segnalati vi è il villaggio sul Monte Faito, su progetto di Piccinato, tra le coste sorrentina e amalfitana, raggiungibile tramite l’innovativo mezzo della funivia, il cui Grand Hotel è progettato da Marcello Canino.
Ampio spazio è dedicato anche ai villaggi al mare, come in particolare quello a Stromboli, dove si assiste a un interessante caso di ‘riuso’ ai fini turistici delle case abbandonate per l’esodo migratorio, o alle Tremiti, dove si costituisce la prima struttura ricettiva delle isole, inaugurata da Cesare Chiodi.
Nonostante le mutate contingenze storiche, con la trasformazione sempre più invasiva dei luoghi, nei villaggi del Touring prevale lo stretto contatto con la natura.

Bu makale günümüzde endişe verici boyutlara gelmiş bulunan çevresel yıkımlar karşısında, edebiyat ve kültür metinlerinin incelenmesinde restorasyon çevreci eleştirisini mercek altına almaktadır. Yeryüzünün biyotik topluluklarına ve ekosistemlere gelen yıkımı ve onarımını ele almasını önerdiğim restorasyon çevreci eleştirisi için bu çalışmada, restorasyonun yazın dünyasındaki başlıca temsillerini ele almaktayım. Ekolojik restorasyon hareketi kapsamında toplumların, tabandan gelen yeşillendirme faaliyetlerini hızlandırdığına, tehdit altındaki türlerin yeniden kazanıldığına, daha verimli topraklar, gıda güvenliği ve insan/doğa sağlığı için arazilerin geniş çaplı onarımına dahil olduklarını görüyoruz. Var olan çevreci eleştiri ekolleri yıllar içinde çevre farkındalığına büyük oranda katkı sağlamış olsalar da bu makale, peyzajlardan ve yerel çevre tarihinden ilham almış edebiyat ve kültür metinlerinin aktif katılımlı çevrecilik ekseninde çalışılması gereğine parmak basmaktadır. Makale, tarafımdan kuramsallaştırılan söz konusu çevreci eleştiri yaklaşımıyla, insan kaynaklı çevre tahribatı olan yörelerin toplum temelli restorasyon çabaları üzerine eserleri incelemektedir. Makale, Birleşmiş Milletler Ekosistem Restorasyonu On Yılı’nda, çevreci eleştirmenlerin, arazilerin ve yerel türlerin onarımına nasıl katkı sunacaklarına dair öneriler getirip, örneklemeyi Freeman House’ın Totem Salmon [Totem Somon] ve Mustafa Sarı’nın Vazgeçme adlı, çeyrek asrı kapsayan restorasyon anlatılarıyla göstermektedir.

This study is a theoretical investigation conducted within a qualitative research framework, examining how silence operates as a constitutive component of the sensory atmosphere in the formation of sacred space experience. Within this scope, the concepts of sacred space, atmosphere, and silence are addressed through conceptual and descriptive analysis grounded in architectural and interior architecture literature. The study does not rely on empirical data collection; instead, phenomenological approaches form the theoretical foundation of the research. The conceptual framework is structured around Zumthor's understanding of atmosphere, Eliade's conception of sacred space, Otto's notion of sacred experience, Böhme's approach to sensory atmosphere, and Pallasmaa's emphasis on embodied perception. In this context, silence is examined as a multilayered phenomenon experienced in sacred space across three interconnected levels: physical, sensory, and spiritual. The findings indicate that silence emerges as a structural component of atmosphere at the intersection of spatial order, bodily awareness, and faith-related layers of meaning. Accordingly, the "Diagram of the Physical, Sensory, and Spiritual Dimensions of Silence in Sacred Space" offers a conceptual framework for understanding the role of silence in sacred space design and proposes a theoretical perspective for rethinking sensory atmosphere within the context of interior architecture.

Purpose
The front-end phase plays an important role in achieving project success, and establishment of performance measurement systems considering project challenges or pitfalls is a way of keeping track of this phase. Early warning signs, a type of proactive performance indicators, may serve as means for improving decision-making and project processes aiming for short- and long-term project success. In this paper, the authors present findings from a study on early warning signs (EWS) in hospital projects' front-end. A preliminary systematisation of identified signs as a contribution to front-end improvement is provided.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper is based on a mixed methods approach, using a sequential, exploratory research design comprising document studies, interviews and a survey.

Findings
The authors identified 62 challenges for hospital projects' front-end performance and further established four categories of EWS as follows: (1) structure and tools, (2) context and frame factors, (3) management and (4) relational factors and properties. This mirrors the presence of hard and soft issues from previous studies. There is need for clarifying terminology and raising consciousness on EWS. Processual approaches to identify EWS are considered more useful than subsequent established indicators.

Originality/value
The findings from this paper provide insight into EWS in hospital projects' front-end phase. This adds to the general understanding of EWS and contributes to more knowledge on the front-end phase in general.

Cite as: Larsen ASA, Karlsen AT, Lund J, Andersen BS (2022), "Assessment of early warning signs in hospital projects' front-end phase". International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, Vol. 15 No. 2 pp. 299–323, doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMPB-06-2021-0156

The report “Bioregional Planning in South East Queensland: Where and How Does [Or Will] it Work?” analyses a critical structural flaw in the planning architecture of South East Queensland (SEQ). It identifies a systemic misalignment between Commonwealth environmental reforms, the State’s bioregional pilot, and the SEQ Regional Plan.

Core Thesis
The current system operates within an “inter-scalar architecture” where nested hierarchies (Commonwealth, State, and local) often work at cross-purposes. This creates a “town planning loop” that facilitates environmental degradation through urban sprawl, as the natural landscape is used as a “relief valve” for systemic failures in urban planning.

Lake Urmia, once one of the world's largest saltwater lakes and a crucial ecological and cultural landmark in Iran, has suffered severe degradation due to environmental mismanagement, climate change, and unsustainable development. This ecological crisis has led to significant habitat loss, biodiversity decline, and socioeconomic disruptions, including the fragmentation of communities on opposite shores. The urgency of addressing these challenges highlights the need for integrated conservation and restoration strategies that balance ecological sustainability with regional development. In addition to the substantial loss of habitat and biodiversity, this ecological crisis has caused socioeconomic disruptions, such as the division of communities on opposing shores. Given how urgent it is to address these issues, integrated conservation and restoration plans that strike a balance between ecological sustainability and regional development are required. To revitalize the lake's edge, this study intends to create an interdisciplinary landscape architecture approach. The Gate Park Concept combines socioeconomic revitalization, cultural connectivity, and environmental restoration into a multipurpose ecological corridor. Large-scale ecological interventions can promote sustainable urban and regional development by reestablishing biodiversity, enhancing water quality, and reuniting disparate landscapes, according to the research.

Professional planning credentials occupy a debated subject matter between state authority, market forces, and civil society. This article addresses that gap through a comparative case study of licensing and certification frameworks for urban and regional planners in seven jurisdictions: Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, Hong Kong (Special Administrative Region), the United Arab Emirates, the Philippines, and Singapore. Drawing exclusively on peer-reviewed academic literature, official policy instruments, and legislative texts, the study examines whether professional regulation strengthens or subverts the public interest mandate of the planning profession. Findings are synthesized through a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) matrix and organized along five thematic axes: the primacy of public interest as a professional obligation; ASEAN regional credential harmonization; the tensions between multidisciplinary practice and mono-disciplinary credentialism; the exclusionary dimensions of professional closure; and the regulatory and capacity challenges confronting environmental planning in the Philippines under Republic Act No. 10587 (RA 10587). The article argues that professional credentials are necessary but not sufficient instruments of public interest planning: institutional environments must actively enable, rather than merely permit, planners to serve communities. It concludes with targeted recommendations for specialization board/s development; Philippine Professional Qualifications Framework (PPQF) alignment; and capacity-building strategies applicable to jurisdictions where the planning profession remains developing and changing to respond the call of the times.

The Joseph Rowntree Foundation has supported this project as part of its programme of research and innovative development projects, which it hopes will be of value to policy makers, practitioners and service users. The facts presented and views expressed in this report are, however, those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Foundation.

In my PhD project, two low cost detection systems have been tested: a marine one to acquire high resolution data in the bathymetric range between 0 and -10m and, a terrestrial to acquire high resolution data on the beaches. High resolution Side Scan Sonar data acquisition strategies have been developed in shallow water (-5 and -2.5m), capable of communicate integrating data acquired with non-oceanographic systems (Georadar “G.P.R.”). These integrations allowed us to study the emerged shallow and deep submerged areas, and to create very detailed cartographies of the seabed of the Alghero bay, of the Bay of Porto Conte (De Luca et al., 2018) and of the some areas of the Asinara island. In addition to the Side Scan Sonar and the Remote Operated Vehicle (ROV), the classic satellite detection systems have been used as well as high resolution images acquired with drones (UAVs). This latest technology, simple to use and very cheap, allows the creation of aerial photographs of marine areas ...

I contributi presentati in questo volume, frutto del lavoro di un gruppo di giovani ricercatori impegnati nelle varie branche delle scienze sociali, escono in un momento nel quale la Sardegna si prepara ad una nuova campagna elettorale per le elezioni regionali. Al di là del fatto che, nel nostro paese, la campagna elettorale è pressoché permanente, possiamo dire che si tratta di una mera coincidenza, visto che lo sforzo degli autori, pur mosso da una percepibile passione civile, è ben distante da ogni collegamento a precisi schieramenti politici. Tuttavia, è del tutto evidente che i temi trattati, dalla continuità territoriale alla cosiddetta “vertenza entrate”, dalla crisi dell’industria alle sorti della pastorizia, eccetera, non possono non collegarsi ad un dibattito che dovrebbe vedere il confronto delle idee, delle analisi e delle proposte.

Resumo. No presente trabalho realizamos um inventário rápido das espécies de fauna terrestre ocorrentes no Rio Jacutinga, localizado no meio-oeste de Santa Catarina, sul do Brasil, tratando-se de um rio ainda pouco estudado em termos de sua biodiversidade, até o momento conhecido apenas em termos de algumas amostragens de macroinvertebrados aquáticos e de flora. Foram realizadas amostragens em quatro áreas amostrais ao longo do Rio Jacutinga, onde realizamos o registro de 86 espécies de avifauna, seis espécies de mastofauna, 13 espécies de herpetofauna e 24 espécies de Lepidoptera. Foram registradas espécies de fauna ameaçadas de aves e mamíferos.

Data handling is a general objective of education, regardless of the educational level (middle school, high school, university or postgraduate) and branch. Being at the intersection between the humanities and the exact sciences, the field of design requires a continuous summation and overlapping of information from specialists. Obtaining data is essential for perceiving the current situation, but also for adapting the solution proposed in the planning process to the given situation, to the particularities and main characteristics of the context. How difficult it is to obtain information, but especially their overlap and correlation to obtain indicators specific to target areas, depends in most cases on the experience of the specialist in the field, but for a recent graduate, the training received during the years of university training is perhaps his most important support. However, there may be data that are predominantly available during university training and data that can be obtained predominantly outside the academic environment (financial data, communication with public institutions). The paper describes a proposal for a support platform to assist the process of architectural design, urban planning and landscaping in Romania, but which can also support adjacent studies and analyzes. The purpose of the platform is to support the design and planning process of heritage and landscape, architecture and urban planning, by simplifying the data acquisition process and also directing the design/planning process to a long-term perspective, which is based on resilient solutions for natural and built heritage and for the conservation of the local cultural landscape.

Approximately 75% of the urban settlements in Romania are superimposed or are tangent to at least one natural protected area, these not being integrated from the point of view of their regulation in the urban strategies and in the urban planning regulations. From a spatial point of view, this type of relationship often represents a contrast between the urban fabric and the quasi-natural fabric. However, in the regulatory or strategy instruments for the development of urban settlements, where such contrasts exist, they are only integrated at the border level. The ecotone is, in most cases, the only element mentioned in urban planning instruments and is approached as a land that can only function in isolation and that in no way can support urban development. This reluctance and fear of approaching natural protected areas, also negatively influences the conception of the community, investors and the administration. Urban actors are not informed and therefore not motivated, but neither do they have the opportunity to get involved in the conservation and protection process. The purpose of this article is to research urban and biodiversity strategies at E.U level, to identify gaps in the formulation of urban planning tools, what are the reasons behind generating these gaps and how they can be eliminated, or at least mitigated. The analysis will focus on some models of urban strategies which address natural protected areas, but will also consider related elements, directly related to their conservation, urban ecology and the involvement in the process of urban actors.

This is the first in a series of Garden City Perspectives: in-depth research and policy papers being published under the auspices of the International Garden Cities Institute (IGCI). Through this series our intention is to open up opportunities for diverse viewpoints to be expressed about the history, contemporary practice and possible futures for Garden Cities -and planned settlements more generally where relevant. It is a chance to look at Garden Cities in depth with reference to the latest academic and policy perspectives across a range of themeshousing, place design, health, economics, accessibility, social and cultural aspects, governance and more. Garden Cities -Why Not? S Parham and K R Boyfield Contents Acknowledgements Introduction: a curious conundrum Some context A renaissance in the idea of the Garden City What constitutes a Garden City? Why not? Garden Cities: some key questions So how do we deliver new Garden Cities now? Unshackling development capacity: overcoming the planning impasse The Northern Powerhouse initiative and Pink Planning The vexed issue of the Green Belt Smart cities and how they link to the Garden City vision Our conclusions Endnotes Author Biographies Through our authors' arguments we intend that the Perspectives series helps to promote knowledge, increase understanding, generate conversations -and at times perhaps challenge assumptions -about what Garden Cities are or might be. On that basis we ask our authors not just to analyse what is happening now from their different perspectives, but to recommend what they think we might do to make planned settlements better in future. The views of authors in this series are solely their own and do not represent the official policy position of either the IGCI or its partner organisations. We hope you find this and subsequent papers informative, stimulating and thought provoking. Through our authors' arguments we intend that the Perspectives series helps to promote knowledge, increase understanding, generate conversations -and at times perhaps challenge assumptions -about what Garden Cities are or might be.

تحلل هذه الورقة تصاعد الاحتجاجات المرتبطة بالمياه في العالم العربي في سياق التغير المناخي وندرة الموارد والاختلالات البنيوية. وتجادل بأن المياه أصبحت مجالاً مركزياً للصراع الاجتماعي والسياسي، حيث تتجاوز المطالب مسألة تقديم الخدمات لتشمل قضايا العدالة والمواطنة والسيادة. وبالاستناد إلى إطار نظري نقدي يجمع بين مفاهيم العدالة المائية، وصراعات التوزيع الإيكولوجي، والمقاربات الهيدرو-اجتماعية، تُعيد الدراسة تعريف المياه بوصفها مورداً مُنتجاً اجتماعياً ومتنازعاً عليه سياسياً، لا مجرد مسألة تقنية. ومن خلال مقاربة مقارنة تشمل عدة بلدان عربية، تحدد الورقة أنماطاً مشتركة في صراعات المياه، من بينها عدم المساواة في الوصول، وتهميش المجتمعات الريفية والطرفية، وتأثير السياسات النيوليبرالية على حوكمة المياه. كما تُظهر أن معظم النزاعات ذات طابع داخلي، وتعكس اختلالات في موازين القوة بين الفاعلين الاجتماعيين، أكثر من كونها مجرد صراعات بين الدول. وتبرز كذلك صعود أشكال من التعبئة القاعدية التي تربط بين المطالب المعيشية المباشرة وبين مطالب أوسع تتعلق بالكرامة والاعتراف. وتخلص الورقة إلى أن الاحتجاجات المائية تمثل شكلاً ناشئاً من الحركات الاجتماعية البيئية في المنطقة. وتدعو إلى تجاوز المقاربات التكنوقراطية نحو تبني أطر قائمة على الحقوق والعدالة، مع التأكيد على دور المجتمع المدني في الدفع نحو أنماط أكثر إنصافاً واستدامة في إدارة الموارد المائية. صقر النور (2026)، الماء كحق وحقل للصراع في العالم العربي: قراءة في الاحتجاجات المائية. في: تقرير الراصد العربي 2025 عن الحق في المياه وتغيّر المناخ. بيروت: الشبكة العربية للمنظمات غير الحكومية للتنمية (ANND).
متاح على: https://www.annd.org/ar/publications/details/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%83%D8%AD%D9%82-%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%84-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A

Nowadays, floods cause many negative impacts to the agricultural production. In Rwanda agricultural activity occupy around 90% of all economic activities, every year natural disaster like draught and flood challenge agricultural production. In heavy rain, people lost their crops due to the destruction of their blocks of lands.
The Mwogo marshland has suffered from the flooding problem for several times due  to  its  geographical location which  is  low  compared  to  the  surrounding  areas and the climate condition of the location area. Mwogo marshland located in Mwogo sub catchment (137.02km2) has an area of 97.7053 ha with the perimeter 10.082km. Water that comes from the mountainous area surrounding the Mwogo marshland and the big size of Mwogo sub catchment, are the major contributors to the flooding in this area.
The aim of this study was to design an adequate drainage system in Mwogo Sub catchment. Daily rainfall data from 1988 to 2014 have been collected from 6 meteorological stations and data for daily runoff from Rwanda Natural Resources Authority.
The peak daily rainfall height was 117mm which recorded on 24 November 1988 at Kigeme station. The peak runoff of (Q= 159.2m3/s) has been calculated by using the rational method and its prediction in 25 which was (Q= 350.2 m3/s). The discharge capacity has been calculated by using the Manning equation for the open channel design. Based on the results obtained, the channel to be designed has to be of trapezoidal shape with the bottom width (b= 6.25m), the top width (B=9.25m) the height (h=3m) and the side slope length (a=3.5m).
The predicted channel deigned that will carry the flow discharge of (Q= 350.2m3/s) has the bottom width (b=10.2m) the top width (B=14m) the height (h=3.5m) and the length of side slope (a=4.01m).
Based on calculations done in this research, the engineering measures solutions were chosen to be the most effective way to solve flood problems occurs in Mwogo marshland. Therefore, this research generated should be transferred to other Rwandan  Rivers  to  decide  measures  of  protection  floods,  in  order  to  contribute  to  the achievement of 2020 vision of country.
Keywords: Mwogo Marshland, floods control, drainage system, natural disaster, meteorological data, engineering measures.

Mimaran Dergisi, yılda dört sayı olarak yayınlanan bir dergidir. Dergide, mimarlık alanlarındaki görgül çalışmalara, derlemeler (en son literstürü kapsamlı bir şekilde inceleyen yazılar, meta-analiz çalışmaları, model önerileri, olgu sorunları ve tartışmaları vb) çevirilere ve özgün kitap incelemelerine yer verilmektedir. Mimaran'a gönderilen yazılar daha önce hiçbir yerde yayınlanmamış olmalıdır. Yayınlanmak üzere dergiye gönderilecek yazılar, başlık sayfası, ana metin, kaynaklar ve (varsa) ekler ve yazar notları bölümlerini içermelidir. Metinler Times New Roman, 12 punto ve 1,5 satır aralığı ile yazılmalıdır. Metne ait görseller ise en az 15 cm'e 300 dpi çözünürlükte olmalıdır. Mimar(an) 8. Sayı "Erişilebilirlik ve Kentsel Tasarım" başlığı hakkında özür Dergimizin 8. sayısının kapağında yayımlanan "Erişilebilirlik ve Kentsel Tasarım" başlığı yanlışlıkla "Erişilebilirlik ve Kentsel Kasarım" olarak basılmıştır. Tüm okurlarımızdan özür diliyoruz.

Director of the Landscape Observatory of Catalonia (Spain) Todas as correções determinadas pelo júri, e só essas, foram efetuadas. O Presidente do Júri, Porto, ______/______/_________ I also thank Pere Sala and all the staff from the Landscape Observatory of Catalonia for their hospitality, friendliness and, above all, for the exchange of experience and knowledge. I promise them that I will improve on my Spanish-speaking until the next time we meet again. Finally, I thank the professionals who somehow contributed to its elaboration.

Bangladesh is a densely populated country. Around 29 % of its total population lives in 522 of urban areas. So for sustainable economic growth and social development, it is essential for Bangladesh to develop its urban areas in a planned way. The urban areas are the places of agglomeration of economic activities, important hubs of production, processing, innovation and employment. At this moment all of these activities occur in these urban areas. So in order to manage these urban growths Government of Bangladesh (GoB) has recently prepared master plan for 23 District Town Pourashava including Tangail Pourashava. This study tries to portrait the present condition of five specific sectors (land use characteristics, transportation network, water Supply, solid waste management and drainage system) of this Pourashava and comparison has been made between the master plan and the existing situation. It is found that most of the land use of this Pourashava is residential (40.98%) and agricultural (37.98%). In transportation network there is a proposal of 150 ft. arterial road which most of the land is occupied by vendors. In the case of solid waste around 12% people of this Pourashava use 58 dustbins in 12 wards where 6 wards have no dustbin facilities. Water supply scenario is critical like no water facilities in some wards and the process of collection is not impressive. Presence of iron is another problem which contaminates water. Existing drainage have not formed any network and it causes water-logging for 4 months in the Pourashava area in rainy season. The criticism of the master plan of Tangail Pourashava helps us to understand the success and failure of this plan. On the basis of the failure some recommendations have been developed for the existing condition. This study will help to develop our understanding the planning practice in Bangladesh.

The Middle East faces one of the most acute building energy crises on earth. Residential
buildings in the region consume up to 58% of their total energy on space cooling alone —
a figure that is growing as urban populations expand and summers intensify. In this paper,
I argue that artificial intelligence represents not merely an incremental improvement to
building energy management, but a fundamental shift in how we can design, operate, and
inhabit residential architecture in extreme climates. Drawing on a systematic review of
peer-reviewed literature published between 2010 and 2024, I examine the current state of
AI-driven building energy management systems (AI-BEMS), assess their demonstrated
performance in hot-arid climates, and propose an integrated framework tailored
specifically to the residential typology of the Middle East. My analysis shows that
well-implemented AI systems can reduce residential energy consumption by 35–50%,
improve occupant thermal comfort compliance from approximately 70% to over 90% of
occupied hours, and achieve financial payback within 6–9 years. I conclude with a
framework — grounded in climate specificity, occupant-centred design, and grid resilience
— that I believe represents the most viable pathway to sustainable residential architecture
in the region.

Rrjeti i triangolacionit, si bazë themelore e infrastrukturës gjeodezike, i nënshtrohet ndryshimeve të vazhdueshme me kalimin e kohës. Këto ndryshime shpesh shkaktohen nga degradimi fizik i pikave gjeodezike, nga nevoja për dendësim të mëtejshëm të rrjetit, apo nga nevoja për përmirësim të konfigurimit dhe stabilitetit gjeometrik të tij. Praktika gjeodezike ka dëshmuar se qasja më efikase për dendësimin e një rrjeti triangolacioni realizohet përmes shtimit të grupeve të pikave të reja, të cilat kompensohen njëkohësisht si një tërësi e përbashkët, duke mundësuar një shpërndarje më optimale të gabimeve dhe rritje të qëndrueshmërisë së zgjidhjes. 
Megjithatë, në terren shpesh lind kërkesa për dendësim të pjesshëm, pra shtimin e një numri të kufizuar pikash, të cilat i kompensimit individual (të veçantë) ose kompensimit të përbashkët. Në këto situata, zakonisht kryhen matje të drejtimeve ose matje të brinjëve, megjithatë niveli më i lartë i saktësisë zakonisht arrihet përmes matjeve të kombinuara, të cilat bashkojnë matjet e drejtimeve dhe të brinjëve, duke rritur kështu saktësinë dhe besueshmërinë e përcaktimit të koordinatave.
Në praktikën gjeodezike, termi kompensim nënkupton procesin matematik dhe statistik të përpunimit të matjeve të realizuara në terren, me qëllim që nga një sistem observimesh të tepruara të përcaktohen vlerat më të besueshme të madhësive të panjohura, si dhe të vlerësohet saktësia e tyre. Në thelb, kompensimi konsiston në shpërndarjen optimale të gabimeve të rastit ndërmjet matjeve, në mënyrë që rezultati përfundimtar të përmbushë kriterin e minimizimit të ndikimit të tyre sipas parimit të minimizimit të shumës së katrorëve të mbetjeve.
Çdo matje gjeodezike, pavarësisht nivelit të saktësisë së instrumenteve dhe kujdesit gjatë realizimit të saj, përmban gabime të rastit, të cilat janë të pashmangshme. Kur numri i matjeve është më i madh se minimumi i nevojshëm për zgjidhje gjeometrike, sistemi bëhet i tepruar (redundant), dhe koordinatat e pikave nuk mund të përcaktohen në mënyrë të vetme përmes formulave elementare. Pikërisht në këto raste përdoret kompensimi, i cili siguron një zgjidhje unike, optimale dhe të qëndrueshme statistike.
Rëndësia e kompensimit në gjeodezi është themelore. Ai përbën bazën teorike të ndërtimit dhe mirëmbajtjes së rrjeteve gjeodezike, garanton harmonizimin e matjeve të ndryshme brenda një sistemi unik referent, si dhe mundëson vlerësimin e besueshmërisë së rezultateve përmes llogaritjes së gabimeve mesatare kuadratike, matricës së kovariancës dhe elipsave të gabimeve. Pa procesin e kompensimit, rrjetet gjeodezike nuk do të kishin stabilitet matematik dhe as interpretim statistikor të saktësisë së tyre.
Në këtë monografi, trajtimi përqendrohet kryesisht në kompensimin e matjeve indirekte, i aplikuar në rrjetet e triangolacionit dhe mikrotriangolacionit, si në formë të veçantë (për një pikë të vetme), ashtu edhe në formë të përbashkët (për dy ose më shumë pika). Theksi vihet në ndërtimin e modelit matematik funksional dhe stokastik, në linearizimin e ekuacioneve të gabimeve, në formimin e ekuacioneve normale dhe në zgjidhjen e tyre përmes metodës së katrorëve të vegjël, duke analizuar paralelisht edhe aspektin e vlerësimit të saktësisë së rezultateve.
Në pjesën praktike paraqiten shembuj të detajuar të kompensimit të veçantë (kompensim individual) të pikave të veçuara dhe kompensimit të përbashkët të dy e më shumë pikave të rrjetit të triangolacionit për situata ku janë realizuar matje të brinjëve, matje të drejtimeve dhe matje të kombinuara (drejtime dhe brinjë). Për të ilustruar dhe krahasuar disa nga metodat bashkëkohore të kompensimit, në pjesën praktike janë llogaritur koordinatat e kompensuara për një grup pikash duke aplikuar metoda të ndryshme përpunimi. Kjo qasje synon të realizojë qëllimin themelor të kësaj monografie për të ofruar një paraqitje të qartë, të strukturuar dhe krahasuese të procedurave të kompensimit individual (të veçantë) dhe të përbashkët të pikave gjeodezike gjatë procesit të dendësimit të rrjeteve të triangolacionit dhe mikrotriangolacionit.
Metoda e kompensimit të përbashkët të disa pikave gjeodezike të rrjetit të triangolacionit, kur në rrjet janë realizuar njëkohësisht matje të drejtimeve dhe të brinjëve, nuk është trajtuar si kapitull i veçantë. Kjo zgjedhje nuk rrjedh nga mungesa e rëndësisë së kësaj metode, por nga fakti se ndërtimi i modelit matematik në këtë rast është identik për nga ndërtimi metodologjik me ndërtimin e modeleve matematike të paraqitura për kompensimin e përbashkët në bazë të vetëm drejtimeve dhe vetëm brinjëve, ndërsa kombinimi i këtyre dy llojeve të matjeve ndjek në mënyrë të drejtpërdrejtë dhe analoge parimet e trajtuara në rastin e kompensimit të një pike të vetme (të veçuar) me matje të kombinuara. Përpunimi i plotë i këtij rasti do të kërkonte një vëllim të konsiderueshëm shtesë të materialit teorik dhe një shembull praktik tejet voluminoz, i cili nga aspekti shkencor nuk do të sillte koncepte të reja metodologjike, por do të përfaqësonte vetëm një zgjerim formal dhe të kombinuar të rasteve të trajtuara në nënpikat përkatëse të kapitullit të dytë të pjesës teorike. Për këtë arsye, metoda përkatëse është anashkaluar qëllimisht, me synimin për të ruajtur qartësinë strukturore dhe për të përqendruar trajtimin në aspektet themelore dhe në mënyrë konceptuale më domethënëse të kompensimit të rrjeteve të triangolacionit, respektivisht mikrotriangolacionit. 
Për vlerësimin e rezultateve të kompensimit, janë llogaritur gabimet mesatare kuadratike të koordinatave përfundimtare, si dhe elementet e elipsave të gabimeve, të cilat në fund interpretohen edhe në mënyrë grafike për të mundësuar një analizë më të thelluar të saktësisë dhe të shpërndarjes së gabimeve në terren.
Në përmbyllje, për të kompletuar aspektin teorik dhe praktik të këtij punimi, është përfshirë edhe një shembull mbi transformimin dypërmasor (2D) të koordinatave nga sistemi koordinativ lokal në sistemin shtetëror, duke theksuar rëndësinë e harmonizimit të rrjeteve lokale të lira me kornizat kombëtare të referencës.

The air quality (AQ) in urban contexts is a major concern, especially in the developing world. The environmental and social challenges created by poor AQ have continued to increase despite improvements in monitoring AQ using earth observation (EO) satellites, static and mobile ground-based sensors and models. However, these types of equipment can be expensive to purchase, operate, and maintain, especially for cities of the developing world, and, as a result, there is growing interest in the elicitation of residents’ perceptions of AQ. However, there is a need to analyse how the results obtained from sensor measurements and models match the AQ as perceived by residents. This study explored AQ in multiple locations in two developing world cities (Abuja and Enugu) in Nigeria by analysing the perceptions of 262 residents and how these compared with findings obtained from ground-based instruments. The results suggest that the perceived AQ of the locations broadly matches those obtained u...

The city of Al-Bayda has witnessed rapid urban development and a haphazard and irregular change in land use patterns. Some lands with different classifications have been encroached upon, and the phenomenon of informal construction began to spread significantly after the fall of the ruling regime in (2011).
This paper compares the selected study areas between their condition in 2011 and their condition in (2022). The study concluded with a set of statistical results, noting a significant difference between the area of Al-Bayda in (2011 and 2022).
Urban growth has also been irregular, concentrated mainly in the north of the city, with the northeastern axis ranking first, followed by the northwestern axis.
This is due to the presence of a good road network and connections that easily link it to the city center and neighboring urban centers. Based on this study, this research arrived at some important recommendations, namely the necessity of sound urban planning to address the increasing population size, the enactment of deterrent laws to prevent unregulated expansion, especially on agricultural lands, and supporting young people by providing multi-family vertical housing complexes through monthly deductions from their salaries.
Their salaries (as construction loans) reflect the city's official policies of sustainable urban planning and development.


Keywords: Urban planning, urban intervention, urbanization, sustainable development

Of the two rhinos formerly found in Thailand, the Javan is believed now to be extinct there, although the authors of this survey report that some villagers in southern Thailand insist mat the rhinos in their area are Javan. The Sumatran rhino is in desperate straits, with poaching a major threat not surprisingly when a dead animal can be sold for the equivalent of up to twenty years' wages for a farmer.

Gelisen teknoloji sadece hayatlarimizi degil kentlerimizi de etkilemektedir. Ozellikle sanayilesmenin hiz kazanmasi kirsal bolgelerde tarima olan yonelimin azalmasina, uretimin dusmesine neden olmus, bunun sonucu olarak da daha cok gelir saglama ve konforlu yasam beklentisiyle kente olan gocun onunu acmistir. Konya da ozellikle 1950’lerden sonra hizla baslayan sehirlesme faaliyetlerine ev sahipligi yapmis gunumuz buyuk sehirlerindendir. Nufus artisina paralel olarak artan mekan cesitliligi ihtiyaci ve bunun sonucu olarak arazi kullanimindaki farkliliklar kentin gecirdigi degisimi hizlandiran baslica nedenler olmustur. Bu dinamik surec her donem farkli sekillerde kendini gostermektedir. Hizli sehirlesme adi altinda, degisen sartlara uygun olarak kente getirilen yeni mekanlarin ve faaliyetlerin yerini, yasadigimiz donemde, kentsel donusum adi altinda bosaltilan bu yerlerin ne olacagi sorunuyla tekrar karsimizda gormekteyiz. Ozellikle kamusal mekanlar, konum itibariyle sehir merkezinde...

The city of Al-Bayda has witnessed rapid urban development and a haphazard and irregular change in land use patterns. Some lands with different classifications have been encroached upon, and the phenomenon of informal construction began to spread significantly after the  fall of the ruling regime in (2011). This paper compares the selected study areas between their condition in 2011 and their condition in (2022). The study concluded with a set of statistical results, noting a significant difference between the area of Al-Bayda in (2011 and 2022).  Urban growth has also been irregular, concentrated mainly in the north of the city, with the
northeastern axis ranking first, followed by the northwestern axis. This is due to the presence of a good road network and connections that easily link it to the city center and neighboring urban centers. Based on this study, this research arrived at some important recommendations,
namely the necessity of sound urban planning to address the increasing population size, the enactment of deterrent laws to prevent unregulated expansion, especially on agricultural lands, and supporting young people by providing multi-family vertical housing complexes through monthly deductions from their salaries. Their salaries (as construction loans) reflect the city's official policies of sustainable urban planning and development.
Keywords: Urban planning, urban intervention, urbanization, sustainable development